Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission

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Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission
Artist depiction of MMS spacecraft (SVS12239).png
Artist depiction of MMS spacecraft
NamesMMS
Mission type Magnetosphere research
Operator NASA
COSPAR ID 2015-011A
2015-011B
2015-011C
2015-011D
SATCAT no. 40482
40483
40484
40485
WebsiteMMS
Mission durationPlanned: 2 years
Elapsed: 9 years, 7 months, 25 days
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer Goddard Space Flight Center
Launch mass1,360 kg (3,000 lb)
DimensionsStowed: 3.5 × 1.2 m (11.5 × 3.9 ft)
Deployed: 112 × 29 m (367 × 95 ft)
Power318 watts
Start of mission
Launch date13 March 2015, 02:44 UTC
Rocket Atlas V 421
AV-053
Launch site Cape Canaveral, SLC-41
Contractor United Launch Alliance
Entered serviceSeptember 2015
End of mission
Last contact2040 (planned)
Orbital parameters
Reference system Geocentric orbit
Regime Highly elliptical orbit
Perigee altitude 2,550 km (1,580 mi)
Apogee altitude Day phase: 70,080 km (43,550 mi)
Night phase: 152,900 km (95,000 mi)
Inclination 28.0°
Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission logo.png
Large Strategic Science Missions
Heliophysics Division

The Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) Mission is a NASA robotic space mission to study the Earth's magnetosphere, using four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. [1] The spacecraft were launched on 13 March 2015 at 02:44 UTC. [2] The mission is designed to gather information about the microphysics of magnetic reconnection, energetic particle acceleration, and turbulence⁠ — processes that occur in many astrophysical plasmas. [3] As of March 2020, the MMS spacecraft has enough fuel to remain operational until 2040. [4]

Contents

Background

The mission builds upon the premise of the ESA Cluster mission, but MMS instrumentation surpasses it in spatial resolution and in temporal resolution, allowing for the first time measurements of the critical electron diffusion region, the site where magnetic reconnection occurs. Its orbit is optimized to spend extended periods in locations where reconnection is known to occur: at the dayside magnetopause, the place where the pressure from the solar wind and the planets' magnetic field are equal; and in the magnetotail, which is formed by pressure from the solar wind on a planet's magnetosphere and which can extend great distances away from its originating planet.

Magnetic reconnection in Earth's magnetosphere is one of the mechanisms responsible for the aurora, and it is important to the science of controlled nuclear fusion because it is one mechanism preventing magnetic confinement of the fusion fuel. These mechanisms are studied in outer space by the measurement of motions of matter in stellar atmospheres, like that of the Sun. Magnetic reconnection is a phenomenon in which energy may be efficiently transferred from a magnetic field to the motion of charged particles. [5]

Spacecraft

MMS mission overview video
Visualization of the spacecraft orbit transition

The MMS mission consists of four spacecraft. Each has a launch mass of 1,360 kg (3,000 lb). [6] In their stowed launch configuration, each are approximately 3.5 by 1.2 m (11.5 by 3.9 ft), and when stacked together they have a total height of 4.9 m (16 ft). [6] After being deployed in orbit, a total of eight axial and wire booms are deployed, including four Spin-Plane Double Probe (SDP) wire booms each 60 m (200 ft) long. [6]

The MMS spacecraft are spin stabilized, turning at a rate of three revolutions per minute to maintain orientation. Each spacecraft contains 12 thrusters connected to four hydrazine fuel tanks. Position data is provided by highly sensitive GPS equipment, while attitude is maintained by four star trackers, two accelerometers, and two Sun sensors. [6]

The mission is broken into three phases. The commissioning phase will last approximately five and a half months after launch, while the science phases will last two years. The first science phase will focus on the magnetic boundary between the Earth and Sun (day side operations) for one and a half years, with the spacecraft formation orbiting the Earth at 2,550 by 70,080 km (1,580 by 43,550 mi). The second science phase will study reconnection in Earth's magnetic tail (night side operations) for half a year, increasing the orbit to 2,550 by 152,900 km (1,580 by 95,010 mi). [6]

Instruments

Each spacecraft carries several experiments, divided into three suites: the Hot Plasma Suite, the Energetic Particles Detector Suite, and the Fields Suite. [7]

Hot Plasma Suite

The Hot Plasma Suite measures plasma particle counts, directions, and energies during reconnection. It consists of two instruments:

Energetic Particles Detector

The Energetic Particles Detector Suite detects particles at energies far exceeding those detected by the Hot Plasma Suite. It consists of two instruments:

Fields Suite

The Fields Suite [9] measures magnetic and electric field characteristics. It consists of six instruments:

Personnel and development

Atlas V launch vehicle Atlas V MMS 2015-03-15 NASA.jpg
Atlas V launch vehicle
MMS finds magnetic reconnection in turbulent plasma.

