List of heaviest spacecraft

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The station pictured from the SpaceX Crew Dragon 1.jpg
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Mir Space Station viewed from Endeavour during STS-89.jpg
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Chinese Tiangong Space Station.jpg
Skylab (SL-4).jpg
Apollo CSM lunar orbit.jpg
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NASA image STS37-051-021 Jay Apt on the first EVA of STS-37 with CGRO.jpg
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Soyuz MS.jpg
James Webb Space Telescope 2009 top.jpg
Phobos Marte.jpg
Cassini Saturn Orbit Insertion.jpg
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Juno Spacecraft and Instruments.jpg
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The most massive artificial objects to reach space include space stations, various upper stages, and discarded Space Shuttle external tanks. Spacecraft may change mass over time such as by use of propellant.

Contents

During the Shuttle–Mir program between 1994 and 1998, the complex formed by the docking of a visiting Space Shuttle with Mir would temporarily make it heaviest artificial object in orbit with a combined mass of 250 tonnes (250 long tons ; 280 short tons ) in a 1995 configuration. [1] [2]

Currently the heaviest spacecraft is the International Space Station, nearly double Shuttle-Mir's mass in orbit. It began assembly with a first launch in 1998, however it only attained its full weight in the 2020s, due to its modular nature and gradual additions. Its mass can change significantly depending on what modules are added or removed.

Selected spacecraft (by mass)

The following are a list of spacecraft with a mass greater than 8,000 kg (17,637 lb), or the top three to any other orbit including a planetary orbit, or the top three of a specific category of vehicle, or the heaviest vehicle from a specific nation. All numbers listed below for satellites use their mass at launch, if not otherwise stated.

