Planetary Missions Program Office

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The Planetary Missions Program Office is a division of NASA headquartered at the Marshall Space Flight Center, formed by the agency's Science Mission Directorate (SMD). Succeeding the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office, it was established in 2014 to manage the Discovery and New Frontiers programs of low and medium-cost missions by third-party institutions, and the Solar System Exploration program of NASA-led missions that focus on prioritized planetary science objectives. The Discovery and New Frontiers programs were established in 1992 and 2001 respectively, and have launched fourteen primary missions together, along with two missions launched under the administration of the Planetary Missions Program Office. The Solar System Exploration Program was established alongside the office, with three missions planned for launch under the new program.

Contents

History

The Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where the Planetary Missions Program Office is located MSFC Aerial 2017.jpg
The Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, where the Planetary Missions Program Office is located

The Planetary Missions Program Office was established in late 2014 as part of a series of changes implemented by NASA after the passage of the Commerce, Justice, Science, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 2015, which allocated US$1.438 billion to planetary missions, and the Obama administration's request for the 2016 United States federal budget. [1] The program office is a replacement for the Discovery and New Frontiers Program Office, established in 2004, [2] and occupies their former headquarters at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. [1] [2] The Planetary Missions Program Office took control of the Discovery and New Frontiers program, along with the Europa Mission and NASA contributions to the European Space Agency (ESA)'s JUICE mission, in a then-unnamed program outside of Discovery and New Frontiers. [1] In 2017, the program was named the "Solar System Exploration Program", [3] and grew to include NASA's surviving DART component of the cancelled AIDA mission, after ESA terminated their contribution to the mission in late 2016. [4] [5]

Programs

Discovery

The Discovery program was established in late 1990 as a program of low-cost, limited-scope Solar System exploration missions, succeeding the objectives of the Planetary Observer program. [6] In the late 1980s, leaders at NASA opted towards expensive, more ambitious missions to advance their objectives. This included the Space Exploration Initiative by the George H. W. Bush administration, which laid out a plan to construct Space Station Freedom and establish a human exploration program to the Moon and Mars. [7] Consistent cost overruns and lack of support from the United States Congress, however, created a trend towards smaller, less ambitious missions. [7] [8] NASA's Solar System Exploration Division (SSED) initially proposed to model a new program of small-class unmanned missions after the Planetary Observer program, though members were skeptical, due to the budget problems plaguing the Planetary Observer program at the time. [6] It was decided instead to base it on the Explorer program, following advice from Explorer administrative staffer Tom Krimigis. [6] Under this model, the program gained support from then-NASA Administrator Daniel S. Goldin, and the program was formally approved by Congress in 1992. [6] [8]

Near Eros.jpg
Lander and rover drawing.gif
NEAR Shoemaker (left) and Mars Pathfinder (right), the founding missions of the Discovery program, exemplifying its roster of low-cost, specialized missions

Originally a Planetary Observer program mission, NEAR Shoemaker was reassigned to the Discovery program, after the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Applied Physics Laboratory found that the mission was possible to execute on a budget smaller than originally planned. [6] Its final mission cost would reach US$224 million. [9] Mars Pathfinder was also reassigned to the program as part of cuts to the Space Exploration Initiative Mars Environmental Survey (MESUR) program, following the loss of its flagship Mars Observer . [10] [11] Both NEAR Shoemaker and Mars Pathfinder were successfully launched in February and December 1996 respectively; [12] [13] [14] the former achieved orbit around the asteroid 433 Eros in February 2000, [13] and the latter landed on Mars and delivered the first operational Mars rover, Sojourner , to the surface of the planet in July 1997. [14] After NEAR Shoemaker and Mars Pathfinder, the Discovery program began selecting its future missions from proposals from third-party institutions, in competitions named "Announcements of Opportunity" (AOs). [15] [16] Twelve missions have been selected through AOs, with the latest, reconnaissance missions Lucy and Psyche , selected in January 2017 after a three-year long competition. [17] [18] [19] The Discovery program also presides over "Missions of Opportunity" (MOs) to develop instruments for non-NASA missions, such as the ASPERA-3 instrument onboard ESA's Mars Express and the M3 instrument aboard ISRO's Chandrayaan-1 . [20] MOs were originally selected in competitions alongside AOs, [21] though have been selected in "Stand Alone Mission of Opportunity Notices" (SALMONs) since 2009. [22] SALMON-3 is currently underway to select NASA's contribution to JAXA's Martian Moons Exploration mission. [23]

