Indian National Satellite System

Last updated October 27, 2024

The Indian National Satellite System or INSAT, is a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites launched by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) to satisfy telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology, and search and rescue operations. Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in the Indo-Pacific Region. It is a joint venture of the Department of Space, Department of Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department, All India Radio and Doordarshan. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.

INSAT satellites provide transponders in various bands to serve the television and communication needs of India. Some of the satellites also have the Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR), CCD cameras for meteorological imaging. The satellites also incorporate transponder(s) for receiving distress alert signals for search and rescue missions in the South Asian and Indian Ocean Region, as ISRO is a member of the Cospas-Sarsat program.

INSAT system

The Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system was commissioned with the launch of INSAT-1B in August 1983 (INSAT-1A, the first satellite was launched in April 1982 but could not fulfil the mission). INSAT system ushered in a revolution in India's television and radio broadcasting, telecommunications and meteorological sectors. It enabled the rapid expansion of TV and modern telecommunication facilities to even the remote areas and off-shore islands. Together, the system provides transponders in C, Extended C and K_u bands for a variety of communication services. Some of the INSATs also carry instruments for meteorological observation and data relay for providing meteorological services. KALPANA-1 is an exclusive meteorological satellite. The satellites are monitored and controlled by Master Control Facilities that exist in Hassan and Bhopal.

List of INSAT Satellite

This is a total list of INSAT satellites with their outcome.

Total List Of INSAT Satellites.
Satellite			Longitude	Date of launch	Launch vehicle	Lift-off mass	Status	Notes
INSAT series	GSAT series	Known as	Longitude	Date of launch	Launch vehicle	Lift-off mass	Status	Notes
INSAT-1A	-		74° East	10 April 1982	Delta 3910 / PAM-D		Decommissioned (6 September 1982)	First Satellite in INSAT Series and First Satellite of INSAT-1 Series.
INSAT-1B	-		74° East (1983-92) 93° East (1992-93)	30 August 1983	Space Shuttle / PAM-D		Decommissioned (August 1993)
INSAT-1C	-		93.5° East	21 July 1988	Ariane 3		Decommissioned (2001)
INSAT-1D	-		83° East	9 July 1992	Delta 4925		Decommissioned (14 May 2002)
INSAT-2A	-		74° East	22 July 1993	Ariane 44L H10		Decommissioned (30 May 2002)	First Satellite in INSAT-2 Series.
INSAT-2B	-		93.5° East	12 June 1990	Ariane 44L H10+		Decommissioned (1 July 2004)
INSAT-2C	-		93.5° East	6 December 1995	Ariane 44L H10-3		In Service
INSAT-2D	-		93.5° East	3 June 1997	Ariane 44L H10-3		Decommissioned (4 Oct, 1997)
INSAT-2DT	-	INSAT-2R	31° East 55° East 82.5° East	26 February 1992	Ariane 44L H10		Decommissioned (October 2004)
INSAT-2E	-		83° East	2 April 1999	Ariane 42P H10-3		In Service
INSAT-3A	-		93.5° East	9 April 2003	Ariane 5G		In Service	First Satellite in INSAT-3 Series.
INSAT-3B	-		83° East	21 March 2000	Ariane 5G		In Service
INSAT-3C	-		74° East	23 January 2002	Ariane 42L H10-3		In Service
INSAT-3D	-		82° East	25 July 2013	Ariane 5 ECA		In Service
INSAT-3DR	-		74° East	8 September 2016	GSLV Mk II		In Service
INSAT-3DS	-		74° East	17 February 2024	GSLV Mk II		In Service
INSAT-3E	-		55° East (2003-2014)	21 December 2003	Ariane 5G		Decommissioned (1 April 2014)
INSAT-4A	-		83° East	27 September 2005	Ariane 5GS		Decommissioned (21 October 2019)	First Satellite in INSAT-4 Series.
INSAT-4B	-		85.5° East 83° East 111.2° East 93.48° East	11 March 2007	Ariane 5 ECA		Decommissioned (24 January 2022)
INSAT-4C	-		-	10 July 2006	GSLV Mk I		Failed
INSAT-4CR	-		48° East 74° East	2 September 2007	GSLV Mk I		Decommissioned (24 November 2020)	Replacement Satellite for INSAT-4C.
INSAT-4D	GSAT-5		-	-	GSLV Mk I		Cancelled
INSAT-4E	GSAT-6		83° East	27 August 2015	GSLV Mk II		In Service
INSAT-4F	GSAT-7		74° East	29 August 2013	Ariane 5 ECA		In Service
INSAT-4G	GSAT-8		55° East	20 May 2011	Ariane 5 ECA		In Service

