List of solar telescopes

Last updated

Ground-based solar telescopes are specialized telescopes used to observe the Sun from Earth's surface. Solar telescopes often have multiple focal lengths, and use a various combination of mirrors such as coelostats, lenses, and tubes for instruments including spectrographs, cameras, or coronagraphs. There are many types of instruments that have been designed to observe Earth's Sun, for example, in the 20th century solar towers were common.

Contents

Ground telescopes

Optical telescopes

Name/ObservatoryImage Aperture Year(s)LocationCountry(s)Note(s)
Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope (DKIST) Haleakala Observatory 2017.jpg 400 cm2019– Haleakalā, Maui, Hawaii, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States [1] [2] [3] [4]
Chinese Large Solar Telescope (CLST)180 cm2019– Chengdu, Sichuan, ChinaFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China First light 10 December 2019 [5]
GREGOR, Teide Observatory Solar Telescope GREGOR.jpg 150 cm2012– Tenerife, SpainFlag of Germany.svg  Germany [6]
Goode Solar Telescope (GST), Big Bear Solar Observatory GST dome.jpg 160 cm2008– California, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States
New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST), Yunnan Astronomical Observatory 100 cm2010– Yunnan, ChinaFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 100 cm vacuum solar telescope [7]
Andrei Severny Tower Solar Telescope, Crimean Astrophysical Observatory BST1-CrAO Crimea Ukraine.JPG 90 cm1954– Crimea
Multi-Purpose Automated Solar Telescope, Sayan Solar Observatory80 cm Mondy, Republic of Buryatia, RussiaFlag of Russia.svg  Russia Located in the mountains at 2000m altitude. [8]
Large Solar Vakuum Telescope, Baikal Astrophysical Observatory Bol'shoi Solnechnyi Vakuumnyi Teleskop (BSVT).jpg 76 cm1980– Irkutsk Oblast, RussiaFlag of Russia.svg  Russia Located on the Coast of Lake Baikal. [8]
Optical and Near-Infrared Solar Eruption Tracer (ONSET), School of Astronomy & Space Science, Nanjing University 3x27,5 cm2010– Nanjing, ChinaFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China The ONSET consists of four tubes: (1) a near-infrared vacuum tube, with an aperture of 27.5 cm, (2) a chromospheric vacuum tube, with an aperture of 27.5 cm, (3) a WL vacuum tube, with an aperture of 20 cm and (4) a guiding tube. [9]
Bulgarian 15-cm Solar Coronagraph, [10] Rozhen National Astronomical Observatory Bulgaria 100 cm2005– Rozhen, BulgariaFlag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria
Swedish Solar Telescope (SST), Roque de los Muchachos Observatory Swedish Solar Telescope.jpg 100 cm2002– La Palma, SpainFlag of Sweden.svg  Sweden [11]
Prairie View Solar Observatory (PVSO) [12] PVSO Dome.jpg 35 cm1999– Texas, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Upgraded Coronal Multi-Channel Polarimeter (UCOMP) 20 cm2021– Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States
K-Coronagraph (K-COR) 20 cm2013– Mauna Loa, Hawaii, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Dutch Open Telescope (DOT), Roque de los Muchachos Observatory Dutch Open Telescope dome closed.jpg 45 cm1997– La Palma, SpainFlag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
THÉMIS Solar Telescope, Teide Observatory Teide Observatorium THEMIS.jpg 90 cm1996– Tenerife, SpainFlag of Italy.svg  Italy and Flag of France.svg  France
Vacuum Tower Telescope (VTT), Teide Observatory Teide Observatorium VTT.jpg 70 cm1989– Tenerife, SpainFlag of Germany.svg  Germany [13]