Missions

New Frontiers

New Horizons survived the cancellation of the Outer Planet/Solar Probe program to become the founding mission of the New Frontiers program PIA22190-NewHorizonEncountersAsteroid-2014MU69-ArtistConcept-20180104 (cropped).jpg
New Horizons survived the cancellation of the Outer Planet/Solar Probe program to become the founding mission of the New Frontiers program

The New Frontiers program is the successor to the cancelled Outer Planet/Solar Probe (OPSP) program, a project which aimed to launch the Europa Orbiter astrobiology mission, the Pluto Kuiper Express reconnaissance mission, and the Solar Orbiter heliophysics mission. [38] [39] To reduce the growing costs of the OPSP, the Pluto Kuiper Express was cancelled in 2000 by then-Science Mission Directorate Edward J. Weiler, who subsequently accepted proposals for a replacement mission and modelled the competition after the Discovery program's AOs. [40] [41] The New Horizons mission was chosen to replace Pluto Kuiper Express in the OPSP program in November 2001, [42] [43] though the entire program, including the Europa Orbiter, New Horizons, and Solar Probe, was cancelled by Administrator of NASA Sean O'Keefe in February 2002, shortly after his appointment by President George W. Bush. O'Keefe cited a need for a restructuring of NASA and its projects, falling in line with the Bush Administration's wish for NASA to refocus on "research and development, and addressing management shortcomings." [44]

The New Horizons team successfully lobbied for the funding and development of their mission, appearing at the top of the National Research Council's Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2003–2013. [40] [41] Weiler and then-Solar System Exploration Division Director Colleen Hartman established the New Frontiers program in 2003 to help fund and launch New Horizons and future proposals from the Decadal Survey. [41] New Horizons was launched as the program's first mission on January 20, 2006, [45] [46] and successfully performed the first reconnaissance of Pluto and its moons in July 2015. [47] [48] [49] An extended mission is underway to observe Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs), including a flyby of 486958 Arrokoth in January 2019. [50] [51] In the first New Frontiers AO, Juno , a mission to investigate the interior of Jupiter, was selected over the MoonRise lunar sample return mission. [52] [53] [54] [55] Juno launched on August 5, 2011, and arrived at Jupiter in July 2016. [56] [57] In May 2011, the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission was selected over MoonRise and SAGE for the program's third mission. [58] [59] OSIRIS-REx launched on September 8, 2016, and will arrive at the Near-Earth object (NEO) 101955 Bennu in August 2018. [60] [61] [62] The program's fourth mission is Dragonfly , which will launch in 2028 and arrive on Titan in the mid-2030s. [63]

Missions

Solar System Exploration

Europa Clipper, one of the first missions of the Solar System Exploration program Europa Mission Spacecraft - Artist's Rendering.jpg
Europa Clipper , one of the first missions of the Solar System Exploration program

In late 2014, the Solar System Exploration program was established alongside the Planetary Missions Program Office to "execute prioritized planetary science." [1] [3] The first mission of the program is DART , an asteroid deflection test targeting 65803 Didymos that launched in 2021. [5] [65] [66] Originally a component of AIDA , DART's impact was intended to be observed by ESA's AIM orbiter, which would continue to study Didymos from orbit. [67] [68] However, the ESA Council at ministerial level cancelled the AIM mission in favour of funding for the ExoMars 2020 rover, citing budget concerns. [69] [70] Despite the cancellation of AIM, NASA committed to their original plan, opting to continue solely with DART. [5] DART successfully impacted Dimorphos, the moon of asteroid 65803 Didymos, on 26 September 2022. [71] Two Europa astrobiology missions are scheduled in the Solar System Exploration program. The Europa Clipper was launched on 14 October 2024 on a SpaceX Falcon Heavy. [72] [73] [74] The ESA JUICE mission to study Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto will utilize the NASA-built, Solar System Exploration Program-funded Ultraviolet Spectrograph (UVS) and parts of the Particle Environment Package (PEP) and Radar for Icy Moons Exploration (RIME) instruments. [75] [76]

Missions

Timeline

Uranus Orbiter and ProbeEuropa ClipperJupiter Icy Moons Explorer#Science instrumentsDouble Asteroid Redirection TestDragonfly (Titan space probe)OSIRIS-REx#Extended mission OSIRIS-APEXOSIRIS-RExJuno (spacecraft)New HorizonsVERITAS (spacecraft)DAVINCIMartian Moons Exploration#Scientific payloadPsyche (spacecraft)Lucy (spacecraft)BepiColombo#Mercury Planetary OrbiterInSightLunar Reconnaissance OrbiterGRAILKepler (spacecraft)Moon Mineralogy MapperDawn (spacecraft)Stardust (spacecraft)#New Exploration of Tempel 1 (NExT)EPOXIDeep Impact (spacecraft)MESSENGERMars Express#Scientific instrumentsCONTOURGenesis (spacecraft)Stardust (spacecraft)Lunar ProspectorMars PathfinderNEAR ShoemakerPlanetary Missions Program Office