The principal investigator is James L. Burch of Southwest Research Institute, assisted by an international team of investigators, both instrument leads and theory and modeling experts. [12] The project scientist is Thomas E. Moore of Goddard Space Flight Center. [13] Education and public outreach is a key aspect of the mission, with student activities, data sonification, and planetarium shows being developed.

The mission was selected for support by NASA in 2005. System engineering, spacecraft bus design, integration and testing has been performed by Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland. Instrumentation is being improved, with extensive experience brought in from other projects, such as the IMAGE, Cluster and Cassini missions. In June 2009, MMS was allowed to proceed to Phase C, having passed a Preliminary Design Review. The mission passed its Critical Design Review in September 2010. [14] The spacecraft launched on an Atlas V 421 launch vehicle, [15] in March 2015. [2] [16]

Formation flying

In order to collect the desired science data, the four satellite MMS constellation must maintain a tetrahedral formation through a defined region of interest in a highly elliptical orbit. The formation is maintained through the use of a high altitude rated GPS receiver, Navigator, to provide orbit knowledge, and regular formation maintenance maneuvers. [17] Through Navigator, the MMS mission broke the Guinness World Record twice for highest altitude fix of a GPS signal (at 70,000 km (43,000 mi) and 187,200 km (116,300 mi) above the surface in 2016 and 2019 respectively). [18] [19]

Discoveries

In 2016, the MMS mission was the first to directly detect magnetic reconnection, the phenomenon which drives space weather in the Earth's magnetosphere. [20] [21]

MMS has since detected magnetic reconnection occurring in unexpected places. In 2018, MMS made the first-ever detection of magnetic reconnection in the magnetosheath, a region of space previously thought to be too chaotic and unstable to sustain reconnection. [22] Magnetic flux ropes and Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices are other phenomena where MMS has detected reconnection events against expectations. [4]

In August 2019, astronomers reported that MMS made the first high-resolution measurements of an interplanetary shock wave from the Sun. [23]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">IMAGE (spacecraft)</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

IMAGE was a NASA Medium Explorer mission that studied the global response of the Earth's magnetosphere to changes in the solar wind. It was believed lost but as of August 2018 might be recoverable. It was launched 25 March 2000, at 20:34:43.929 UTC, by a Delta II launch vehicle from Vandenberg Air Force Base on a two-year mission. Almost six years later, it unexpectedly ceased operations in December 2005 during its extended mission and was declared lost. The spacecraft was part of NASA's Sun-Earth Connections Program, and its data has been used in over 400 research articles published in peer-reviewed journals. It had special cameras that provided various breakthroughs in understanding the dynamics of plasma around the Earth. The principal investigator was Jim Burch of the Southwest Research Institute.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetic reconnection</span> Process in plasma physics

Magnetic reconnection is a physical process occurring in electrically conducting plasmas, in which the magnetic topology is rearranged and magnetic energy is converted to kinetic energy, thermal energy, and particle acceleration. Magnetic reconnection involves plasma flows at a substantial fraction of the Alfvén wave speed, which is the fundamental speed for mechanical information flow in a magnetized plasma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cluster II (spacecraft)</span> European Space Agency space mission

Cluster II was a space mission of the European Space Agency, with NASA participation, to study the Earth's magnetosphere over the course of nearly two solar cycles. The mission was composed of four identical spacecraft flying in a tetrahedral formation. As a replacement for the original Cluster spacecraft which were lost in a launch failure in 1996, the four Cluster II spacecraft were successfully launched in pairs in July and August 2000 onboard two Soyuz-Fregat rockets from Baikonur, Kazakhstan. In February 2011, Cluster II celebrated 10 years of successful scientific operations in space. In February 2021, Cluster II celebrated 20 years of successful scientific operations in space. As of March 2023, its mission was extended until September 2024. The China National Space Administration/ESA Double Star mission operated alongside Cluster II from 2004 to 2007.

