LVM3

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The Launch Vehicle Mark-3 or LVM3 [1] [2] [3] (previously referred as the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III or GSLV Mk III) [lower-alpha 1] is a three-stage [1] medium-lift launch vehicle developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Primarily designed to launch communication satellites into geostationary orbit, [5] it is also due to launch crewed missions under the Indian Human Spaceflight Programme. [6] LVM3 has a higher payload capacity than its predecessor, GSLV. [7] [8] [9] [10]

Contents

N2O4). It is powered by two Vikas 2 engines, each generating 766 kilonewtons (172,000 lbf) thrust, giving a total thrust of 1,532 kilonewtons (344,000 lbf). [22] [23] The L110 is the first clustered liquid-fueled engine designed in India. The Vikas engines uses regenerative cooling, providing improved weight and specific impulse compared to earlier Indian rockets. [38] [45] Each Vikas engine can be individually gimbaled to control vehicle pitch, yaw and roll control. The L110 core stage ignites 114 seconds after liftoff and burns for 203 seconds. [38] [23] Since the L110 stage is air-lit, its engines need shielding during flight from the exhaust of the operating S200 boosters and reverse flow of gases by a 'nozzle closure system' which gets jettisoned prior to L110 ignition. [46]

ISRO conducted the first static test of the L110 core stage at its Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC) test facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu on 5 March 2010. The test was planned to last 200 seconds, but was terminated at 150 seconds after a leakage in a control system was detected. [47] A second static fire test for the full duration was conducted on 8 September 2010. [48]

C25 cryogenic upper stage

C25 Stage at Stage Preparation Facility C25 Cryogenic Stage at Stage Preparation Facility.jpg
C25 Stage at Stage Preparation Facility

The cryogenic upper stage, designated C25, is 4 metres (13 ft) in diameter and 13.5 metres (44 ft) long, and contains 28 metric tons (62,000 lb) of propellant LOX and LH2, pressurized by helium stored in submerged bottles. [45] [49] It is powered by a single CE-20 engine, producing 200 kN (45,000 lbf) of thrust. CE-20 is the first cryogenic engine developed by India which uses a gas generator, as compared to the staged combustion engines used in GSLV. [50] In LVM3-M3 mission, a new white coloured C25 stage was introduced which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials. [51] The stage also houses the flight computers and Redundant Strap Down Inertial Navigation System of the launch vehicle in its equipment bay. The digital control system of the launcher uses closed-loop guidance throughout the flight to ensure accurate injections of satellites into the target orbit. Communications system of the launch vehicle consisting of an S-Band system for telemetry downlink and a C-Band transponder that allows radar tracking and preliminary orbit determination are also mounted on the C25. The communications link is also used for range safety and flight termination that uses a dedicated system that is located on all stages of the vehicle and features separate avionics. [38]

The first static fire test of the C25 cryogenic stage was conducted on 25 January 2017 at the ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC) facility at Mahendragiri, Tamil Nadu. The stage fired for a duration of 50 seconds and performed nominally. [52] A second static fire test for the full in-flight duration of 640 seconds was completed on 17 February 2017. [53] This test demonstrated consistency in engine performance along with its sub-systems, including the thrust chamber, gas generator, turbopumps and control components for the full duration. [53]

Payload fairing

Encapsulation of 36 OneWeb satellites LVM3 M2, OneWeb India-1 campaign 27.jpg
Encapsulation of 36 OneWeb satellites

The CFRP composite payload fairing has a diameter of 5 metres (16 ft), a height of 10.75 metres (35.3 ft) and a payload volume of 110 cubic metres (3,900 cu ft). [17] It is manufactured by Coimbatore-based LMW Advanced Technology Centre. [54] After the first flight of the rocket with CARE module, the payload fairing was modified to an ogive shape, and the S200 booster nose cones and inter-tank structure were redesigned to have better aerodynamic performance. [55] The vehicle features a large fairing with a five-meter diameter to provide sufficient space even to large satellites and spacecraft. Separation of fairing in a nominal flight scenario occurs at approximately T+253 seconds and is accomplished by a linear piston cylinder separation and jettisoning mechanism (zip cord) spanning full length of PLF which is pyrotechnically initiated. The gas pressure generated by the zip cord expands a rubber below that pushes the piston and cylinder apart and thereby pushing the payload fairing halves laterally away from the launcher. The fairing is made of Aluminum alloy featuring acoustic absorption blankets. [38]