NameMassDescriptionOrbitStateIn service from
International Space Station 450,000 kg (992,080 lb) Space station Listed mass includes attached vehicles and is estimated by ESA. [3] Completed station mass is 419,725kg [4] [5] LEO In service1998– (at present size: 2021)
Starship Ship 28 200,000 kg (440,925 lb) [6] Mass is a rough estimate and includes 100 tons of remaining propellant. [6] Demonstrated it could reach LEO. Suborbital Deorbited2024
Mir 129,700 kg (285,940 lb)Soviet / Russian space station LEO Deorbited 20011986–2001
Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-117 122,683 kg (270,470 lb)Heaviest flight of the Space Shuttle with S3/S4 truss. LEO Retired1985–2011
Space Shuttle Atlantis STS-115 122,397 kg (269,839 lb) P3/P4 truss, assembly flight 12A LEO Retired1985–2011
Buran 105,000 kg (231,485 lb)Soviet reusable orbiter of the Buran programme on flight 1K1. [7] LEO Retired1988
Tiangong 102,000 kg (224,872 lb)Chinese space station, with Tianzhou 5 & 6 attached. LEO In service2021–
Skylab 77,111 kg (170,001 lb)U.S. space station; largest station orbited in one launch LEO Deorbited 19791973–1979
Apollo 16 CSM+LM 52,759 kg (116,314 lb)Heaviest spacecraft sent to lunar orbit. First mission to land in Lunar Highlands. Command module is on display in Alabama Moon Retired1972
Apollo 12 CSM+LM 49,915 kg (110,044 lb) LEM landed at Sinus Medii a small Lunar mare. Command module is on display in Virginia. Moon Retired1969
Artemis 1 Orion CM + ESM 25,861 kg (57,014 lb)U.S. crewed spacecraft for entering lunar orbit Moon In service2022-
ATV-5 20,293 kg (44,738 lb)European cargo spacecraft on its heaviest flight LEO Retired2008–2014
Salyut 7 19,824 kg (43,704 lb)USSR space station LEO Deorbited 19911982–1991
KH-11 19,600 kg (43,211 lb) [8] Electro-optical reconnaissance satellite SSO In service1976– (current version: 2005–)
Salyut 1 18,425 kg (40,620 lb)USSR space station LEO Deorbited 19711971–1971
TKS 17,510 kg (38,603 lb)Soviet crewed spacecraft LEO Retired1977–1985
Proton satellite 17,000 kg (37,479 lb)Space research satellite LEO Deorbited 19691965–1969
Compton Gamma Ray Observatory 16,329 kg (35,999 lb)Space observatory [9] LEO Deorbited 20001991–2000
Lacrosse 14,500 kg (31,967 lb)-
16,000 kg (35,274 lb)
Radar imaging reconnaissance satellite [10] SSO Retired
Lacrosse 5 still in orbit
1988–2005
Hubble Space Telescope 11,110 kg (24,493 lb)Space observatory [11] LEO In service1990–
Jupiter-3 (EchoStar-24)9,200 kg (20,283 lb) Communications satellite GEO In service2023–
Tiangong-2 8,600 kg (18,960 lb)Chinese space station LEO Deorbited 20192016–2019
Tiangong-1 8,506 kg (18,753 lb)Chinese space station LEO Deorbited 20182011–2016
Envisat 8,211 kg (18,102 lb)Earth observing satellite [12] [13] Kessler syndrome threat [14] LEO In orbit, inoperable2002–2012
Chang'e 5 8,200 kg (18,078 lb) Chinese lunar sample return Moon In service2020–
Shijian-20 8,000 kg (17,637 lb)Communication Technology Test Satellite [15] GEO In service2019–
Telstar 19V 7,075 kg (15,598 lb) Communications satellite GEO In service2018–
TerreStar-1 6,910 kg (15,234 lb)Communications satellite GEO In service2009–
EchoStar XXI 6,871 kg (15,148 lb)Communications satellite [16] GEO In service2017–
UARS 6,540 kg (14,418 lb)Earth science [17] LEO Deorbited 20111991–2005
James Webb Space Telescope 6,500 kg (14,330 lb)Space observatory Sun-Earth L2 In service2021–
Phobos 1 6,220 kg (13,713 lb)Soviet Mars Spacecraft that missed its orbital insertion burn Solar Orbit Lost contact 19881988
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer 5,963 kg (13,146 lb)Jupiter science probe and Ganymede orbiter with an ETA in 2031. Solar Orbit on route to Ganymede In service2023–
Falcon Heavy test flight 5,900 kg (13,007 lb)Maiden flight of Falcon Heavy with Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster , COSPAR 2018-017A Solar Orbit Lost contact 20182018
Chandra X-ray Obs. 5,865 kg (12,930 lb)Space observatory [18] HEO In service1999–
GSAT-11 5,854 kg (12,906 lb)Heaviest Indian communications satellite [19] GEO In service2018–
Cassini-Huygens 5,655 kg (12,467 lb)Saturn orbiter and Titan probe [20] Saturn Deorbited 20171997–2017
Venera 15 & 16 5,300 kg (11,684 lb)Venus orbiter Venus Retired1983–1985
Venera 10 5,033 kg (11,096 lb)Venus orbiter & lander Venus Last contact 19761975–1976
Tianwen-1 5,000 kg (11,023 lb)Tianwen-1 Mars orbiter, deployable and remote cameras, lander and Zhurong rover Mars In service2021–
Terra 4,864 kg (10,723 lb)Earth observing satellite SSO In service1999–
Mars 2 4,650 kg (10,251 lb)Soviet Mars orbiter and lander Mars Retired1971–1972
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter 4,332 kg (9,550 lb)Mars orbiter (including Schiaparelli EDM lander) [21] Mars In service2016–
GSAT-24 4,181 kg (9,218 lb)Indian Communication Satellite GEO In service2022-
Chandrayaan-3 3900 kg (8,598 lb)Lunar Lander-rover Moon In service2023-
GPS IIIA 3,880 kg (8,554 lb)Current GPS satellite series MEO In service2018–
Chandrayaan-2 3,850 kg (8,487 lb)Lunar Orbiter-Lander-Rover Moon In service2019-
Spektr-R (RadioAstron) 3,660 kg (8,069 lb)Space observatory [22] HEO In service2011–
Juno 3,625 kg (7,992 lb)Jupiter orbiter [23] Jupiter In service2011–
Viking 1 3,530 kg (7,782 lb)USA Mars orbiter and lander Mars Retired1975–1982
Magellan (spacecraft) 3,449 kg (7,604 lb)Venus orbiter from USA Venus Deorbited 19941989–1994
Herschel 3,400 kg (7,496 lb)Space observatory Sun-Earth L2 Retired2009–2013
Galileo 2,562 kg (5,648 lb)Jupiter orbiter and probe [24] Jupiter Deorbited 20031989–2003
MAVEN 2,454 kg (5,410 lb)Mars orbiter [25] Mars In service2013–
Apollo 10 LM AS "Snoopy" 2,169 kg (4,782 lb)Snoopy's assent stage was sent into orbit around the Sun. [26] [27] Dry mass of the assent stage is listed. Solar Orbit Retired1969
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter 1,846 kg (4,070 lb)Lunar orbiter [28] Moon In service2009–
Lucy (spacecraft) 1,550 kg (3,417 lb) Asteroid space probe launched by USA Solar Orbit In service2021–
Astrosat

