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Zenit was a series of military photoreconnaissance satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1994. To conceal their nature,all flights were given the public Kosmos designation.
The Kosmos rockets were a series of Soviet and subsequently Russian rockets,derived from the R-12 and R-14 missiles,the best known of which is the Kosmos-3M,which has made over 440 launches. The Kosmos family contained a number of rockets,both carrier rockets and sounding rockets,for orbital and sub-orbital spaceflight respectively. The first variant,the Kosmos-2I,first flew on 27 October 1961. Over 700 Kosmos rockets have been launched overall.
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The Zenit-2 was a Ukrainian,previously Soviet,expendable carrier rocket. First flown in 1985,it has been launched 37 times,with 6 failures. It is a member of the Zenit family of rockets and was designed by the Yuzhmash.
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Gonets is a Russian civilian low Earth orbit communications satellite system. It consists of a number of satellites,derived from Strela military communications satellites. The first two satellites,which were used to test and validate the system,were launched by a Tsyklon-3 launch vehicle from the Plesetsk Cosmodrome on 13 July 1992,and were designated Gonets-D. The first operational satellites,designated Gonets-D1,were launched on 19 February 1996. After launch,the first three satellites were given military Kosmos designations,a practice which was not continued with the other satellites.
The Vostok-2M,GRAU index 8A92M was an expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1991. Ninety-three were launched,of which one failed. Another was destroyed before launch. It was originally built as a specialised version of the earlier Vostok-2,for injecting lighter payloads into higher Sun-synchronous orbits. It was a member of the R-7 family of rockets,and the last Vostok.
Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik,also known as DS,was a series of satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1982. DS satellites were used for a number of missions,including technological and scientific research,and radar tracking targets for anti-satellite weapons and anti-ballistic missiles. 185 were launched,using dedicated Kosmos rockets.
The RM-90 Blue Scout II was an American sounding rocket and expendable launch system which was flown three times during 1961. It was used for two HETS test flights,and the launch of the Mercury-Scout 1 satellite for NASA. It was a member of the Scout family of rockets.
Scout X-2M was an American expendable launch system which was flown three times between May 1962 and April 1963. It was a four-stage rocket,based on the earlier Scout X-2,but with an MG-18 upper stage instead of the Altair used on the X-2. It was a member of the Scout family of rockets.
Parus,also Tsyklon-B or Tsiklon-B and Tsikada-M,GRAU index 11F627,is a Russian,previously Soviet satellite constellation used for communication and navigation. As of 2010,99 Parus satellites have been launched,starting with Kosmos 700 in 1974. All launches have been conducted using Kosmos-3M carrier rockets,flying from sites 132 and 133 at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome.
Kosmos 36,also known as DS-P1-Yu #1 was a satellite which was used for use in calibrating the Dnestr space surveillance and as a radar calibration target,for tests of anti-ballistic missiles. It was launched by the Soviet Union in 1964 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. It was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau.
Kosmos 225,also known as DS-U1-Ya No.2,was a Soviet satellite which was launched in 1968 as part of the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik programme. It was a 400 kilograms (880 lb) spacecraft,which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Bureau,and was used to investigate cosmic rays and flows of charged particles in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Kosmos 23,also known as Omega No.2,was a satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1963. It was an Omega satellite,derived from the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik series. It was a 347 kilograms (765 lb) spacecraft,which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Office,and was used to conduct experiments with the use of gyroscopes to control spacecraft,for VNIIEM.
Kosmos 1792 was a Soviet reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1986. A Yantar-4K2 satellite,it operated for almost two months before being deorbited and recovered.
Kosmos 13 or Zenit-2 No.8 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 spacecraft,Kosmos 13 was the eighth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched.
Kosmos 15 or Zenit-2 No.9 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 spacecraft,Kosmos 15 was the ninth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched.
Kosmos 18 or Zenit-2 No.11 was a Soviet optical film-return reconnaissance satellite launched in 1963. A Zenit-2 satellite,Kosmos 18 was the eleventh of eighty-one such spacecraft to be launched.
Kosmos 32 or Zenit-2 No.18 was a Soviet,first generation,low resolution,optical film-return reconnaissance satellite which was launched in 1964. A Zenit-2 spacecraft,Kosmos 32 was the eighteenth of eighty-one such satellites to be launched and had a mass of 4,730 kilograms (10,430 lb).
References
- 1 2 3 Krebs, Gunter. "Kosmos-1 (65S3)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- 1 2 3 Wade, Mark. "Kosmos 3". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on September 6, 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Strela 1". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2008-10-07. Retrieved 2008-10-24.
- ↑ Wade, Mark. "Strela 2". Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from the original on 2012-06-01. Retrieved 2008-10-24.