Variants and upgrades

Human-rating certification

While the LVM3 is being human rated for Gaganyaan project, the rocket was always designed with potential human spaceflight applications in consideration. The maximum acceleration during ascent phase of flight was limited to 4 Gs for crew comfort and a 5-metre (16 ft) diameter payload fairing was used to be able to accommodate large modules like space station segments. [56]

Furthermore, a number of changes to make safety-critical subsystems reliable are planned for lower operating margins, redundancy, stringent qualification requirements, revaluation, and strengthening of components. [57] Avionics improvement will incorporate a Quad-redundant Navigation and Guidance Computer (NGC), Dual chain Telemetry & Telecommand Processor (TTCP) and an Integrated Health Monitoring System (LVHM). The launch vehicle will have the High Thrust Vikas engines (HTVE) of L110 core stage operating at a chamber pressure of 58.5 bar instead of 62 bar. Human rated S200 (HS200) boosters will operate at chamber pressure of 55.5 bar instead of 58.8 bar and its segment joints will have three O-rings each. Electro mechanical actuators and digital stage controllers will be employed in HS200, L110 and C25 stages. [58]

Mating with semi-cryogenic stage

SCE-200 Power Head Test Article Power Head Test Article (PHTA) for SCE-200.jpg
SCE-200 Power Head Test Article

The L110 core stage in the LVM3 is planned to be replaced by the SC120, a kerolox stage powered by the SCE-200 engine [59] to increase its payload capacity to 7.5 metric tons (17,000 lb) to geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). [60] The SCE-200 uses kerosene instead of unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) as fuel and has a thrust of around 200 tonnes. Four such engines can be clustered in a rocket without strap on boosters to deliver up to 10 tonnes (22,000 lb) to GTO. [61] The first propellant tank for the SC120 was delivered in October 2021 by HAL. [62]

The SC120 powered version of LVM3 will not be used for the crewed mission of the Gaganyaan spacecraft. [63] [64] In September 2019, in an interview by AstrotalkUK, S. Somanath, director of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre claimed that the SCE-200 engine was ready to begin testing. As per an agreement between India and Ukraine signed in 2005, Ukraine was expected to test components of the SCE-200 engine, so an upgraded version of the LVM3 was not expected before 2022. [65] The SCE-200 engine is reported to be based on the Ukrainian RD-810, which itself is proposed for use on the Mayak family of launch vehicles. [66]

Induction of upgraded cryogenic stage

The C25 stage with nearly 25 t (55,000 lb) propellant load will be replaced by the C32, with a higher propellant load of 32 t (71,000 lb). The C32 stage will be re-startable and with uprated CE-20 engine. [67] Total mass of avionics will be brought down by using miniaturised components. [68] On 30 November 2020, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited delivered an aluminium alloy based cryogenic tank to ISRO. The tank has a capacity of 5,755 kg (12,688 lb) of fuel, and a volume of 89 m3 (3,100 cu ft). [69] [70]

On 9 November 2022, CE-20 cryogenic engine of upper stage was tested with an uprated thrust regime of 21.8 tonnes in November 2022. Along a suitable stage with additional propellant loading this could increase payload capacity of LVM3 to GTO by up to 450 kg (990 lb). [71] On 23 December 2022, CE-20 engine E9 was hot tested for 650 second duration. For the first 40 seconds of test, the engine was operated at 20.2 tonne thrust level, after this engine was operated at 20 tonne off-nominal zones and then for 435 seconds it was operated at 22.2 tonne thrust level. With this test, the 'E9' engine has been qualified for induction in flight. [72]

Notable missions

Flight X

LVM3-X lifting off LVM3-X CARE Mission lifting off.jpg
LVM3-X lifting off

The maiden flight of the LVM3 lifted off from the Second Launch Pad at the Satish Dhawan Space Center on 18 December 2014 at 04:00 UTC. [73] The test had functional boosters, a core stage but carried dummy upper stage whose LOX and LH₂ tanks were filled with LN₂ and GN₂ respectively for simulating weight. It also carried the Crew Module Atmospheric Re-entry Experiment (CARE) that was tested on re-entry. [74]