Satellites in service

Of the 24 satellites launched in the course of the INSAT program, 11 are still in operation.^[1]

INSAT-2E

It is the last of the six five satellites in INSAT-2 series. It carries seventeen C-band and lower extended C-band transponders providing zonal and global coverage with an Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) of 36 dBW. It also carries a Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) with imaging capacity in the visible (0.55–0.75 μm), thermal infrared (10.5–12.5 μm) and water vapour (5.7–7.1 μm) channels and provides 2x2 km, 8x8 km ground resolution respectively. In addition to the above two payloads it has with it a CCD camera providing 1 × 1 km ground resolution in the Visible (0.63–0.69 μm), Near Infrared (0.77–0.86 μm) and Shortwave Infrared (1.55–1.70 μm) bands.^[2]

INSAT-3A

The multipurpose satellite, INSAT-3A, was launched by Ariane in April 2003. It is located at 93.5 degree East longitude. The payloads on INSAT-3A are as follows:

12 Normal C-band transponders (9 channels provide expanded coverage from Middle East to South East Asia with an EIRP of 38 dBW, 3 channels provide India coverage with an EIRP of 36 dBW and 6 Extended C-band transponders provide India coverage with an EIRP of 36 dBW).
6 K_u band transponders provide India coverage with EIRP of 48 dBW.
Very High Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) with imaging capacity in the visible (0.55–0.75 μm), infrared (10.5–12.5 μm) and water vapour (5.7–7.1 μm) channels, provide 2x2 km, 8x8 km and 8x8 km ground resolutions respectively.
A CCD camera provides 1x1 km ground resolution, in the visible (0.63–0.69 μm), near infrared (0.77–0.86 μm) and shortwave infrared (1.55–1.70 μm) bands.
A Data Relay Transponder (DRT) having global receive coverage with a 400 MHz uplink and 4500 MHz downlink for relay of meteorological, hydrological and oceanographic data from unattended land and ocean-based automatic data collection-cum-transmission platforms.
A Satellite Aided Search and Rescue (SAS&R) SARP payload having global receive coverage with 406 MHz uplink and 4500 MHz downlink with India coverage, for relay of signals from distress beacons in sea, air or land.^[3] See also Cospas-Sarsat.

INSAT-3C

Launched in January 2002, INSAT-3C is positioned at 74 degree East longitude. INSAT-3C payloads include 24 Normal C-band transponders providing an EIRP of 37 dBW, six Extended C-band transponders with EIRP of 37 dBW, two S-band transponders to provide BSS services with 42 dBW EIRP and an MSS payload similar to that on INSAT-3B. All the transponders provide coverage over India.^[4]

INSAT-3D

Launched in July 2013, INSAT-3D is positioned at 82 Degree East longitude. INSAT-3D payloads include Imager, Sounder, Data Relay Transponder and Search & Rescue Transponder. All the transponders provide coverage over large part of the Indian Ocean region covering India, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives, Nepal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka and Tanzania for rendering distress alert services.^[5]

INSAT-3DR

INSAT-3DR is a weather satellite meant to provide meteorological services to India using a 6-channel imager and a 19-channel sounder, it was launched on 9 September 2016 by the GSLV Mk II F05,^[6] and is a follow-up to INSAT-3D.

INSAT-3E

Launched in September 2003, INSAT-3E is positioned at 55 degree East longitude and carries 24 Normal C-band transponders provide an edge of coverage EIRP of 37 dBW over India and 12 Extended C-band transponders provide an edge of coverage EIRP of 38 dBW over India.^[7] The satellite has been decommissioned and gone out of service from April 2014.^[8] GSAT-16 will replace this satellite.

