List of Soyuz missions

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This is a list of crewed and uncrewed flights of Soyuz series spacecraft.

Contents

The Soyuz programme is an ongoing human spaceflight programme which was initiated by the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, originally part of a Moon landing project intended to put a Soviet cosmonaut on the Moon. It is the third Soviet human spaceflight programme after the Vostok and Voskhod programmes. Since the 1990s, as the successor state to the Soviet Union, Russia has continued and expanded the programme, which became part of a multinational collaboration to ensure a permanent human presence in low Earth orbit on the ISS (ISS). Soyuz spacecraft previously visited the Salyut and Mir space stations. Between the retirement of the Space Shuttle in 2011 and the first orbital flight of SpaceX's Crew Dragon in 2019, Soyuz were the only human-rated orbital spacecraft in operation, and the only way to transport crews to the ISS. Russia plans to succeed Soyuz in the 2020s with the Federatsiya/Orel programme, using new reusable capsules launching on Angara rockets, to transport cosmonauts to orbit and to a space station around the Moon.

Crewed mission numbers and spacecraft generations

Beginning in 1966, the Soyuz programme has sent humans into space on a regular basis for over fifty years. Due to its length, the program has a complex history, which may lead to confusion about its mission numbers. The mission numbering scheme for crewed Soyuz flights is closely related to the generations of spacecraft. Understanding the former is made significantly easier by understanding the latter.

The first era of the Soyuz programme's crewed missions (Soyuz 1-40) used the 7K series of Soyuz craft, which included the first-generation (1.0) Soyuz 7K-OK, a variant (1.5) Soyuz 7K-OKS, the second-generation (2.0) Soyuz 7K-T, and the (2.5) Soyuz 7K-TM variant. Following this first era, successive eras of crewed missions have had mission numbers which were directly tied to the names of craft used:

Within each given era, a mission number generally reflects the mission's chronological launch order, e.g. Soyuz TMA-12M was the twelfth mission of the TMA-M era, immediately preceded by Soyuz TMA-11M and immediately followed by Soyuz TMA-13M. Although there are exceptions to this (detailed below in the first table), the mission numbering scheme is usually consistent with chronological launch orders. This is in contrast with the mission numbers of the Space Shuttle program, which were tied to specific mission objectives and did not reflect chronological launch orders, e.g. STS-50, the forty-eighth Shuttle mission, was immediately followed by STS-46, the forty-ninth Shuttle mission.

EraMission
numbers		SpacecraftSpacecraft
generation		"Naive"
mission count		AddingSubtractingCrewed
missions		Total
crewed missions
1 Soyuz 1 ... 40 Soyuz 7K-OK 1.040 18a [a] (+1) 2, [b] 20 [b] (−2) 1, 3–9 39 [c]
Soyuz 7K-OKS 1.5 10, 11
Soyuz 7K-T 2.0 12–15, 17, 18a, 18, 21, 23–40
Soyuz 7K-TM 2.5 16, 19, 22
2 Soyuz T-1 ... T-15 Soyuz T 3.015 T-10a [d] (+1) T-1 [b] (−1) 2–9, 10a, 10–15 15
3 Soyuz TM-1 ... TM-34 Soyuz TM 4.034— TM-1 [b] (−1) 2-34 33
4 Soyuz TMA-1 ... TMA-22 Soyuz TMA 5.022—— 1–22 22
5 Soyuz TMA-01M ... TMA-20M Soyuz TMA-M 5.520—— 1–20 20
6 Soyuz MS-01 ... MS-25 Soyuz MS 6.025— MS-14 [b] (−1) 1–13, 15–2524 [e]
Total crewed missions153

Soyuz 7K (1966–1981)

The first Soyuz series was the 7K series.

Soyuz 7K-L1

Spacecraft designed for Soviet human circumlunar missions. Missions are included under the Zond programme.

No.MissionSpacecraftDate of launchDate of landingCrew (⁠launch/landing⁠)DockingOutcome
— Kosmos 146 Soyuz 7K-L1 10 March 196718 March 1967NoneSuccess
— Kosmos 154 Soyuz 7K-L1 8 April 196710 April 1967NoneFailure
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L Soyuz 7K-L1 27 September 1967None (rocket failure)Failure
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L Soyuz 7K-L1 22 November 1967None (rocket failure)Failure
— Zond 4 Soyuz 7K-L1 2 March 19687 March 1968NonePartial
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L Soyuz 7K-L1 22 April 1968None (rocket failure)Failure
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.8L Soyuz 7K-L1 21 July 1968None (rocket exploded on launch pad)Failure
— Zond 5 Soyuz 7K-L1 14 September 196822 September 1968NoneSuccess
— Zond 6 Soyuz 7K-L1 10 November 196817 November 1968NonePartial
— Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L Soyuz 7K-L1 20 January 1969None (rocket failure)Failure
— Zond-M 1 Soyuz 7K-L1S 21 February 1969None (rocket failure)Failure
— Zond-M 2 Soyuz 7K-L1S 3 July 1969None (rocket failure)Failure
— Zond 7 Soyuz 7K-L1 7 August 196914 August 1969NoneSuccess
— Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 Soyuz 7K-L1E 28 November 1969None (rocket failure)Failure
— Zond 8 Soyuz 7K-L1 20 October 197027 October 1970NoneSuccess
— Kosmos 382 Soyuz 7K-L1E "Zond-LOK"2 December 1970In orbitNoneIn orbit

Soyuz 7K-LOK

Spacecraft designed for Soviet human lunar orbital and landing missions.

No.MissionSpacecraftDate of launchDate of landingCrew (⁠launch/landing⁠)DockingOutcome
— Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 Soyuz 7K-LOK 26 June 1971None (rocket failure)Failure
— Soyuz 7K-LOK No.2 Soyuz 7K-LOK 23 November 1972None (rocket failure)Failure

Soyuz T (1979–1986)

Soyuz TM (1987–2002)

Soyuz TMA (2002–2012)

Soyuz TMA-M (2010–2016)

Soyuz MS (2016–)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Aborted mission which nevertheless achieved sub-orbital spaceflight, with the crew surviving.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Uncrewed flight.
  3. ↑ Includes five special cases: two fatal missions, Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 11, both of which reached space; Soyuz 19, the Soviet participant in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; Soyuz 32, which sent a crew to the Salyut 6 space station and returned to Earth without its crew, and Soyuz 34, which was launched uncrewed and sent to Salyut 6 to provide the crew of Soyuz 32 with a successful return craft.
  4. ↑ Mission aborted at-launch due to a pad fire, failing to achieve spaceflight; crew survived. Included here as a committed launch attempt and a notable historical example.
  5. ↑ Soyuz MS-10 aborted after launch, failing to reach space; crew survived. Included here as a committed launch attempt and a notable historical example.

References

Footnotes

  1. ↑ The spacecraft is the active one for docking, and have the active "probe" docking mechanism.
  2. ↑ Automated flight.
  3. ↑ The spacecraft is the passive one for docking, and have the passive "drogue" docking mechanism.
  4. ↑ "Soyuz MS-10 makes emergency landing after a launch failure" . Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  5. ↑ "Soyuz rocket failure: What went wrong, and what happens next". 11 October 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
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