) was a proposed launcher design which was intended to become Russia's main launch vehicle for crewed spaceflight after 2018,and an integral part of the Orel spacecraft being developed to replace the Soyuz.
Rus-M was being developed by TsSKB-Progress,beginning in 2009. The program was halted in October 2011, [1] restarted in 2012 and finally cancelled in August 2015. [2]
In 2009,Roscomos published the specifications for a Rus-M launch vehicle. Several variants of the Rus-M were later proposed,creating a family of similar launch vehicles. [3] In spring of 2009,TsSKB-Progress won a government contract to develop a new launcher for Russia's human space program. The project was featured in MAKS 2009 Airshow,and preliminary design of the vehicle was expected to be submitted to the Russian space agency Roscosmos by August 2010. [4]
Safety requirements put forward by Roscosmos emphasized that the launcher design is to be extremely reliable;safe abort options for crewed vehicles must be available at any stage of flight,and vehicle departure from the launch pad must be guaranteed for the case of an emergency during an early stage of the launch sequence. The launcher was planned to provide a basis for a future heavy launcher capable to carry a payload of 50—60 tons,as well as for a super-heavy design lifting 130—150 tons. [5]
Four variants of Rus-M were planned for development. Each version would use a variable number of common cores as the first stage and boosters,each powered by a single Energomash RD-180 rocket engine burning kerosene and liquid oxygen. Two upper stages were planned. The first would have used four RD-0146 hydrolox engines developed by Chemical Automatics Design Bureau. [6] [7] The second option would have been a kerosene fueled stage common with Soyuz-2. [7]
The first version of the rocket was to use three first stage cores,inseparably bolted together,with an RD-0146 powered second stage. It would have been able to lift a cargo or satellite payload of 23.8 tons to a 200-km,51.7-degree circular orbit,a crew vehicle of 18.8 tons to a 135 by 400-km orbit,7.0 tons to geostationary transfer orbit and 4.0 tons to geostationary orbit. The second variant would add two additional cores,and allow the strapon boosters to detach earlier in flight,boosting payload capacity to 35 tons. Version 3 would use stretched tanks on the booster cores,increasing payload again to 50 tons. Version 4 would fly with only a single core,and a Soyuz 2-derived upper stage. [7]
TsSKB Progress was responsible for overall project leadership,system integration,second stage development and production. First stage development was to be led by Makeev KB Mash,while NPO Avtomatiki was to provide the rocket's flight control system. [7] After Rus-M was ultimately canceled in 2011 after falling victim to the Great Recession,and competition with Angara,TsSKB Progress disclosed the existence of the Soyuz-5 rocket concept in 2013. [8] Soyuz-5,later renamed "Irtysh",became the successor to Rus-M after Rus-M's cancelation and Irtysh surviving Roscosmos budget cuts in 2015. [8]
The Buran programme,also known as the "VKK Space Orbiter programme",was a Soviet and later Russian reusable spacecraft project that began in 1974 at the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute in Moscow and was formally suspended in 1993. In addition to being the designation for the whole Soviet/Russian reusable spacecraft project,Buran was also the name given to orbiter 1K,which completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988 and was the only Soviet reusable spacecraft to be launched into space. The Buran-class orbiters used the expendable Energia rocket as a launch vehicle.
Energia was a 1980s super-heavy lift launch vehicle. It was designed by NPO Energia of the Soviet Union as part of the Buran program for a variety of payloads including the Buran spacecraft. Control system main developer enterprise was the Khartron NPO "Electropribor". The Energia used four strap-on boosters each powered by a four-chamber RD-170 engine burning kerosene/LOX,and a central core stage with four single-chamber RD-0120 (11D122) engines fueled by liquid hydrogen/LOX.
Soyuz is a family of expendable Russian and Soviet carrier rockets developed by OKB-1 and manufactured by Progress Rocket Space Centre in Samara,Russia. The Soyuz is the rocket with the most launches in the history of spaceflight.
The Angara rocket family is a family of launch vehicles being developed by the Moscow-based Khrunichev State Research and Production Space Center. The launch vehicles are to put between 3,800 kg (8,400 lb) and 24,500 kg (54,000 lb) into low Earth orbit and are intended,along with Soyuz-2 variants,to replace several existing launch vehicles.
The Soyuz-U launch vehicle was an improved version of the original Soyuz rocket. Soyuz-U was part of the R-7 family of rockets based on the R-7 Semyorka missile. Members of this rocket family were designed by the TsSKB design bureau and constructed at the Progress factory in Samara,Russia. The first Soyuz-U flight took place on 18 May 1973,carrying as its payload Kosmos 559,a Zenit military surveillance satellite. The final flight of a Soyuz-U rocket took place on 22 February 2017,carrying Progress MS-05 to the International Space Station.
The RD-170 is the world's most powerful and heaviest liquid-fuel rocket engine. It was designed and produced in the Soviet Union by NPO Energomash for use with the Energia launch vehicle. The engine burns kerosene fuel and LOX oxidizer in four combustion chambers,all supplied by one single-shaft,single-turbine turbopump rated at 170 MW (230,000 hp) in a staged combustion cycle.