Hida Domeless Solar Telescope (ja)60 cm1979– Takayama, Gifu, JapanFlag of Japan.svg  Japan [14]
Udaipur Solar Observatory
MAST
Full Disk H-alpha Telescope
H-alpha Spar Telescope
Coudé Telescope		 Udaipur observatory.jpg
50 cm
15 cm
25 cm
15 cm		1976– Udaipur, IndiaFlag of India.svg  India
Richard B. Dunn Solar Telescope (DST), Sacramento Peak National solar observatory.jpg 76 cm1969– Sunspot Solar Observatory, Sunspot, New Mexico, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Solar Observatory Tower Meudon Solar Observatory Tower Meudon Spectrograph.jpeg 60 cm1968– Meudon, FranceFlag of France.svg  France
McMath–Pierce solar telescope, KPO McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope.jpg 161 cm1961– Arizona, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States Largest aperture optical and infrared solar telescope for nearly six decades
ARIES Observatory 15 cm1961– Nainital, IndiaFlag of India.svg  India
Solar Tunnel Telescope, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory Kodaikanal Solar Observatory-b.jpg 61 cm (24 in)1958– Kodaikanal, IndiaFlag of India.svg  India [15]
45-cm-Turmteleskop45 cm1943–Schauinsland, GermanyFlag of Germany.svg  Germany
Gregory Coudé Telescope IRSOL observatory.jpg 45 cm1959-Locarno, SwitzerlandFlag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland Operated by the Universitäts-Sternwarte Göttingen until 1984 and by IRSOL after 1984.
Solar Tower Telescope by Zeiss45 cm1930– Tokyo, JapanFlag of Japan.svg  Japan [16]
Einsteinturm Einsteinturm 7443.jpg 60 cm1924– Potsdam, GermanyFlag of Germany.svg  Germany
150-foot tower, Mount Wilson Observatory The 150-Foot Solar Tower Observatory on Mt. Wilson as seen from near the base.jpg 35 cm (24")1912– California, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States [1]
Snow Solar Telescope, Mount Wilson Observatory 61 cm (24")1904– California, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States First solar telescope [17]
Lerebour/Grubb-Parsons, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory Kodaikanal Solar Observatory-a.jpg 20 cm1901– Kodaikanal, IndiaFlag of India.svg  India (1947- )
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom (1901–1950)
Solar-T  [ pt ]2x7.6 cm2016AntarcticaFlag of Brazil.svg  Brazil [18]
Swedish Vacuum Solar Telescope, Roque de los Muchachos Observatory 47.5 cm1985–2000 La Palma, SpainFlag of Sweden.svg  Sweden Replaced by the SST
Gregory Coude Telescope (GCT)45 cm [1] 1984–2002 Tenerife, Spain (1984–2002)Flag of Germany.svg  Germany Replaced by GREGOR [19] [1]
Evans Solar Facility (ESF), Sacramento Peak 40 cm1953–2014 Sunspot Solar Observatory, Sunspot, New Mexico, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States [20]
Göttinger Sonnenturm (Solar Tower Telescope)2x15 cm
11 cm		1942–2004 Göttingen, GermanyFlag of Germany.svg  Germany 65 cm-Coelostat by Zeiss, feeding light into several small light paths in tower
McMath-Hulbert Observatory 61 cm (24")1941–1979 Michigan, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States Replaced the 10.5in in 1941
50-foot tower, McMath-Hulbert Observatory40 cm1936–1979 Michigan, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States
10.5 inch, McMath-Hulbert Observatory26.7 cm (10.5")1930–1941 Michigan, United StatesFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States Replaced by the 24 inch in 1941
Arcetri Solar Tower, Arcetri Observatory Osservatorio di arcetri, telescopio 01.JPG 37 cm1925-2006 Arcetri, ItalyFlag of Italy.svg  Italy