KALPANA-1

KALPANA-1 is an exclusive meteorological satellite launched by PSLV in September 2002. It carries Very High Resolution Radiometer and DRT payloads to provide meteorological services. It is located at 74 degree East longitude. Its first name was METSAT. It was later renamed as KALPANA-1 to commemorate Kalpana Chawla.

INSAT-4 Series

INSAT-4A

Launched in December 2005 by the European Ariane launch vehicle, INSAT-4A is positioned at 83 degree East longitude along with INSAT-2E and INSAT-3B. INSAT-A carries 12 K_u band 36 MHz bandwidth transponders employing 140 W TWTAs to provide an EIRP of 52 dBW at the edge of coverage polygon with footprint covering Indian main land and 12 C-band 36 MHz bandwidth transponders provide an EIRP of 39 dBW at the edge of coverage with expanded radiation patterns encompassing Indian geographical boundary, area beyond India in southeast and northwest regions.^[9] Tata Sky, a joint venture between the TATA Group and STAR uses INSAT-4A for distributing their DTH service.

INSAT-4B

It was launched in March 2007 by the European Ariane launch vehicle. Configured with payloads identical to that of INSAT-4A, INSAT-4B carries 12 K_u band and 12 C-band transponders to provide EIRP of 52 dBW and 39 dBW respectively. Two Tx/Rx dual grid offset fed shaped beam reflectors of 2.2 m diameter for K_u band and 2 m diameter for C-band are used. INSAT-4B augments the high power transponder capacity over India in K_u band and over a wider region in C-band. It is co-located with INSAT-3A at 93.5 degree E longitude.^[10]

The national space agency Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) has allotted nearly seven K_u band transponders to Sun Direct; a DTH service provider from South India, and the other five to Doordarshan's DD Direct Plus. 12 transponders in the C band are for TV, radio and telecommunication purposes.

The satellite was decommissioned on 24 January 2022. The satellite was moved to a disposal orbit, 340 km above geostationary orbit.^[11]

China-Stuxnet Connection

American cyber warfare expert Jeffrey Carr, who specialises in investigations of cyber attacks against government, mentioned in his interview with The Times of India, that the reason for this power glitch may have been an infection by the sophisticated Stuxnet worm.^[12] He attributed the development of Stuxnet worm most likely to Government of China which had the necessary sophistication to develop the bug and would gain the maximum by failure of Indian satellite. He also pointed out that Stuxnet was discovered just a month before the Indian satellite was hit by the power glitch, the reason for which still remains unknown. ISRO uses the same Siemens software that was targeted by Stuxnet.

INSAT-4CR

INSAT-4CR was launched on 2 September 2007 by GSLV-F04.^[13] It is a replacement satellite of INSAT-4C which was lost when GSLV-F02 failed and had to be destroyed on its course. It carries 12 K_u band 36 MHz bandwidth transponders employing 140 W TWTAs to provide an Effective Isotropic Radiated Power of 51.5 dBW at Edge of Coverage with footprint covering Indian mainland. It also incorporates a K_u band Beacon as an aid to tracking the satellite.

On 8 September 2007 ISRO reported the satellite had reached a near geosynchronous orbit, and would be stabilized in its intended orbital position of 74 degrees E longitude by 15 September.^[14] The satellite is designed for a mission life in of ten years. There were reports that the mission life of the satellite had decreased by five years as the thrusters had to burn this much fuel to restore the satellite to its correct orbit. However, the ISRO later refuted this claim dismissing it as false.^[15]

GSAT Series

The GSAT satellites are India's indigenously developed communications satellites, used for digital audio, data and video broadcasting for both military and civilian users. As of November 2018, 19 GSAT satellites of ISRO have been launched out of which 15 satellites are currently in service.

GSAT-2

Launched by the second flight of GSLV in May 2003, GSAT-2 is located at 48 degree East longitude and carries four Normal C-band transponders to provide 36 dBW EIRP with India coverage, two K_u band transponders with 42 dBW EIRP over India and an MSS payload similar to those on INSAT-3B and INSAT-3C.