Soyuz-2 is a modernized expendable medium-lift launch vehicle and the seventh major version in the Soyuz family. It includes key enhancements over its predecessors including improved engines along with digital flight control and telemetry systems,enabling launches from fixed platforms and the use of large payload fairings.
The Soyuz-FG launch vehicle was an improved version of the Soyuz-U from the R-7 family of rockets,designed and constructed by TsSKB-Progress in Samara,Russia. Guidance,navigation,and control system was developed and manufactured by "Polisvit" Special Design Bureau.
Rocket and Space Centre "Progress" is a Russian joint-stock company under the jurisdiction of Roscosmos. It builds and operates the Soyuz family of rockets,the primary launch vehicle for the Russian space programme and derived from the R-7 missile.
The R-7 family of rockets is a series of rockets,derived from the Soviet R-7 Semyorka,the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). More R-7 rockets have been launched than any other family of large rockets.
Orel or Oryol,formerly Federation,and PPTS,is a project by Roscosmos to develop a new-generation,partially reusable crewed spacecraft.
The Soyuz-2.1v,GRAU index 14A15,known earlier in development as the Soyuz-1,is a Russian expendable launch vehicle. It is a heavily modified derivative of the Soyuz-2.1b,and is a member of the R-7 family of rockets. It is built by TsSKB Progress,at Samara in Russia. Launches are conducted from existing facilities at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome in Northwest Russia,with pads also available at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan,and new facilities at the Vostochny Cosmodrome in Eastern Russia.
Prichal,also known as the Uzlovoy Module is a Russian-built component of the International Space Station (ISS). This cylindrical module has six docking ports to provide additional docking ports for Soyuz and Progress spacecraft,as well as potential future modules.
Bion-M No.1 (Бион-М) was a Russian space mission,part of the Bion-M programme focused on space medicine. The new generation Bion-M continued the Soviet/Russian Bion satellite programme aimed at biological research in space. The last spacecraft of the Bion series,Bion 11,was launched in 1996. The Bion-M1 spacecraft was designed to carry biological,physiological and biotechnological experiments to low Earth orbit and return them to Earth at the end of the mission. The biological payload for Bion-M1 included rodents,amphibians,reptiles,crustaceans,mollusks,fish,insects,bacteria,plant and animal cell cultures. The spacecraft was the result of collaboration hosting biomedical payloads provided by scientific institutions from the United States,Germany,Canada,the Netherlands,Poland and other countries. The Bion-M automated spacecraft was a unique specialized space complex that aimed to determine the fundamental mechanisms of how life adapts to microgravity and then readapts to Earth-normal gravity.
Soyuz at the Guiana Space Centre was a European Space Agency (ESA) programme that operated Soyuz-2 launch vehicles at the Guiana Space Centre (CSG). It provided Arianespace with a medium-lift launch vehicle alongside the light-lift Vega and heavy-lift Ariane 5. The rocket was marketed by Starsem a joint venture of ArianeGroup,Arianespace,Progress Rocket Space Centre and Roscosmos.
Progress M-27M,identified by NASA as Progress 59P,was a Progress spacecraft used by Roscosmos in an unsuccessful attempt to resupply the International Space Station (ISS) in 2015.
The Soyuz-7 or Amur is a partially-reusable,methane–fueled,orbital launch vehicle currently in the design concept stage of development by the Roscosmos State Corporation in Russia. The preliminary design process began in October 2020,with operational flights planned for no earlier than 2028. Amur is intended to substitute for the existing Soyuz-2,at a much lower per launch cost.
Soyuz MS-10 was a crewed Soyuz MS spaceflight that aborted shortly after launch on 11 October 2018 due to a failure of the Soyuz-FG launch vehicle boosters. MS-10 was the 139th flight of a Soyuz spacecraft. It was intended to transport two members of the Expedition 57 crew to the International Space Station. A few minutes after liftoff,the craft went into contingency abort due to a booster failure and had to return to Earth. By the time the contingency abort was declared,the launch escape system (LES) tower had already been ejected and the capsule was pulled away from the rocket using the solid rocket jettison motors on the capsule fairing. Both crew members,Roscosmos cosmonaut Aleksey Ovchinin and NASA astronaut Nick Hague,were recovered in good health. The MS-10 flight abort was the first instance of a Russian crewed booster accident in 35 years,since Soyuz T-10-1 exploded on the launch pad in September 1983. On 1 November 2018,Russian scientists released a video recording of the mission.
Irtysh,also named Soyuz-5,formerly codenamed Fenix in Russian and Sunkar in Kazakh,is a planned Russian rocket that is being developed by JSC SRC Progress within the "Project Feniks". Initially it will replace the capability of Zenit-2 and Proton Medium,and in the future will serve as the base of a super heavy-lift launch vehicle rocket (Yenisei) to match the Energia/Buran capabilities. As of August 2023,Irtysh is expected to launch from the Baikonur Baiterek,the ex Zenit-2 launch site,in a partnership with the government of Kazakhstan,with a planned debut in December 2025.
Yenisei,project name RN STK-1,was the first super-heavy launch vehicle being developed by the Russian space industry since the fall of the USSR. The main developer is RSC Energia.
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