1,513 kg (3,336 lb)

Space observatory from India LEO In service2015–
Mars Orbiter Mission 1,337.2 kg (2,948 lb) India's first Mars mission Mars Retired2013–2022
Venus Express 1,270 kg (2,800 lb)Venus orbiter from ESA Venus Deorbited 20152005–2014
MESSENGER 1,093 kg (2,410 lb)Mercury orbiter [29] Mercury Deorbited 20152011–2015
Voyager 1 / Voyager 2 815 kg (1,797 lb)Outer planets / interstellar space [30] Solar Escape In service1977–
New Horizons 465 kg (1,025 lb)Pluto/Kuiper belt probe [31] Solar Escape In service2006–
Malligyong-1 300 kg (661 lb)Heaviest North Korean reconnaissance satellite, 21 Nov 2023 launch [32] [33] SSO In service2023–
Capstone 25 kg (55 lb)Lunar Orbiter Moon In service2022–
MarCO 13.5 kg (30 lb) eachMars Flyby Mars Lost contact 20192018–2019

Spacecraft design families (by mass)

List of spacecraft families (by mass) with 3 or more flights into space and over 7000kg.

NameMassDescriptionOrbitStateIn service from
Starship 200,000 kg (440,925 lb) [6] Mass includes 100 tons of payload or remaining propellant. [6] Mass is a ruff estimate. Ship 28 flew a long Suborbital flight, however it demonstrated it can reach LEO. LEO In development2020–2024
Space Shuttle orbiter 122,683 kg (270,470 lb) Space Shuttle Atlantis on STS-117, the heaviest flight of the Space Shuttle. LEO Retired1981–2011
Apollo CSM 28,800 kg (63,493 lb)U.S. crewed spacecraft for entering lunar orbit Moon Retired1968–1975 (Block II)
Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle 26,520 kg (58,467 lb)U.S. crewed spacecraft for entering lunar orbit Moon In service2022-
ATV 20,293 kg (44,738 lb)European cargo spacecraft on its heaviest flight LEO Retired2008–2014
Apollo Lunar Module 16,400 kg (36,156 lb)U.S. crewed lunar lander Moon Retired1968–1972
Tianzhou 14,000 kg (30,865 lb)Chinese automated cargo spacecraft LEO In service2017–
Crew Dragon 12,519 kg (27,600 lb)SpaceX crewed spacecraft LEO In service2019–
Soyuz 7,080 kg (15,609 lb)Russian crewed spacecraft (latest revision used for mass) LEO In service1967– (variants) 2016– (Soyuz MS)

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Space Station</span> Inhabitated space station in low Earth orbit

The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies: NASA, Roscosmos (Russia), JAXA (Japan), ESA (Europe), CSA (Canada), and their contractors. ISS is the largest space station ever built. Its primary purpose is performing microgravity and space environment experiments.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle</span> Partially reusable launch system and space plane

The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program. Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from a 1969 plan for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space station</span> Habitat and station in outer space

A space station is a spacecraft capable of supporting a human crew in orbit for an extended period of time and is therefore a type of space habitat. It lacks major propulsion or landing systems. An orbital station or an orbital space station is an artificial satellite. Stations must have docking ports to allow other spacecraft to dock to transfer crew and supplies. The purpose of maintaining an orbital outpost varies depending on the program. Space stations have most often been launched for scientific purposes, but military launches have also occurred.

