Martian Moons eXploration

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Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)
Mmxspacecraft 0.jpg
An artist's concept of Mars Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft
NamesMMX
Mission type Sample-return mission
Operator JAXA
Website www.mmx.jaxa.jp/en/
Mission duration5 years (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer JAXA [1]
Launch massPropulsion module: 1800 kg
Exploration module: 150 kg
Return module: 1050 kg [2]
MMX Rover: 30 kg
Start of mission
Launch date2026 (planned) [3]
Rocket H3
Launch site Tanegashima, LA-Y
Contractor Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Phobos lander
Landing date2027 (planned) [3]
Return launch2031 (planned) [3]
Sample mass≥10 g (0.35 oz) [4]
Instruments
TElescopic Nadir imager for GeOmOrphology (TENGOO)
Optical RadiOmeter composed of CHromatic Imagers (OROCHI)
Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR)
MMX InfraRed Spectrometer (MIRS)
Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons (MEGANE)
Circum-Martian Dust Monitor (CMDM)
Mass Spectrum Analyzer (MSA)

Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) is a robotic space probe set for launch in 2026 to bring back the first samples from Mars' largest moon Phobos. [3] [5] Developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) and announced on 9 June 2015, MMX will land and collect samples from Phobos once or twice, along with conducting Deimos flyby observations and monitoring Mars's climate. [6]

Contents

The mission aims to provide key information to help determine whether the Martian moons are captured asteroids or the result of a larger body hitting Mars. JAXA and other Japanese government officials officially approved the MMX project to proceed into development on 19 February 2020, according to a post on JAXA's website. [1]

Overview

Phobos, the largest moon of Mars Phobos colour 2008.jpg
Phobos, the largest moon of Mars

The spacecraft will enter orbit around Mars, then transfer to Phobos, [7] and land once or twice and gather sand-like regolith particles using a simple pneumatic system. [8] The lander mission aims to retrieve a minimum 10 g (0.35 oz) of samples. [4] [9] The spacecraft will then take off from Phobos and make several flybys of the smaller moon Deimos before sending the Return Module back to Earth, arriving in 2031. [3] [10] [7]

The total launch mass is 4000 kg including 1900 kg of propellant. [11] The mission architecture uses three modules: Propulsion module (1800 kg), Exploration module (150 kg) and the Return module (1050 kg). [2] With the mass of Deimos and Phobos being too small to capture a satellite, it is not possible to orbit the Martian moons in the usual sense. However, orbits of a special kind, referred to as quasi-satellite orbits (QSO), can be sufficiently stable to allow many months of operations in the vicinity of the moon. [2] [12] [13]

The mission leader is Yasuhiro Kawakatsu. [14]

International collaboration

NASA, ESA, and CNES [15] are also participating in the project, and will provide scientific instruments. [16] [17] NASA will contribute a neutron and gamma-ray spectrometer called MEGANE (an acronym for Mars-moon Exploration with GAmma rays and NEutrons, which also means "eyeglasses" in Japanese), [18] [19] CNES the Near IR Spectrometer (NIRS4/MacrOmega). [9] [20] CNES is also contributing expertise in flight dynamics to plan the mission's orbiting and landing manoeuvres. [8]

Development and testing of key components, including the sampler, is ongoing. [21] As of December 2023, MMX is scheduled to be launched in 2026, and will return to Earth five years later in 2031. [10]

The probe and rover payloads

The scientific payloads

U.S. and Japanese team members gather around and discuss the gamma-ray spectrometer portion of the MEGANE instrument during its development at Johns Hopkins APL. MMX MEGANE instrument.jpg
U.S. and Japanese team members gather around and discuss the gamma-ray spectrometer portion of the MEGANE instrument during its development at Johns Hopkins APL.