Telescopes for the Sun have existed for hundreds of years, this list is not complete and only goes back to 1900.

Potential future optical telescopes

Name/ObservatoryImageAperture d.StatusLocationCountry(s)Note
Coronal Solar Magnetism Observatory (COSMO) 150 cmproposedFlag of the United States (23px).png  United States [21]
National Large Solar Telescope (NLST)200 cmproposed [22] Merak Village, Ladakh, IndiaFlag of India.svg  India
Chinese Giant Solar Telescope (CGST)500–800 cmplannedWestern part of ChinaFlag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China [23]
European Solar Telescope (EST)400+ cmplanned Canary Islands 15 European countries [24] [25]

Radio telescopes

Name/ObservatoryImage Frequency range Year(s)LocationCountry(s)Note(s)
Chinese Spectral Radioheliograph (CSRH) CSRH.png 0.4 - 2.0 Ghz
2.0 - 15 GHz		2013 - Inner Mongolia, China Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China

40x 4.5m dishes - low freq band

60x 2m dishes - high freq band

Radio imaging-spectroscopy observations of the Sun in decimetric and centimetric wavelengths [26]

Nançay Radioheliographe (NRH), Nançay Radio Observatory Nancay RH Est.jpg 150–450 MHz Sologne, Centre-Val de Loire, FranceFlag of France.svg  France [27]
Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array (EOVSA) OVSA2.jpg 1–18 GHz Sologne, Centre-Val de Loire, FranceFlag of France.svg  France Previously known as the Owens Valley Solar Array (OVSA) before getting an expansion to upgrade its control system and increase the total number of antennas to 15. [28]
Nobeyama Radioheliograph (NoRH), Nobeyama Radio Observatory 17 and 34 GHz Minamimaki, Nagano Prefecture, JapanFlag of Japan.svg  Japan [29]
Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters, Nobeyama Radio Observatory 1, 2, 3.75, 9.4, 17, 35, and 80 GHz Minamimaki, Nagano Prefecture, JapanFlag of Japan.svg  Japan [30]
Siberian Solar Radio Telescope (SSRT) East Sayan Mountains. The Siberian Solar Radio Telescope..jpg 1983– Republic of Buryatia, RussiaFlag of Russia.svg  Russia [31]
Solar Submillimeter Telescope (SST), Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito SST with open radome.jpg 212 and 405 GHz1999– San Juan Province, ArgentinaFlag of Argentina.svg  Argentina SST is the only solar submillimeter telescope currently in operation. [32]
Polarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun (POEMAS), Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito POlarization Emission of Millimeter Activity at the Sun.jpg 45 and 90 GHz2011– San Juan Province, ArgentinaFlag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Bleien Radio Observatory Bleien.JPG 10 MHz–5 GHz1979– Gränichen, SwitzerlandFlag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg  Switzerland [33]
Radio Solar Telescope Network (RSTN)245, 410, 610, 1415, 2695, 4975, 8800 and 15400 MHzAustralia; Italy; Massachusetts and Hawaii, United StatesFlag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia, Flag of Italy.svg  Italy, and Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States A series of four radio telescopes located at various locations around the world. [33] [34]
Daocheng Solar Radio Telescope DSRT2.jpg 150-450 MHz2023- Sichuan province Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 313 parabolic antennas for detection of coronal mass ejection events. Operations started in 2023. [35]
Mingantu interplanetary scintillation telescope 327 MHz and 654 MHz2023- Inner Mongolia Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China interplanetary scintillation telescope, consists of three rotatable cylindrical antennas (140 metres by 40 metres each). [36]

Space Telescopes

Solar Space Telescopes are part of the List of heliophysics missions

Other types of solar telescopes

There are much smaller commercial and/or amateur telescopes such as Coronado Filters from founder and designer David Lunt, bought by Meade Instruments in 2004 and sells SolarMax solar telescopes up to 8 cm [37] [38]

Most solar observatories observe optically at visible, UV, and near infrared wavelengths, but other things can be observed.