Just over five minutes into the flight, the rocket ejected CARE at an altitude of 126 kilometres (78 mi), which then descended, controlled by its onboard reaction control system. During the test, CARE's heat shield experienced a peak temperature of around 1,000 °C (1,830 °F). ISRO downlinked launch telemetry during the ballistic coasting phase until the radio black-out to avoid data loss in the event of a failure. At an altitude of around 15 kilometres (9.3 mi), the module's apex cover separated and the parachutes were deployed. CARE splashed down in the Bay of Bengal near the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and was recovered successfully. [75] [76] [77] [78]

Chandrayaan

Following the failure of Phobos-Grunt mission of Roscosmos, it resulted in a complete review of technical aspects connected with the spacecraft, which were also slotted to be used in the proposed Russian lander for Chandrayaan-2. This delayed the lander from Russia and eventually Roscosmos declared its inability to meet up with the revised time of 2015 for its launch onboard an uprated GSLV rocket along with an Indian orbiter and rover. ISRO cancelled the Russian agreement and decided to go alone with its project with marginal changes. [79] [80]

On 22 July 2019, the LVM3 M1 (GSLV Mk.III M1) rocket lifted off with 3850 kg Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter-Lander composite and successfully injected it into a parking orbit of 169.7 x 45,475 km. This marked the first operational flight of LVM3 after two developmental flights. [81] The apogee of the earth parking orbit is about 6,000 km more than originally envisaged and thereby eliminated one of the seven earth-bound orbit raising manoeuvres. It was attributed to a 15 percentage increase in rocket performance. [82] [83] On 22 July 2023, the LVM3 M4 rocket successfully injected the 3900 kg Chandrayaan-3 composite to a parking orbit of 170 x 36,500 km. [84] On 15 November 2023, the Cryogenic Upper Stage (C25) of the LVM3 M4 (NORAD ID: 57321) made an uncontrolled re-entry into the Earth's atmosphere around 9:12 UTC. The impact point is predicted over the North Pacific Ocean and the final ground track did not pass over India. [85] [86] [87]

OneWeb

LVM3 M3 OneWeb India-2 Mission LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 - Lift off from Second Launch Pad of SDSC-SHAR 05.webp
LVM3 M3 OneWeb India-2 Mission

On 21 March 2022, OneWeb announced that it had signed a launch agreement with United States launch provider SpaceX to launch the remaining 1st generation satellites on Falcon 9 rockets, with the first launch expected no earlier than summer 2022. [88] [89] On 20 April 2022 OneWeb announced a similar deal with NewSpace India Limited, the commercial arm of the Indian Space Research Organisation. [90] OneWeb satellites were deployed by LVM3 both on 22 October 2022 and 26 March 2023 [91] using a lightly modified version of the satellite dispenser previously used on Soyuz. [92] [93]

Post C25 Shut-off Phase Flight Profile LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 campaign Brochure 04.png
Post C25 Shut-off Phase Flight Profile

The first batch of 36 OneWeb Gen-1 satellites weighing a total of 5796 kg was launched onboard LVM3 M2 rocket codenamed OneWeb India-1 Mission on 22 October 2022 and the satellites were injected to a low earth orbit of 601 km altitude and 87.4° inclination on a sequential basis. This constituted the first commercial mission and the first multi-satellite mission to low earth orbit of the rocket, marking its entry to global commercial launch service market. The separation of satellites involved a unique maneuver of the cryogenic stage to undergo several re-orientation and velocity additions covering 9 phases spanning 75 minutes. [94] [95] On 26 March 2023, codenamed OneWeb India-2 Mission, the second batch of 36 satellites was launched onboard LVM3 M3 and injected to an altitude of 450 km with same inclination. The launch featured a white cryogenic stage which takes into account environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials. [96] [51]

Launch statistics

LVM3 currently have accumulated a total of 7 launches as of 19 July 2023. Of these, all 7 were successful. The cumulative success rate is