<i>Mir</i> Soviet/Russian space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001

Mir was a space station that operated in low Earth orbit from 1986 to 2001, operated by the Soviet Union and later by Russia. Mir was the first modular space station and was assembled in orbit from 1986 to 1996. It had a greater mass than any previous spacecraft. At the time it was the largest artificial satellite in orbit, succeeded by the International Space Station (ISS) after Mir's orbit decayed. The station served as a microgravity research laboratory in which crews conducted experiments in biology, human biology, physics, astronomy, meteorology, and spacecraft systems with a goal of developing technologies required for permanent occupation of space.

Human spaceflight programs have been conducted, started, or planned by multiple countries and companies. Until the 21st century, human spaceflight programs were sponsored exclusively by governments, through either the military or civilian space agencies. With the launch of the privately funded SpaceShipOne in 2004, a new category of human spaceflight programs – commercial human spaceflight – arrived. By the end of 2022, three countries and one private company (SpaceX) had successfully launched humans to Earth orbit, and two private companies had launched humans on a suborbital trajectory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">STS-105</span> 2001 American crewed spaceflight to the ISS

STS-105 was a mission of the Space Shuttle Discovery to the International Space Station, launched from Kennedy Space Center, Florida, 10 August 2001. This mission was Discovery's final mission until STS-114, because Discovery was grounded for a refit, and then all Shuttles were grounded in the wake of the Columbia disaster. The refit included an update of the flight deck to the glass cockpit layout, which was already installed on Atlantis and Columbia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System</span> Network of American communications satellites

The U.S. Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) is a network of American communications satellites and ground stations used by NASA for space communications. The system was designed to replace an existing network of ground stations that had supported all of NASA's crewed flight missions. The prime design goal was to increase the time spacecraft were in communication with the ground and improve the amount of data that could be transferred. Many Tracking and Data Relay Satellites were launched in the 1980s and 1990s with the Space Shuttle and made use of the Inertial Upper Stage, a two-stage solid rocket booster developed for the shuttle. Other TDRS were launched by Atlas IIa and Atlas V rockets.

Shuttle–<i>Mir</i> program 1993–1998 collaborative Russia–US space program

The Shuttle–Mir program was a collaborative 11-mission space program between Russia and the United States that involved American Space Shuttles visiting the Russian space station Mir, Russian cosmonauts flying on the Shuttle, and an American astronaut flying aboard a Soyuz spacecraft to engage in long-duration expeditions aboard Mir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space rendezvous</span> Series of orbital maneuvers to bring two spacecraft into the vicinity of each other

A space rendezvous is a set of orbital maneuvers during which two spacecraft, one of which is often a space station, arrive at the same orbit and approach to a very close distance. Rendezvous requires a precise match of the orbital velocities and position vectors of the two spacecraft, allowing them to remain at a constant distance through orbital station-keeping. Rendezvous may or may not be followed by docking or berthing, procedures which bring the spacecraft into physical contact and create a link between them.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of spaceflight</span>

Spaceflight began in the 20th century following theoretical and practical breakthroughs by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, Robert H. Goddard, and Hermann Oberth, each of whom published works proposing rockets as the means for spaceflight. The first successful large-scale rocket programs were initiated in Nazi Germany by Wernher von Braun. The Soviet Union took the lead in the post-war Space Race, launching the first satellite, the first animal, the first human and the first woman into orbit. The United States caught up with, and then passed, their Soviet rivals during the mid-1960s, landing the first men on the Moon in 1969. In the same period, France, the United Kingdom, Japan and China were concurrently developing more limited launch capabilities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of space exploration</span> Overview of and topical guide to space exploration