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space exploration</span> Exploration of space, planets, and moons

Space exploration is the use of astronomy and space technology to explore outer space. While the exploration of space is currently carried out mainly by astronomers with telescopes, its physical exploration is conducted both by uncrewed robotic space probes and human spaceflight. Space exploration, like its classical form astronomy, is one of the main sources for space science.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phobos (moon)</span> Larger of the two moons of Mars

Phobos is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. The two moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is named after the Greek god of fear and panic, who is the son of Ares (Mars) and twin brother of Deimos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Discovery Program</span> Ongoing solar system exploration program by NASA

The Discovery Program is a series of Solar System exploration missions funded by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through its Planetary Missions Program Office. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's New Frontiers or Flagship Programs. As a result, Discovery missions tend to be more focused on a specific scientific goal rather than serving a general purpose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mariner Mark II</span> Planned family of uncrewed NASA spacecraft

Mariner Mark II was NASA's planned family of uncrewed spacecraft for the exploration of the outer Solar System that were to be developed and operated by JPL between 1980 through the year 2010.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sample-return mission</span> Spacecraft mission

A sample-return mission is a spacecraft mission to collect and return samples from an extraterrestrial location to Earth for analysis. Sample-return missions may bring back merely atoms and molecules or a deposit of complex compounds such as loose material and rocks. These samples may be obtained in a number of ways, such as soil and rock excavation or a collector array used for capturing particles of solar wind or cometary debris. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised that the return of such samples to planet Earth may endanger Earth itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alan Stern</span> American engineer and planetary scientist (born 1957)

Sol Alan Stern is an American engineer, planetary scientist and space tourist. He is the principal investigator of the New Horizons mission to Pluto and the Chief Scientist at Moon Express.

The New Frontiers program is a series of space exploration missions being conducted by NASA with the purpose of furthering the understanding of the Solar System. The program selects medium-class missions which can provide high science returns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA</span> American space and aeronautics agency

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the US federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the US space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most of America's space exploration programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) along with the Commercial Crew Program, and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the lunar Artemis program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Discovery and exploration of the Solar System</span>

Discovery and exploration of the Solar System is observation, visitation, and increase in knowledge and understanding of Earth's "cosmic neighborhood". This includes the Sun, Earth and the Moon, the major planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, their satellites, as well as smaller bodies including comets, asteroids, and dust.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration of Pluto</span> Overview of the exploration of Pluto

The exploration of Pluto began with the arrival of the New Horizons probe in July 2015, though proposals for such a mission had been studied for many decades. There are no plans as yet for a follow-up mission, though follow-up concepts have been studied.

<i>Planetary Science Decadal Survey</i> Publication of the United States National Research Council

The Planetary Science Decadal Survey is a serial publication of the United States National Research Council produced for NASA and other United States Government Agencies such as the National Science Foundation. The documents identify key questions facing planetary science and outlines recommendations for space and ground-based exploration ten years into the future. Missions to gather data to answer these big questions are described and prioritized, where appropriate. Similar decadal surveys cover astronomy and astrophysics, earth science, and heliophysics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flyby (spaceflight)</span> Flight event at some distance from the object

A flyby is a spaceflight operation in which a spacecraft passes in proximity to another body, usually a target of its space exploration mission and/or a source of a gravity assist to impel it towards another target. Spacecraft which are specifically designed for this purpose are known as flyby spacecraft, although the term has also been used in regard to asteroid flybys of Earth for example. Important parameters are the time and distance of closest approach.

The selection process for Mission 13 and 14 of the Discovery program began in February 2014, as NASA drafted an Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for the next Discovery mission. The winning mission proposals received $450 million in funding towards mission development and construction, along with bonus funding if missions were able to incorporate certain technologies. For Discovery Mission 13 and 14, NASA received 28 proposals, 16 of which notably centered around small Solar System bodies. Lucy, a multiple-flyby mission to the Jupiter trojans, and Psyche, a mission to the metallic asteroid 16 Psyche, were announced as the winners of the competition in January 2017, with launches in October 2021 and October 2023, respectively.

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