MMX will have seven scientific instruments: [22]

JAXA will partner with the Japan Broadcasting Corporation (NHK) to develop the "Super Hi-Vision Camera" which combines a 4K and 8K camera, making it the first time that Mars will be imaged in 8K resolution. Images will be regularly transmitted back to Earth with flight data, in order to recreate MMX exploration around Mars and its moons. The original image data will be stored in a recording device in MMX's return capsule and brought back to Earth as part of the sample-return portion of the mission. [23]

The Gravity GradioMeter (GGM), Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscope (LIBS), Mission Survival Module (MSM) were proposed as additional instruments. [24]

The IDEFIX rover

The IDEFIX rover Maquette du rover de la mission Mars Moons eXploration IAC 2022.jpg
The IDEFIX rover

Following a study by the French CNES space agency, [8] it was decided that the spacecraft will deliver a small rover provided by CNES and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). IDEFIX [25] [26] is a rover weighing less than 30 kg, and is named after Idéfix, the French name for Dogmatix, Obelix' dog in the French comic Asterix. The name Idefix (without acute accent) is also used for the character in the German translation. Besides its native France the Asterix series has been particularly successful in Germany — out of 350 million comic books sold worldwide by 2013, 130 million were in the French original while 120 million were in German. [27]

It will be equipped with cameras, a radiometer, and a Raman spectrometer for in-situ surface exploration of the Martian moons. [28]

Its objectives are to touch the surface of Phobos, to check the behaviour of the surface under mechanical actions and to relay this information to Earth. It must also demonstrate that it is possible to use wheeled locomotion on a body with such low gravity. Finally, it will take measurements in situ, observing the ground of Phobos at a resolution of 100 μm, and moving around on it.[ citation needed ]

Sampling

MMX's sampler is equipped with two sampling methods: the Coring Sampler (C-SMP) to gain regolith at depths deeper than 2 cm from the Phobos surface, and the Pneumatic Sampler (P-SMP) for samples from the Phobos surface. The robotic arm will collect regolith from the ground by shooting the C-SMP mechanism. The C-SMP mechanism is designed to rapidly perform subsurface sampling to collect over 10 grams of the regolith. It is equipped with an ejecting actuator that uses a special shape memory alloy, SCSMA. [29] [30] P-SMP is installed close to the footpad of the landing leg, and uses an air gun to puff pressurized gas, pushing about 10 grams of soil into the sample container. [31] Both C-SMP and P-SMP can collect samples quickly because the entire sampling procedure is scheduled to be performed in only 2.5 hours.

After taking a sample, the robotic arm will transfer both C-SMP and P-SMP canisters to the sample return capsule. [32] The spacecraft will then make several flybys of the smaller moon Deimos before carrying the Sample Return Capsule back to Earth, arriving in 2031. [3] [10] [7]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phobos (moon)</span> Larger of the two moons of Mars

Phobos is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. The two moons were discovered in 1877 by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Phobos is named after the Greek god of fear and panic, who is the son of Ares (Mars) and twin brother of Deimos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deimos (moon)</span> Smallest and outer moon of Mars

Deimos is the smaller and outer of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Phobos. Deimos has a mean radius of 6.2 km (3.9 mi) and takes 30.3 hours to orbit Mars. Deimos is 23,460 km (14,580 mi) from Mars, much farther than Mars's other moon, Phobos. It is named after Deimos, the Ancient Greek god and personification of dread and terror.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lander (spacecraft)</span> Type of spacecraft

A lander is a spacecraft that descends towards, then comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body other than Earth. In contrast to an impact probe, which makes a hard landing that damages or destroys the probe upon reaching the surface, a lander makes a soft landing after which the probe remains functional.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phobos program</span> 1988 Soviet missions to Mars

The Phobos program was an uncrewed space mission consisting of two probes launched by the Soviet Union to study Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. Phobos 1 was launched on 7 July 1988, and Phobos 2 on 12 July 1988, each aboard a Proton-K rocket.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration of Mars</span>

The planet Mars has been explored remotely by spacecraft. Probes sent from Earth, beginning in the late 20th century, have yielded a large increase in knowledge about the Martian system, focused primarily on understanding its geology and habitability potential. Engineering interplanetary journeys is complicated and the exploration of Mars has experienced a high failure rate, especially the early attempts. Roughly sixty percent of all spacecraft destined for Mars failed before completing their missions, with some failing before their observations could begin. Some missions have been met with unexpected success, such as the twin Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit and Opportunity, which operated for years beyond their specification.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Discovery Program</span> Ongoing solar system exploration program by NASA

The Discovery Program is a series of Solar System exploration missions funded by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) through its Planetary Missions Program Office. The cost of each mission is capped at a lower level than missions from NASA's New Frontiers or Flagship Programs. As a result, Discovery missions tend to be more focused on a specific scientific goal rather than serving a general purpose.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">JAXA</span> Japans national air and space agency