1
2
3
4
5
2014
2016
2018
2020
2022
2024
  •   Failure
  •   Partial failure
  •   Success
  •   Planned
Decade-wise summary of LVM3 launches
Launch Vehicle Mark-3 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark III)
LVM3 M3, OneWeb India-2 campaign 30.webp
LVM3 M3 on SDSC SLP, carrying 36 OneWeb satellites
Function Medium-lift launch vehicle [1]
Manufacturer ISRO
Country of originIndia
Cost per launch ₹ 500 crore (US$63 million) [11] [12]
Size
Height43.43 m (142.5 ft) [13] [1]
Diameter4 m (13 ft) [13]
Mass640,000 kg (1,410,000 lb) [1]
Stages3 [1]
Capacity
Payload to LEO
Mass10,000 kg (22,000 lb) [14]
Launch history
StatusActive
Launch sites Satish Dhawan Space Centre
Total launches 7
Success(es)7
Failure(s)0
Partial failure(s)0
First flight
  • 18 December 2014 (suborbital)
  • 5 June 2017 (orbital)
Last flight14 July 2023
Type of passengers/cargo
First stage – S200 Boosters
Height25 m (82 ft) [1]
Diameter3.2 m (10 ft) [1]
Empty mass31,000 kg (68,000 lb) each [17]
Gross mass236,000 kg (520,000 lb) each [17]
Propellant mass205,000 kg (452,000 lb) each [17]
Powered by Solid S200
Maximum thrust5,150 kN (525 tf) [18] [19] [20]
Specific impulse 274.5 seconds (2.692 km/s) (vacuum) [17]
Burn time128 s [17]
Propellant HTPB [17]
DecadeSuccessfulPartial successFailureTotal
2010s4004 [97]
2020s3003 [98]
Total7007

Spacecraft Missions

Launch Log
Date/Time
(UTC)
PayloadLaunch SiteRegimeStatus
Flight NumberOperatorFunction
Remarks
18 DEC 2014
4:00
 Flag of India.svg CARE

3,775 kg (8,322 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR Sub-orbital Success
LVM3 X ISRO Re-entry Module
Sub-orbital developmental test flight with a non-functional cryogenic stage. The CARE module seperated from the launch vehicle at an intended alitutude of 126 km at a speed of 5.3 km/s. The launch validated the ignition, performance and seperation aspects of S200 and L110 stages. [99] [100] [101]
05 JUN 2017
11:58
 Flag of India.svg GSAT-19

3,136 kg (6,914 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR GTO Success
GSLV Mk.III D1 (LVM3 D1) INSAT Communication
First developmental test launch with an operational cryogenic engine. The satellite was successfully injected to a parking orbit of 170 x 35,975 km with 21.5° inclination. The launch featured an ogive fairing and slanted nose cones on S200 stages to improve aerodynamic performance. [102] [103] [104]
14 NOV 2018
11:38
 Flag of India.svg GSAT-29

3,423 kg (7,546 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR GTO Success
GSLV Mk.III D2 (LVM3 D2) INSAT Communication
Second developmental test flight in full operational configuration. The satellite was successfully injected to an elongated parking orbit of 190 x 35,975 km with 21.5° inclination. L110 core used upgraded High Thrust Vikas Engines (HTVE). Developmental test flights of the rocket has completed. [105] [106] [107]
22 JUL 2019
09:13
 Flag of India.svg Chandrayaan-2

3,850 kg (8,490 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR EPO Success
GSLV Mk.III M1 (LVM3 M1) ISRO Lunar Composite
First operational launch of the rocket and successfully injected a lunar Orbiter-Lander-Rover composite spacecraft to a parking orbit of 169.7 x 45,475 km. Chairman stated a 15 percentage increment in vehicle performance which eliminated one of the scheduled seven earth-bound orbit raising burns. [108] [109] [110]
22 OCT 2022
18:37
 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg 36 x OneWeb Gen-1

5,796 kg (12,778 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Success
LVM3 M2 OneWeb Broadband Internet
First commercial launch of the rocket under NSIL and its first multi-satellite mission to low earth orbit of 601km. The cryogenic stage performed mulitple reorientation and velocity addition manuevers to sequentially dispose the satellites. The rocket made its entry to global commercial launch service market. [94] [111] [95]
26 MAR 2023
03:30
 Flag of the United Kingdom.svg 36 x OneWeb Gen-1