GSAT-3

Configured for audio-visual medium employing digital interactive classroom lessons and multimedia content, GSAT-3 (EDUSAT) was launched by a GSLV in September 2004. Its transponders and their ground coverage are specially configured to cater to the educational requirements. The satellite carries a K_u band transponder covering the Indian mainland region with 50 dBW EIRP, five K_u band spot beam transponders for south, west, central, north and north-east regional coverage with 55 dBW EIRP and six Extended C-band transponders with India coverage with 37 dBW EIRP. EDUSAT is positioned at 74 degree East longitude and is collocated with KALPANA-1 and INSAT-3.

GSAT-6

GSAT-6 (also called INSAT-4E) is a multimedia communication satellite that offers a Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (S-DMB) service across several digital multimedia terminals or consoles which can be used to provide information services to vehicles on the fly and to the mobile phones.

GSAT-7

GSAT-7 (or INSAT-4F) is a multi-band military communications satellite developed by ISRO. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band communication spacecraft, which has been operational since September 2013.

GSAT-8

GSAT-8 (INSAT-4G), is a high power communication satellite in the INSAT system. Weighing about 3,100 kg at lift-off, GSAT-8 is configured to carry 24 high power transponders Ku band and a two-channel GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) payload operating in L1 and L5 bands.

GSAT 9

The GSAT-9, also known as the "South Asia Satellite", is a geostationary communications satellite and meteorology satellite operated by the ISRO for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region.^[16]^[17] The satellite was launched on 5 May 2017.

GSAT-10

GSAT-10 was launched by Ariane-5ECA carrier rocket in 2012. It serves with C and Ku band transponders, and includes a navigation payload to augment GAGAN capacity.

GSAT-12

GSAT-12 configured to carry 12 Extended C-band transponders to meet the country's growing demand for transponders in a short turn-around-time. The 12 Extended C-band transponders of GSAT-12 will augment the capacity in the INSAT system for various communication services like Tele-education, Telemedicine and for Village Resource Centres (VRC). It weighs about 1,410 kg (3,110 lb) at lift-off.

GSAT-14

GSAT-14 was launched in January 2014 to replace the GSAT-3 satellite, which was launched in 2004.

GSAT-15

GSAT-15 is similar to GSAT-10 and is used to augment the capacity of transponders to provide more bandwidth for Direct-to-Home television and VSAT services. It was successfully launched on 10 November 2015 at 21:34:07 UTC aboard an Ariane 5 rocket, along with the ArabSat 6B satellite.^[18]

GSAT-16

GSAT-16 is the 11th Indian communication satellite meant to increase the number of transponders that in turn enhance the satellite based telecommunication, television, VSAT services in India. GSAT-16 was launched on 7 December 2014 from the Guiana Space Centre, French Guiana, by an Ariane 5 rocket.

GSAT-17

it carries 24 C-band, 2 lower C-band, 12 upper C-band, 2 CxS (C-band up/S-band down), and 1 SxC (S-band up/C-band down) transponders. It additionally carries a dedicated transponder for data relay (DRT) and search-and-rescue (SAR) services.^[19] At the time of launch, GSAT-17 was the heaviest satellite built by ISRO.^[20] The satellite was launched on 28 June 2017 aboard an Ariane 5 ECA rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana.

GSAT-18

GSAT-18 carries 24 C-band, 12 extended C-band, and 12 K_u-band transponders. It was launched on 5 October 2016 aboard an Ariane 5 ECA rocket from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana.