<i>Wind</i> (spacecraft) NASA probe to study solar wind, at L1 since 1995

The Global Geospace Science (GGS) Wind satellite is a NASA science spacecraft designed to study radio waves and plasma that occur in the solar wind and in the Earth's magnetosphere. It was launched on 1 November 1994, at 09:31:00 UTC, from launch pad LC-17B at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station (CCAFS) in Merritt Island, Florida, aboard a McDonnell Douglas Delta II 7925-10 rocket. Wind was designed and manufactured by Martin Marietta Astro Space Division in East Windsor Township, New Jersey. The satellite is a spin-stabilized cylindrical satellite with a diameter of 2.4 m and a height of 1.8 m.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plasmasphere</span> Region of Earths magnetosphere consisting of cool plasma

The plasmasphere, or inner magnetosphere, is a region of the Earth's magnetosphere consisting of low-energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. In 1963 American scientist Don Carpenter and Soviet astronomer Konstantin Gringauz proved the plasmasphere and plasmapause's existence from the analysis of very low frequency (VLF) whistler wave data. Traditionally, the plasmasphere has been regarded as a well behaved cold plasma with particle motion dominated entirely by the geomagnetic field and, hence, co-rotating with the Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">THEMIS</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Heliophysics</span> Science of the heliosphere

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Magnetosphere of Jupiter</span> Cavity created in the solar wind

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">MAVEN</span> NASA Mars orbiter (2013–Present)

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energetic neutral atom</span> Technology to create global images of otherwise invisible phenomena

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">ISEE-1</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">ISEE-2</span>

The ISEE-2 was an Explorer-class daughter spacecraft, International Sun-Earth Explorer-2, was part of the mother/daughter/heliocentric mission. ISEE-2 was a 165.78 kg (365.5 lb) space probe used to study magnetic fields near the Earth. ISEE-2 was a spin-stabilized spacecraft and based on the design of the prior IMP series of spacecraft. ISEE-1 and ISEE-2 were launched on 22 October 1977, and they re-entered on 26 September 1987.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">AMPTE-CCE</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tandem Reconnection and Cusp Electrodynamics Reconnaissance Satellites</span> Planned NASA heliophysics spacecraft

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dynamics Explorer 1</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dynamics Explorer 2</span> NASA satellite of the Explorer program

Dynamics Explorer 2 was a NASA low-altitude mission, launched on 3 August 1981. It consisted of two satellites, DE-1 and DE-2, whose purpose was to investigate the interactions between plasmas in the magnetosphere and those in the ionosphere. The two satellites were launched together into polar coplanar orbits, which allowed them to simultaneously observe the upper and lower parts of the atmosphere.

AMPTE-UKS, also called AMPTE-United Kingdom Subsatellite, was a United Kingdom satellite designed and tasked to study the magnetosphere of Earth, being launched as part of the Explorer program. The AMPTE mission was designed to study the access of solar wind ions to the magnetosphere, the convective-diffusive transport and energization of magnetospheric particles, and the interactions of plasmas in space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Craig Kletzing</span> American plasma physicist (1958–2023)

Craig Allen Kletzing was an American plasma physicist and professor at the University of Iowa, known for his work in space plasmas and laboratory plasmas. He conducted pioneering work in kinetic Alfvén waves, developed instruments for various NASA missions, and taught college level physics.

In space physics, an electrostatic solitary wave (ESW) is a type of electromagnetic soliton occurring during short time scales in plasma. When a rapid change occurs in the electric field in a direction parallel to the orientation of the magnetic field, and this perturbation is caused by a unipolar or dipolar electric potential, it is classified as an ESW.