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is the Japanese national air and space agency. Through the merger of three previously independent organizations, JAXA was formed on 1 October 2003. JAXA is responsible for research, technology development and launch of satellites into orbit, and is involved in many more advanced missions such as asteroid exploration and possible human exploration of the Moon. Its motto is One JAXA and its corporate slogan is Explore to Realize.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fobos-Grunt</span> A failed spacecraft mission to Mars

Fobos-Grunt or Phobos-Grunt was an attempted Russian sample return mission to Phobos, one of the moons of Mars. Fobos-Grunt also carried the Chinese Mars orbiter Yinghuo-1 and the tiny Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment funded by the Planetary Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moons of Mars</span> Natural satellites orbiting Mars

The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos. They are irregular in shape. Both were discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall in August 1877 and are named after the Greek mythological twin characters Phobos and Deimos who accompanied their father Ares into battle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sample-return mission</span> Spacecraft mission

A sample-return mission is a spacecraft mission to collect and return samples from an extraterrestrial location to Earth for analysis. Sample-return missions may bring back merely atoms and molecules or a deposit of complex compounds such as loose material and rocks. These samples may be obtained in a number of ways, such as soil and rock excavation or a collector array used for capturing particles of solar wind or cometary debris. Nonetheless, concerns have been raised that the return of such samples to planet Earth may endanger Earth itself.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mars sample-return mission</span> Mars mission to collect rock and dust samples

A Mars sample-return (MSR) mission is a proposed mission to collect rock and dust samples on Mars and return them to Earth. Such a mission would allow more extensive analysis than that allowed by onboard sensors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Low-energy transfer</span> Fuel-efficient orbital maneuver

A low-energy transfer, or low-energy trajectory, is a route in space that allows spacecraft to change orbits using significantly less fuel than traditional transfers. These routes work in the Earth–Moon system and also in other systems, such as between the moons of Jupiter. The drawback of such trajectories is that they take longer to complete than higher-energy (more-fuel) transfers, such as Hohmann transfer orbits.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human mission to Mars</span> Proposed concepts

The idea of sending humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars. Long-term proposals have included sending settlers and terraforming the planet. Currently, only robotic landers and rovers have been on Mars. The farthest humans have been beyond Earth is the Moon, under the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Apollo program which ended in 1972.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment</span> NASA Mars orbiter mission concept

Phobos And Deimos & Mars Environment (PADME) is a low-cost NASA Mars orbiter mission concept that would address longstanding unknowns about Mars' two moons Phobos and Deimos and their environment.

Phootprint is a proposed sample-return mission to the Mars moon Phobos by the European Space Agency (ESA), proposed to be launched in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mars Base Camp</span> Concept Mars orbiter

Mars Base Camp (MBC) is a crewed Mars laboratory orbiter concept under study that was commissioned by NASA from Lockheed Martin in US. It would use both future and proven concepts as well as the Orion MPCV, also built by Lockheed Martin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">MicrOmega-IR</span>

MicrOmega-IR is an infrared hyperspectral microscope that is part of the science payload on board the European Rosalind Franklin rover, tasked to search for biosignatures on Mars. The rover is planned to be launched not earlier than 2028. MicrOmega-IR will analyse in situ the powder material derived from crushed samples collected by the rover's core drill.

Deimos and Phobos Interior Explorer (DePhine) is a European mission concept to use a dedicated orbiter to explore the two moons of Mars: Phobos and Deimos. The mission concept was proposed in 2016 to the European Space Agency's Cosmic Vision programme for launch in 2030, but it was not chosen as a finalist for the M5 mission class.