GSAT-19

Launched on 5 June 2017, GSAT-19 is a communication satellite testbed for the modular I-6K satellite bus, carrying experimental technologies such as ion thrusters for manoeuvring and stabilisation, active thermal control using thermal radiators, a miniaturised inertial reference unit, indigenously produced lithium-ion batteries, and C-band traveling-wave-tube amplifiers.^[21]^[22]^[23]

GSAT-29

The GSAT-29 is a large high-throughput communication satellite that was launched on 14 November 2018 through the second developmental flight of GSLV Mark III,^[24] that placed the 3,423 kg (7,546 lb) satellite into its planned geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) over the equator.^[25] Apart from its main communication payload in Ka/Ku bands, GSAT-29 hosts few experimental payloads to mature their technology for use in future spacecraft.^[26]

Others

Commercial Communications satellite

ExseedSat-1 is the first Indian commercial satellite built by Satellize (formerly known as Exseed Space). It was a communication satellite launched by SpaceX's Falcon-9 rocket on 6 December 2018.^[27]
ExseedSat-2 (AISAT) is the second Indian commercial satellite built for Amsat India launched on the fourth stage of the PSLV-C45 mission.^[28]

Indian Communication Satellites Launch Log

Serial No.	Satellite	Date of Launch	Launch Vehicle	Status
1	INSAT-1A	10 April 1982	Delta	Failed in orbit
2	INSAT-1B	30 August 1983	Shuttle PAM-D	Mission Completed
3	INSAT-1C	22 July 1988	Ariane-3	Partial failure in orbit
4	INSAT-1D	12 June 1990	Delta	Mission Completed
5	INSAT-2A	10 July 1992	Ariane-4	Mission Completed
6	INSAT-2B	23 July 1993	Ariane-4	Mission Completed
7	INSAT-2C	7 December 1995	Ariane-4	Mission Completed
8	INSAT-2D	4 June 1997	Ariane-4	Failed in Orbit
9	INSAT-2E	3 April 1999	Ariane-4	Mission Completed
10	INSAT-3B	22 March 2020	Ariane-5	Mission Completed
11	GSAT-1	18 April 2001	GSLV	Mission Completed
12	INSAT-3C	24 January 2002	Ariane-5	Mission Completed
13	KALPANA-1	12 September 2002	PSLV	Mission Completed
14	INSAT-3A	10 April 2003	Ariane-5	Mission Completed
15	GSAT-2	8 May 2003	GSLV
16	INSAT-3E	28 September 2003	Ariane-5
17	EDUSAT	20 September 2004	GSLV	Mission Completed
18	HAMSAT	5 May 2005	PSLV
19	INSAT-4A	22 December 2005	Ariane-5
20	INSAT-4C	10 July 2006	GSLV	Launch unsuccessful
21	INSAT-4B	12 March 2007	Ariane-5	Mission Completed
22	INSAT-4CR	2 September 2007	GSLV
23	GSAT-4	15 April 2010	GSLV	Launch unsuccessful
24	GSAT-5P	25 December 2010	GSLV-F06	Launch unsuccessful
25	GSAT-8	21 May 2011	Ariane-5
26	GSAT-12	15 July 2011	PSLV-C17
27	GSAT-10	29 September 2012	Ariane-5
28	GSAT-7	30 August 2013	Ariane-5
29	GSAT-14	5 January 2014	GSLV-D5
30	GSAT-16	7 December 2014	Ariane-5
31	GSAT-6	27 August 2015	GSLV-D6
32	GSAT-15	11 November 2015	Ariane-5
33	GSAT-18	6 October 2016	Ariane-5
34	GSAT-9	5 May 2017	GSLV-F09
35	GSAT-19	5 June 2017	GSLV MkIII - D1
36	GSAT-17	29 June 2017	Ariane-5
37	GSAT-6A	29 March 2018	GSLV-F08	Failed in Orbit
38	GSAT-29	14 November 2018	GSLV MkIII-D2
39	GSAT-11	5 December 2018	Ariane-5
40	GSAT-7A	19 December 2018	GSLV-F11
41	GSAT-31	6 February 2019	Ariane-5 VA-247
42	GSAT-30	17 January 2020	Ariane-5 VA-251
43	CMS-01 (GSAT-12R)	17 December 2020	PSLV-C50
44	CMS-02 (GSAT-24)	23 June 2022	Ariane-5 VA-257
45	INSAT-3DS	17 February 2024	GSLV Mk II
46	GSAT-20 (CMS-03)	Q2 2024	Falcon 9 Block 5	Planned
47	GSAT-22 ^[29]	2025	LVM3	Planned
48	GSAT-23 ^[29]	2025	LVM3	Planned

Related Research Articles

GSAT-3, also known as EDUSAT, was a communications satellite which was launched on 20 September 2004 by the Indian Space Research Organisation. EDUSAT is the first Indian satellite built exclusively to serve the educational sector. It is mainly intended to meet the demand for an interactive satellite-based distance education system for the country.

