Artemis II

Last updated

Artemis II
Artemis 2 map march 2023.jpg
Names
  • Artemis 2
  • Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2)
Mission typeCrewed lunar flyby
Operator NASA
Mission duration10 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft Orion CM-003
Crew
Crew size4
Members
Start of mission
Launch dateApril 2026 (planned)
Rocket Space Launch System Block 1
Launch site Kennedy Space Center, LC-39B [1]
End of mission
Recovered by U.S. Navy (San Antonio-class amphibious transport dock)
Landing sitePacific Ocean (planned)
Flyby of Moon
Distance6,400 mi (10,300 km) (planned) [2]
Artemis 2 Crew Portrait.jpg
Official crew portrait, clockwise from left: Koch, Glover, Hansen and Wiseman

Artemis II is a scheduled mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. It will use the second launch of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and include the first crewed mission of the Orion spacecraft. The mission is scheduled to take place no earlier than April 2026. Four astronauts will perform a flyby of the Moon and return to Earth, becoming the first crew to travel beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. Artemis II will be the first crewed launch from Launch Complex 39B of the Kennedy Space Center since STS-116 in 2006.

Contents

The launch was originally designated Exploration Mission-2 (EM-2) when the mission was intended to collect samples from a captured asteroid in lunar orbit by the now-cancelled robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission; it was renamed after the introduction of the Artemis program.

History

Mission planning and launcher selection (2017–2021)

In 2017, Exploration Mission-2 was a projected single-launch mission of a Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1B rocket with an Exploration Upper Stage, lunar Block 1 Orion spacecraft, and a payload insertion of 50.7 tonnes (55.9 short tons ; 112,000  lb ). The plan was to rendezvous with an asteroid previously placed in lunar orbit by the robotic Asteroid Redirect Mission and have astronauts perform space-walks and gather samples. [3] [4] After the cancellation in April 2017 [5] of the Asteroid Redirect Mission, an 8-day mission was proposed with a crew of four astronauts, sent on a free-return trajectory around the Moon. [6] Another proposal suggested in 2017 was to take four astronauts aboard Orion on an 8-to-21–day trip around the Moon to deliver the first element of the Deep Space Gateway. [7] In March 2018, it was decided to launch the first Gateway module on a commercial launch vehicle [8] because of delays in building the Mobile Launcher needed to hold the more powerful Exploration Upper Stage. [9] The launcher was selected to be the SpaceX Falcon Heavy. [10]

MPCV Stage Adapter for CubeSat spring-loaded dispensers SLS MPCV Stage Adapter for 11 CubeSats.png
MPCV Stage Adapter for CubeSat spring-loaded dispensers

NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) sought proposals in 2019 from U.S. institutions and U.S. companies to fly their CubeSat missions as secondary payloads aboard the SLS on the Artemis II mission. [11] [12] NASA would accept proposals for both 6-unit (12 kg, 26 lb) and 12-unit (20 kg, 44 lb) CubeSats. [13] As with the Artemis I mission, the CubeSats flying on Artemis II were to be mounted on the inside of the stage adapter ring between the SLS upper stage and the Orion spacecraft, and will be deployed after Orion separates. [13] Selections were initially planned to be made by February 2020, [11] but in October 2021, NASA dropped all secondary payloads from the mission. [14]

Hardware development, testing and integration (2021–present)

Artist's rendition of the Orion spacecraft in lunar orbit Illustration of Orion over lunar surface with Earthrise (32125696615) (cropped).jpg
Artist's rendition of the Orion spacecraft in lunar orbit

On 11 February 2023, NASA flipped the engine section for the Artemis II core to horizontal, the final major milestone before mating the section to the rest of the vehicle. On 20 March, the engine section was mated with the Artemis II core stage in Building 103 at the Michoud Assembly Facility in New Orleans. NASA expected the core stage, complete with engines, to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in summer 2023. [15] In May, the delivery date was moved to late fall 2023. [16] [17] The RS-25 engines with serial numbers E2047, E2059, E2062, and E2063 were installed on the core stage in New Orleans by September 25, 2023. [18] [19] Finally in June 2024, NASA announced the planned delivery of the fully outfitted core stage to KSC in July 2024, which was successfully carried out from the 16th to the 25th. [20] [21] [22] The adapters needed for integration of the full vehicle also reached substantial completion in June 2024, and arrived at Kennedy Space Center in September 2024. [23] [24]

The Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage being loaded into the Pegasus barge at Michoud Assembly Facility, 16 July 2024 Space Launch System Core Stage for Artemis II Rocket Loaded onto Pegasus Barge (MAF 20240716 Artemis II Rollout-456).jpg
The Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage being loaded into the Pegasus barge at Michoud Assembly Facility, 16 July 2024

The crew was announced on 3 April 2023, as stated by NASA Administrator Bill Nelson, in his "State of NASA" speech reacting to President Joe Biden's FY2024 budget proposal. [25] The announcement occurred at a NASA facility at Ellington Field outside Houston. [26] They appeared later that day at nearby NRG Stadium for the 2023 March Madness championship game. [27]