References

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  2. 1 2 "MMS Launch". NASA. 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2020.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  3. ↑ Lewis, W. S. "MMS-SMART: Quick Facts". Southwest Research Institute. Archived from the original on 9 September 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  4. 1 2 Johnson-Groh, Mara (12 March 2020). "NASA's MMS Marks its 5th Year Breaking Records in Space". NASA. Retrieved 12 March 2020.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  5. ↑ Vaivads, Andris; Retinò, Alessandro; André, Mats (February 2006). "Microphysics of Magnetic Reconnection". Space Science Reviews. 122 (1–4): 19–27. Bibcode:2006SSRv..122...19V. doi:10.1007/s11214-006-7019-3. S2CID   122892025.
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  8. ↑ Pollock, C.; Moore, T.; Jacques, A.; Burch, J.; Gliese, U.; Saito, Y.; Omoto, T.; Avanov, L.; Barrie, A.; Coffey, V.; Dorelli, J.; Gershman, D.; Giles, B.; Rosnack, T.; Salo, C. (1 March 2016). "Fast Plasma Investigation for Magnetospheric Multiscale". Space Science Reviews. 199 (1): 331–406. Bibcode:2016SSRv..199..331P. doi: 10.1007/s11214-016-0245-4 . ISSN   1572-9672. S2CID   255065646.
  9. ↑ Torbert, R. B.; Russell, C. T.; Magnes, W.; Ergun, R. E.; Lindqvist, P.-A.; LeContel, O.; Vaith, H.; Macri, J.; Myers, S.; Rau, D.; Needell, J.; King, B.; Granoff, M.; Chutter, M.; Dors, I. (1 March 2016). "The FIELDS Instrument Suite on MMS: Scientific Objectives, Measurements, and Data Products". Space Science Reviews. 199 (1): 105–135. doi: 10.1007/s11214-014-0109-8 . ISSN   1572-9672.
  10. ↑ Lindqvist, P.-A.; Olsson, G.; Torbert, R. B.; King, B.; Granoff, M.; Rau, D.; Needell, G.; Turco, S.; Dors, I.; Beckman, P.; Macri, J.; Frost, C.; Salwen, J.; Eriksson, A.; Åhlén, L. (1 March 2016). "The Spin-Plane Double Probe Electric Field Instrument for MMS". Space Science Reviews. 199 (1): 137–165. Bibcode:2016SSRv..199..137L. doi: 10.1007/s11214-014-0116-9 . ISSN   1572-9672. S2CID   255069089.
  11. ↑ Ergun, R. E.; Tucker, S.; Westfall, J.; Goodrich, K. A.; Malaspina, D. M.; Summers, D.; Wallace, J.; Karlsson, M.; Mack, J.; Brennan, N.; Pyke, B.; Withnell, P.; Torbert, R.; Macri, J.; Rau, D. (1 March 2016). "The Axial Double Probe and Fields Signal Processing for the MMS Mission". Space Science Reviews. 199 (1): 167–188. Bibcode:2016SSRv..199..167E. doi: 10.1007/s11214-014-0115-x . ISSN   1572-9672. S2CID   255071960.
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  15. ↑ "United Launch Alliance Atlas V Awarded Four NASA Rocket Launch Missions" (Press release). United Launch Alliance. 16 March 2009. Archived from the original on 20 July 2015. Retrieved 5 August 2009.
  16. ↑ Werner, Debra (19 December 2011). "Spending Lags Growing Recognition of Heliophysics' Contribution". SpaceNews. Retrieved 6 March 2014.
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  18. ↑ Johnson-Groh, Mara (4 November 2016). "NASA's MMS Breaks Guinness World Record". NASA. Retrieved 12 March 2020.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  19. ↑ Baird, Danny (4 April 2019). "Record-Breaking Satellite Advances NASA's Exploration of High-Altitude GPS". NASA. Retrieved 12 March 2020.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  20. ↑ Choi, Charles Q. (13 May 2016). "NASA Probes Witness Powerful Magnetic Storms near Earth". Scientific American. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
  21. ↑ Burch, J. L.; et al. (June 2016). "Electron-scale measurements of magnetic reconnection in space". Science. 352 (6290). aaf2939. Bibcode:2016Sci...352.2939B. doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2939 . hdl: 10044/1/32763 . PMID   27174677.
  22. ↑ Johnson-Groh, Mara (9 May 2018). "NASA Spacecraft Discovers New Magnetic Process in Turbulent Space". NASA. Retrieved 12 March 2020.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  23. ↑ Johnson-Groh, Mara (8 August 2019). "NASA's MMS Finds Its 1st Interplanetary Shock". NASA. Retrieved 12 August 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
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