The GSAT satellites are India's indigenously developed communications satellites, used for digital audio, data and video broadcasting. As of 5 December 2018, 20 GSAT satellites manufactured by ISRO have been launched, out of which 14 are in service.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GSAT-2</span>

GSAT-2 was an experimental communication satellite built by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and launched on one of the first GSLVs. The satellite was positioned at 48 deg east longitude in the geo-stationary orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GSAT-4</span> Indian experimental communication and navigation satellite

GSAT-4, also known as HealthSat, was an experimental communication and navigation satellite launched in April 2010 by the Indian Space Research Organisation on the maiden flight of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk.II rocket. It failed to reach orbit after the rocket's third stage malfunctioned. The third stage was the first Indian-built cryogenic-fuelled upper stage, and was making its first flight. The ISRO suspects that the failure was caused by the third stage not igniting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Master Control Facility</span> Space research facility in Hassan, India

The Master Control Facility (MCF) is a facility set up by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) in the city of Hassan in the Indian state of Karnataka. Established in 1982, this facility is responsible for monitoring and controlling geostationary and geosynchronous satellites launched by ISRO. This was the only Master Control Facility of ISRO till another one was established in Bhopal in 2005.

INSAT-3D is a meteorological, data relay and satellite aided search and rescue satellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation and was launched successfully on 26 July 2013 using an Ariane 5 ECA launch vehicle from French Guiana. The satellite has many new technology elements like star sensor, micro stepping Solar Array Drive Assembly (SADA) to reduce the spacecraft disturbances and Bus Management Unit (BMU) for control and telecom and telemetry function. It also incorporates new features of bi-annual rotation and Image and Mirror motion compensations for improved performance of the meteorological payloads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">INSAT-3E</span> Indian communications satellite, 2003–2014

INSAT 3E is a defunct communication satellite built by Indian Space Research Organisation. It was launched on September 28, 2003, from the European Space Agency's spaceport in French Guiana on board the Ariane rocket. The satellite had a launch mass of 2750 kilograms. It is the 4th satellite launched in the INSAT-3 series for INSAT. It was designed for providing high-speed communication, Television, VSAT & Tele-education services and was an important landmark in Indian Space Programme.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">INSAT-3A</span> Multipurpose satellite launched in 2003

INSAT-3A, a multipurpose satellite built by ISRO was launched by Ariane in April 2003. It is located at 93.5 degree East longitude. It is third satellite in INSAT-3 series after INSAT-3B & INSAT-3C. Built at a cost of $53 mn, it provides communication, weather, and search and rescue services.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">INSAT-3C</span> Indian telecommunications satellite

INSAT-3C is a multipurpose satellite built by ISRO and launched by Arianespace in Jan 2002. INSAT-3C is the second satellite of the INSAT-3 series. All the transponders provide coverage over India. Insat-3C is controlled from the Master Control Facility at Hassan in Karnataka. It will provide voice, video and digital data services to India and neighboring countries.

INSAT-4A was the first one in the INSAT-4 Satellites series, providing services in the K_u and C band frequency bands. At the time of launch, it was the heaviest satellite India had produced. The K_u transponders cover the Indian main land and C-Band transponders cover an extended area. It has a dozen K_u transponders and another dozen of C-band transponders. This spacecraft was placed at 83°E along with INSAT-2E and INSAT-3B, by Ariane launch vehicle (ARIANE5-V169).

INSAT-4CR was a communications satellite operated by ISRO as part of the Indian National Satellite System. Launched in September 2007, it replaced the INSAT-4C satellite which had been lost in a launch failure the previous year. The satellite was initially stationed in geostationary orbit at a longitude of 74 degrees east, with expected operational life of at least ten years, however this may have been reduced by the underperformance of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle which placed it into orbit. INSAT-4CR is planned to be replaced by GSAT-31, which was launched on February 6, 2019.