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to space exploration.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1996 in spaceflight</span>

This article outlines notable events occurring in 1996 in spaceflight, including major launches and EVAs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 in spaceflight</span> Spaceflight-related events of 1995

This article outlines notable events occurring in 1995 in spaceflight, including major launches and EVAs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Assembly of the International Space Station</span> Process of assembling the International Space Station

The process of assembling the International Space Station (ISS) has been under way since the 1990s. Zarya, the first ISS module, was launched by a Proton rocket on 20 November 1998. The STS-88 Space Shuttle mission followed two weeks after Zarya was launched, bringing Unity, the first of three node modules, and connecting it to Zarya. This bare 2-module core of the ISS remained uncrewed for the next one and a half years, until in July 2000 the Russian module Zvezda was launched by a Proton rocket, allowing a maximum crew of three astronauts or cosmonauts to be on the ISS permanently.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Materials International Space Station Experiment</span> NASA science observatories on the orbital research platform

The Materials International Space Station Experiment (MISSE) is a series of experiments mounted externally on the International Space Station (ISS) that investigates the effects of long-term exposure of materials to the harsh space environment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cygnus (spacecraft)</span> Uncrewed cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital Sciences

Cygnus is an expendable American cargo spacecraft developed by Orbital Sciences Corporation but manufactured and launched by Northrop Grumman Space Systems as part of NASA's Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) program. It is usually launched by Northrop Grumman's Antares rocket from the Wallops Flight Facility, although three flights were on ULA's Atlas V and three are planned for SpaceX's Falcon 9, in both cases launching from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station. It transports supplies to the International Space Station (ISS) following the retirement of the American Space Shuttle. Since August 2000, ISS resupply missions have been regularly flown by the Russian Progress spacecraft, as well as by the European Automated Transfer Vehicle, and the Japanese H-II Transfer Vehicle. With the Cygnus spacecraft and the SpaceX Dragon, NASA seeks to increase its partnerships with domestic commercial aviation and aeronautics industry.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA Astronaut Group 13</span>

NASA Astronaut Group 13 was a group of 23 astronauts announced by NASA on 17 January 1990. The group name came from its selection of a black cat as a mascot, to play against the traditional unlucky connotations of the number 13.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">International Space Station programme</span> Ongoing space research program

The International Space Station programme is tied together by a complex set of legal, political and financial agreements between the fifteen nations involved in the project, governing ownership of the various components, rights to crewing and utilisation, and responsibilities for crew rotation and resupply of the International Space Station. It was conceived in September 1993 by the United States and Russia after 1980s plans for separate American (Freedom) and Soviet (Mir-2) space stations failed due to budgetary reasons. These agreements tie together the five space agencies and their respective International Space Station programmes and govern how they interact with each other on a daily basis to maintain station operations, from traffic control of spacecraft to and from the station, to utilisation of space and crew time. In March 2010, the International Space Station Program Managers from each of the five partner agencies were presented with Aviation Week's Laureate Award in the Space category, and the ISS programme was awarded the 2009 Collier Trophy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Docking and berthing of spacecraft</span> Joining of two or more space vehicles

Docking and berthing of spacecraft is the joining of two space vehicles. This connection can be temporary, or partially permanent such as for space station modules.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cygnus OA-5</span> 2016 American resupply spaceflight to the ISS

OA-5, previously known as Orbital-5, was the seventh planned flight of the Orbital Sciences' uncrewed resupply spacecraft Cygnus and its sixth flight to the International Space Station under the Commercial Resupply Services contract with NASA. The mission launched on 17 October 2016 at 23:45:36 UTC. Orbital Sciences and NASA jointly developed a new space transportation system to provide commercial cargo resupply services to the International Space Station (ISS). Under the Commercial Orbital Transportation System (COTS) program, Orbital designed and built Antares, a medium-class launch vehicle; Cygnus, an advanced maneuvering spacecraft; and a Pressurized Cargo Module which is provided by Orbital's industrial partner Thales Alenia Space.

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