References

  1. 1 2 "Phobos sample return mission enters development for 2024 launch". Spaceflight Now. 20 February 2020. Retrieved 7 March 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 Japanese mission of the two moons of Mars with sample return from Phobos Hirdy Miyamoto, University of Tokyo 2016
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "MMX - Martian Moons eXploration". JAXA. 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  4. 1 2 Gravity both too strong and too weak: landing on the Martian moons JAXA News 31 August 2017
  5. ↑ "JAXA plans probe to bring back samples from moons of Mars". The Japan Times. 10 June 2015.
  6. ↑ "Observation plan for Martian meteors by Mars-orbiting MMX spacecraft". 10 June 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  7. 1 2 3 NASA confirms contribution to Japanese-led Mars mission Stephen Clark, Spaceflight Now 20 November 2017
  8. 1 2 3 How to find the best samples on a moon: Building relationships and solving engineering challenges in France JAXA News 4 December 2017
  9. 1 2 Fujimoto, Masaki (11 January 2017). "JAXA's exploration of the two moons of Mars, with sample return from Phobos" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 "Japan to Delay Mars Moon Exploration by 2 Years to 2026". Yomiuri Shimbun . 6 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  11. ↑ "Tomo Usui".
  12. ↑ Quasi-Satellite Orbits around Deimos and Phobos motivated by the DePhine Mission Proposal Sofya Spiridonova, Kai Wickhusen, Ralph Kahle, and Jürgen Oberst; DLR, German Space Operations Center, Germany 2017
  13. ↑ Orbit Maintenance of Quasi-Satellite Trajectories via Mean Relative Orbit Elements Nicola Baresi, Lamberto Dell'Elce, Josué Cardoso dos Santos, and Yasuhiro Kawakatsu International Astronautical Congress, Bremen, Germany, 2018
  14. ↑ Kawakatsu Lab Homepage Deep Space Mission Design Laboratory (DSMDL) Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)/JAXA, 2017
  15. ↑ "Coopération spatiale entre la France et le Japon Rencontre à Paris entre le CNES et la JAXA-ISAS" (PDF) (Press release) (in French). CNES. 10 February 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  16. ↑ "ISASニュース 2017.1 No.430" (PDF) (in Japanese). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2016.
  17. ↑ Green, James (7 June 2016). "Planetary Science Division Status Report" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Institute. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  18. ↑ "NASA confirms contribution to Japanese-led Mars mission". Spaceflight Now. 20 November 2017. Retrieved 8 March 2021.
  19. ↑ Back to the Red Planet Archived 27 March 2018 at the Wayback Machine Johns Hopkins APL 17 November 2017
  20. ↑ "A STUDY OF NEAR-INFRARED HYPERSPECTRAL IMAGING OF MARTIAN MOONS BY NIRS4/MACROMEGA ONBOARD MMX SPACECRAFT" (PDF). Lunar and Planetary Institute. 23 March 2017. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  21. ↑ "ISASニュース 2016.7 No.424" (PDF) (in Japanese). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 July 2016. Retrieved 23 March 2017.
  22. ↑ "MMX Science". Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  23. ↑ "8K Camera on the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) Spacecraft to Take Ultra High Definition Images of Mars". Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency.
  24. ↑ Ozaki, Masanobu; Shiraishi, Hiroaki; Fujimoto, Masaki (5 January 2017). "火星衛星探査計画（MMX）の科学観測装置". 第17回宇宙科学シンポジウム 講演集 (in Japanese). JAXA. Retrieved 12 July 2017.
  25. ↑ "Rover". Mmx (in French). 3 November 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  26. ↑ "Rover auf der Zielgeraden zum Marsmond Phobos". www.dlr.de (in German). Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  27. ↑ "Astérix, la potion magique d'Hachette". 24 October 2013.
  28. ↑ "DLR Press Portal" . Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  29. ↑ Hiroki Kato, Yasutaka Satou, Kent Yoshikawa, Masatsugu Otsuki, Hirotaka Sawada, Takeshi Kuratomi, and Nana Hidaka, "Subsurface Sampling Robot for Time-limited Asteroid Exploration," 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 2020, pp. 1925-1932, doi: 10.1109/IROS45743.2020.9340645.
  30. ↑ 90 minutes on the clock! Discussing the MMX sampling device with JAXA robotic specialist Hiroki Kato, JAXA News 7 June 2022
  31. ↑ Preparing for the unexpected: a second way to sample a moon Yasutaka Satou, JAXA News 25 October 2017
  32. ↑ Kuramoto, Kiyoshi; Kawakatsu, Yasuhiro; Fujimoto, Masaki; Araya, Akito; Barucci, Maria Antonietta; Genda, Hidenori; Hirata, Naru; Ikeda, Hitoshi; Imamura, Takeshi; Helbert, Jörn; Kameda, Shingo; Kobayashi, Masanori; Kusano, Hiroki; Lawrence, David J.; Matsumoto, Koji (20 January 2022). "Martian moons exploration MMX: sample return mission to Phobos elucidating formation processes of habitable planets". Earth, Planets and Space. 74 (1): 12. Bibcode:2022EP&S...74...12K. doi: 10.1186/s40623-021-01545-7 . ISSN   1880-5981.
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