GSAT-14 is an Indian communications satellite launched in January 2014. It replaced the GSAT-3 satellite, which was launched in 2004. GSAT-14 was launched by a Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mk.II, which incorporated an Indian-built cryogenic engine on the third stage.

GSAT-10 is an Indian communication satellite which was launched by Ariane-5ECA carrier rocket in September 2012. It has 12 KU Band, 12 C Band and 6 lower extended c band transponders, and included a navigation payload to augment GAGAN capacity. Following its launch and on-orbit testing, it was placed in Geosynchronous orbit at 83.0° East, from where it will provide communication services in India.

INSAT-4E, also known as GSAT-6, is a member of the INSAT family and is a multimedia communication satellite that will offer a Satellite Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (S-DMB) service across several digital multimedia terminals or consoles which can be used to provide information services to vehicles on the fly and to the mobile phones. The satellite can be used for other social and strategic applications.

INSAT-1C was the third in the first generation INSAT series of satellites built by Ford Aerospace to satisfy the domestic communication requirement of India. The Govt. agencies using its services were All India Radio, Doordarshan, Department of Space and Indian Meteorological Department

GSAT-7 or INSAT-4F is a multi-band military communications satellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation. The Indian Navy is the user of the multi-band communication spacecraft, which has been operational since September 2013. According to defense experts, the satellite will enable the navy to extend its blue water capabilities and stop relying on foreign satellites like Inmarsat, which provide communication services to its ships.

GSAT-17 is an Indian communications satellite. Built by ISRO and operated by INSAT, it carries 24 C-band, 2 lower C-band, 12 upper C-band, 2 CxS, and 1 SxC transponders. It additionally carries a dedicated transponder for data relay (DRT) and search-and-rescue (SAR) services. At the time of launch, GSAT-17 was the heaviest satellite built by ISRO.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">GSAT-18</span> Indian communications satellite

GSAT-18 is an Indian communications satellite. Built by ISRO and operated by INSAT, it carries 24 C-band, 12 extended C-band, and 12 K_u-band transponders.

GSAT-29 is a high-throughput communication satellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). The mission aims at providing high-speed bandwidth to Village Resource Centres (VRC) in rural areas. The two Ku and Ka operational payloads will provide communication services to Jammu and Kashmir and Northeast India under Digital India programme. At the time of launch GSAT-29 was the heaviest satellite, weighing 3,423 kg (7,546 lb), that was placed in orbit by an Indian launch vehicle. Approved cost of GSAT-29 is ₹175.63 crore (US$21 million).

GSAT-30 is a telecommunications satellite developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

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↑ "INSAT-4CR successfully placed in orbit". Times of India. 2 September 2007. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.
↑ "INSAT-4CR now in near geo-synchronous orbit". Telecom Asia. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2023.
↑ "ISRO refutes INSAT-4CR 'disappearance' story". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.
↑ "Isro-Saarc satellite to be a communication vehicle". Deccan Herald . Deccan Herald News Service. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.
↑ "GSAT-9". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2017.
↑ "ISRO's Diwali Gift: GSAT-15 Communications Satellite Successfully Launched". NDTV . 11 November 2015.
↑ "Salient features of GSAT-17". ISRO Satellite Centre. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
↑ "Heaviest satellite of ISRO launched". The Hindu. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2018.
↑ "Annual Report: 2014-2015" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. 2015. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
↑ "First Prototype of ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine To Be Ready By 2016". AA Me, IN. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.
↑ "GSat 19". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
↑ "Isro gets nod for semi-cryogenic engine, will boost GSLV's lift capability by 1 tonne". The Times of India . 8 June 2018.
↑ "GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29". Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
↑ "GSAT-29 - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.
↑ Laxman, Srinivas; Singh, Surendra (5 December 2018). "Exseed Sat 1: Mumbai startup first Indian private firm to have satellite in space". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
↑ "India in Space through 2019: From RISAT, ASAT and Chandrayaan 2 to big wins for private space". Tech2. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2021.
1 2 Chethan Kumar (5 October 2021). "Space PSU NSIL to launch 4 more demand-driven communications satellites". Times of India. Retrieved 25 May 2023.