5,805 kg (12,798 lb)

LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Success
LVM3 M3 OneWeb Broadband Internet
Second batch of 36 OneWeb Gen-1 satellites launched successfully to low earth orbit of 450 km with 87.4° inclination. The launch featured a white cryogenic stage (C25) which has more environmental-friendly manufacturing processes, better insulation properties and the use of lightweight materials. [51] [96] [112]
14 JUL 2023
09:05
 Flag of India.svg Chandrayaan-3

3,895 kg (8,587 lb)

LP2 - SDSC-SHAR EPO Success
LVM3 M4 ISRO Lunar Composite
The rocket successfully injected a lunar composite spacecraft of Propulsion Module-Lander-Rover into an elliptical parking orbit of 170 x 36,500 km. On 15 November, the Cryogenic Upper Stage of the rocket made an uncontrolled re-entry around 9:12 UTC over the North Pacific Ocean. [113] [114] [115]
Planned Launches
Q2 2024
 Flag of None.svg NSIL PayloadLP2 - SDSC SHAR Scheduled
LVM3 M5
Commercial launch under NSIL [116]
NET 2024

 Flag of India.svg GSAT-22LP2 - SDSC SHAR GTO Planned
INSAT Communication
[117]
NET 2026

 Flag of India.svg Mars Orbiter Mission 2 LP2 - SDSC SHAR Planned
ISRO
[118] [119] [120]
NET 2028

 Flag of India.svg Venus Orbiter Mission LP2 - SDSC SHAR Planned
ISRO
[121] [122] [123]
NET 2028

 Flag of India.svg Chandrayaan-4 LP2 - SDSC SHAR Planned
ISRO
[124] [125] [126]

Human-Rated Missions

Launch Log
Date/Time
(UTC)
PayloadLaunch SiteRegimeStatus
Flight NumberOperatorFunction
Remarks
Orbital Test Flight Launches
JUL 2024 [127]
Flag of India.svg G1 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Scheduled
HLVM3 ISRO
First orbital test flight of Gaganyaan module carrying Vyommitra. [129]
DEC 2024 [127]

Flag of India.svg G2 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Planned
HLVM3 ISRO
Second orbital test flight of Gaganyaan module. [129]
Mid 2025 [127]

Flag of India.svg G3 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Planned
HLVM3 ISRO
Third orbital test flight of Gaganyaan module. [130]
First Crewed Flight Launch
TBA Flag of India.svg H1 [128] LP2 - SDSC SHAR LEO Planned
HLVM3 ISRO
First crewed flight of Gaganyaan module, carrying 1-3 Indian astronauts on a short orbital test flight. [131] [132] Launch mass is 7,800 kg (17,200 lb) with service module, capsule's mass is 3,735 kg (8,234 lb). [133] [65]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ ISRO changed the name of GSLV Mk3 to LVM3 after the successful launch of LVM3-M2 mission. The rename was done to remove any ambiguity on the ability of the vehicle to put payloads in a particular orbit. [4] [3]

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References

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  2. ↑ "ISRO GSLV Mark-III renamed as LVM-3". HT Tech. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  3. 1 2 "ISRO renames GSLV Mark-III as LVM-3". The Hindu. 23 October 2022.
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  9. ↑ Sengupta, Rudraneil (5 June 2017). "Cryogenic rocket engine has been developed from scratch: Isro chief". LiveMint. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  10. ↑ "India launches 'monster' rocket". BBC News . 5 June 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  11. ↑ "OneWeb pays over Rs 1,000 cr to India for launching 72 satellites (Lead)". IANS. Archived from the original on 24 October 2022. Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  12. ↑ Faust, Jeff. "OneWeb launch sign of greater role for India in commercial launch market" . Retrieved 24 October 2022.
  13. 1 2 "The first developmental flight of GSLV-Mk-III". Indian Space Research Organisation . Archived from the original on 14 July 2019. Retrieved 30 May 2018.
  14. ↑ "GSLV MkIII-M1 Successfully Launches Chandrayaan-2 spacecraft - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. ISRO. Archived from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 23 July 2019.
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