Further reading

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Big Bear Solar Observatory - Large Solar Telescopes".
  2. ↑ Witze, A. (29 January 2020). "World's most powerful solar telescope is up and running". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-020-00224-z. PMID   33504997. S2CID   213261911.
  3. ↑ "Welcome to the DKIST | DKIST".
  4. ↑ "Cycle 1 Proposal Call Announcement". NSO/DKIST. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  5. ↑ Rao, Changhui; Gu, Naiting; Rao, Xuejun; Li, Cheng; Zhang, Lanqiang; Huang, Jinlong; Kong, Lin; Zhang, Ming; Cheng, Yuntao; Pu, Yi; Bao, Hua; Guo, Youming; Liu, Yangyi; Yang, Jinsheng; Zhong, Libo; Wang, Changjun; Fang, Kai; Zhang, Xiaojun; Chen, Donghong; Wang, Cheng; Fan, Xinlong; Yan, Zhiwu; Chen, Kele; Wei, Xiya; Zhu, Lei; Liu, Hong; Wan, Yongjian; Xian, Hao; Ma, Wenli (22 April 2020). "First light of the 1.8-m solar telescope–CLST". Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy. 63 (10): 109631. Bibcode:2020SCPMA..6309631R. doi: 10.1007/s11433-019-1557-3 . S2CID   219039447 . Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  6. ↑ "Home: Leibniz-Institut für Sonnenphysik". www.leibniz-kis.de. Retrieved 17 April 2023.
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  8. 1 2 http://en.iszf.irk.ru/Main_Page Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics
  9. ↑ Hao, Q.; Guo, Y.; Dai, Y.; Ding, M. D.; Li, Z.; Zhang, X. Y.; Fang, C. (2012). "Understanding the white-light flare on 2012 March 9: Evidence of a two-step magnetic reconnection". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 544: L17. arXiv: 1211.1751 . Bibcode:2012A&A...544L..17H. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219941. S2CID   59054649.
  10. ↑ "Solar Observations in Bulgaria | National Astronomical Observatory ROZHEN". Archived from the original on 2010-08-08. Retrieved 2015-06-16.
  11. ↑ solarphysics.kva.se The Swedish 1 m Solar Telescope Archived 2008-06-16 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ "Prairie View Solar Observatory".
  13. ↑ "Vacuum Tower Telescope". Archived from the original on 2009-12-26. Retrieved 2009-02-28.
  14. ↑ "The Domeless Solar Telescope".
  15. ↑ "I.S. Glass's home page".
  16. ↑ "Solar Tower". Archived from the original on 2006-03-10. Retrieved 2014-08-30.
  17. ↑ "Telescope: Snow Solar Telescope". Archived from the original on 22 Mar 2009.
  18. ↑ P. Kaufmann. "THz Solar Observations on Board of a Trans-Antarctic Stratospheric Balloon Flight" (PDF). Retrieved 19 Aug 2021.
  19. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2010-09-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  20. ↑ "John W. Evans Solar Facility".
  21. ↑ "COSMO | High Altitude Observatory".
  22. ↑ "India to Build World's Largest Solar Telescope". Archived from the original on 2010-09-05. Retrieved 2010-09-16.
  23. ↑ Y. Y. Deng (21 March 2011). "Introduction to the Chinese Giant Solar Telescope" (PDF). www.ncra.tifr.res.in. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  24. ↑ "Home". astro-east.org.
  25. ↑ "Home".
  26. ↑ Yan, Yihua; Wang, Wei; Liu, Fei; Geng, Lihong; Chen, Zhijun; Zhang, Jian (2013). "Radio imaging-spectroscopy observations of the Sun in decimetric and centimetric wavelengths" (PDF). Solar and Astrophysical Dynamos and Magnetic Activity, Proceedings IAU Symposium No. 294, 2012. 8: 489–494. Bibcode:2013IAUS..294..489Y. doi:10.1017/S1743921313003001. S2CID   123882940 . Retrieved 13 September 2022.
  27. ↑ "Station de Radioastronomie de Nançay". www.obs-nancay.fr. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  28. ↑ "OVSA Expanstion Project." New Jersey Institute of Technology. Retrieved: 18 June 2017.
  29. ↑ "Nobeyama Radioheliograph." Nobeyama Radio Observatory. Retrieved: 18 June 2017.
  30. ↑ "Nobeyama Radio Polarimeters." Nobeyama Radio Observatory. Retrieved: 18 June 2017.
  31. ↑ "The Siberian Solar Radio Telescope – ISTP SB RAS". en.iszf.irk.ru. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  32. ↑ Gimenez de Castro, C.G., Raulin, J.-P., Makhmutov, V., Kaufmann, P., Csota, J.E.R., Instantaneous positions of microwave solar bursts: Properties and validity of the multiple beam observations Astron. Astrophys. Suppl. Ser., 140, 3, December II 1999 doi : 10.1051/aas:1999428
  33. 1 2 "Radioastronomy FHNW". soleil.i4ds.ch. Retrieved 2 June 2019.
  34. ↑ "Space Weather Services website". www.sws.bom.gov.au. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
  35. ↑ "China's new radio telescope will have dangerous solar eruptions in its gaze". South China Morning Post. 5 July 2022. Retrieved 26 July 2023.
  36. ↑ "China to start building giant telescope to monitor solar winds". South China Morning Post. 29 June 2022. Retrieved 27 July 2023.
  37. ↑ "Sky & Telescope: David Lunt (1942-2005)" . Retrieved 17 April 2023.
  38. ↑ David Lunt biography, Solar Filter designer Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine
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