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[1] GSAT-F06

[2] ISRO page of INSAT-2E

[3] "ISRO page of INSAT-3A". Archived from the original on 1 February 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[4] "ISRO page of INSAT-3C". Archived from the original on 1 May 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[5] "INSAT-3D India's Advanced Weather Satellite" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013. Retrieved 17 March 2013.

[wmosat194-6] "INSAT-3DR". World Meteorological Organization. 5 June 2012. Retrieved 29 June 2016.

[7] "ISRO page of INSAT-3E". Archived from the original on 17 June 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[8] S, Madhumathi D. (April 2014). "After 10 years in orbit, INSAT-3E expires". The Hindu.

[9] "ISRO page of INSAT-4A". Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[10] "ISRO page of INSAT-4B". Archived from the original on 31 October 2014. Retrieved 9 February 2016.

[11] "Successful post mission disposal of INSAT-4B Satellite - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 8 February 2022.

[12] Parashar, Sachin (11 October 2010). "China hitting India via Net worm?". The Times of India . Archived from the original on 3 November 2012.

[13] "INSAT-4CR successfully placed in orbit". Times of India. 2 September 2007. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009.

[4cr-14] "INSAT-4CR now in near geo-synchronous orbit". Telecom Asia. 17 September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2023.

[isro_4crlost-15] "ISRO refutes INSAT-4CR 'disappearance' story". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011.

[Deccan_Herald-16] "Isro-Saarc satellite to be a communication vehicle". Deccan Herald . Deccan Herald News Service. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 22 April 2015.

[17] "GSAT-9". Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 15 April 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2017.

[18] "ISRO's Diwali Gift: GSAT-15 Communications Satellite Successfully Launched". NDTV . 11 November 2015.

[ISAC-19] "Salient features of GSAT-17". ISRO Satellite Centre. Archived from the original on 22 July 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.

[hindu20170630-20] "Heaviest satellite of ISRO launched". The Hindu. 30 June 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2018.

[ar201415-21] "Annual Report: 2014-2015" (PDF). Indian Space Research Organisation. 2015. p. 26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2018.

[aamein20150819-22] "First Prototype of ISRO's Semi-Cryogenic Engine To Be Ready By 2016". AA Me, IN. 19 August 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2016.

[GSat_19E-23] "GSat 19". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 27 May 2016.

[24] "Isro gets nod for semi-cryogenic engine, will boost GSLV's lift capability by 1 tonne". The Times of India . 8 June 2018.

[25] "GSLV MkIII-D2 successfully launches GSAT-29". Archived from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.

[26] "GSAT-29 - ISRO". www.isro.gov.in. Archived from the original on 12 November 2018. Retrieved 12 November 2018.

[27] Laxman, Srinivas; Singh, Surendra (5 December 2018). "Exseed Sat 1: Mumbai startup first Indian private firm to have satellite in space". The Times of India. Retrieved 13 January 2021.

[28] "India in Space through 2019: From RISAT, ASAT and Chandrayaan 2 to big wins for private space". Tech2. 25 December 2019. Retrieved 13 January 2021.

[newSCs-29] 1 2 Chethan Kumar (5 October 2021). "Space PSU NSIL to launch 4 more demand-driven communications satellites". Times of India. Retrieved 25 May 2023.

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v t e INSAT satellites
INSAT-1 series	INSAT-1A INSAT-1B INSAT-1C INSAT-1D
INSAT-2 series	INSAT-2A INSAT-2B INSAT-2C INSAT-2D INSAT-2DT INSAT-2E
INSAT-3 series	INSAT-3A INSAT-3B INSAT-3C INSAT-3D INSAT-3DR INSAT-3DS INSAT-3E
INSAT-4 series	INSAT-4A INSAT-4B INSAT-4C INSAT-4CR GSAT-6 / INSAT-4E GSAT-7 / INSAT-4F GSAT-8 / INSAT-4G