NASA had originally planned to begin rocket stacking operations in September 2024. However, the process was delayed by over two months as the agency investigated issues with Orion’s life support system and greater than expected damage to Orion’s heat shield observed after the Artemis I reentry. [28] Rocket stacking finally began on 20 November 2024. [29]

Launch date

During preliminary reviews in 2011, the launch date was placed somewhere between 2019 and 2021, but afterwards the launch date was delayed to 2023. [30] [31] As of September 2024, the mission is expected to launch no earlier than September 2025. [32] However, in October 2024, the NASA Office of Inspector General determined that the Exploration Ground Systems team had already used up their time reserved for resolving any unforeseen issues, leading the office to determine that the September 2025 launch date will likely be delayed. [28] In December 2024, outgoing Administrator Nelson announced that the launch was delayed to April 2026 due to the months of engineering investigations into issues with the life support system and heat shield. [33] [34]

Crew

The prime crew of Artemis II during a dress rehearsal in September 2023 Artemis II Day of Launch Demonstration Test ISVV-A1 (KSC-20230920-PH-KLS01 0126).jpg
The prime crew of Artemis II during a dress rehearsal in September 2023
Prime crew
Position Astronaut
Commander Flag of the United States.svg Reid Wiseman, NASA
Second spaceflight
Pilot Flag of the United States.svg Victor Glover, NASA
Second spaceflight
Flight Engineer Flag of the United States.svg Christina Koch, NASA
Second spaceflight
Mission Specialist Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Jeremy Hansen, CSA
First spaceflight
Backup crew
Position Astronaut
Commander / Pilot / Flight Engineer Flag of the United States.svg Andre Douglas, NASA
First spaceflight
Mission Specialist Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg Jenni Gibbons, CSA
First spaceflight

Artemis II is to be crewed by four astronauts: Commander Reid Wiseman, Pilot Victor J. Glover, Mission Specialist Christina Koch, and Mission Specialist Jeremy Hansen. [35] On 22 November 2023, Jenni Gibbons was announced to be Hansen's backup; she will join the mission if Hansen is unable to. [36] [37] On July 3, 2024, Andre Douglas was announced to be the backup for the three NASA astronauts. [38] [39]

Glover, Koch, and Hansen are to be the first person of color, woman, and non-American to go beyond low Earth orbit respectively. [35] Hansen and Gibbons are Canadian and have been assigned by the Canadian Space Agency; [35] a 2020 treaty between the United States and Canada led to their involvement. [40]

Mission

Orion spacecraft outfitted interior, 2021 Orion Spacecraft Outfitted Interior 2021 (labeled).jpg
Orion spacecraft outfitted interior, 2021

The Artemis II mission plan is to send four astronauts in the first crewed Orion MPCV spacecraft into a lunar flyby for a maximum of 21 days using the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System. The mission profile is a multi-trans-lunar injection (MTLI), or multiple departure burns, and includes a free-return trajectory from the Moon. The Orion spacecraft will be sent to a high Earth orbit with a period of roughly 24 hours. During this time the crew will perform various checkouts of the spacecraft's life support systems as well as an in-space rendezvous and proximity operations demonstration using the spent Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS) as a target. When Orion reaches perigee once again, it will fire its main engine to complete the TLI maneuver, which will send it to a lunar free-return trajectory, before returning to Earth. [2] [41]

Optical communications

O2O optical communications modules on the Orion spacecraft O2O optical communications modules on the Orion Spacecraft.png
O2O optical communications modules on the Orion spacecraft

Artemis II will test and demonstrate optical communications to and from Earth using the Orion Artemis II Optical Communications System (O2O). [42] The O2O hardware will be integrated into the Orion spacecraft and includes an optical module (a 4-inch [100 mm] telescope and two gimbals), modem and control electronics. [42] O2O will communicate with ground stations in California and New Mexico. [42] The test device will send data to Earth with a downlink rate of up to 260 megabits per second. [43]

Trajectory overview

Artemis II's trajectory can be divided into several key phases: [44]

Launch

  • Vehicle: Space Launch System (SLS) Block 1
  • Launch Site: Kennedy Space Center, Launch Complex 39B
  • Duration: Approximately 8 minutes to reach initial orbit
  • Trajectory: The SLS will launch Orion into a low Earth orbit (LEO) for a very short period of time, then fire again to place Orion in a highly-eccentric orbit with a period of about 24 hours.

Earth orbit and systems checkout

  • Orbit: Highly-eccentric orbit with an apogee above that of typical communications satellites
  • Duration: About 24 hours
  • Activities: The crew will perform checks on the Orion spacecraft’s systems, ensuring all are functioning correctly before proceeding with the mission. They will also demonstrate proximity operations with the upper stage of their launch vehicle.

Translunar injection

  • Maneuver: After the systems checkout, the Orion spacecraft will perform a TLI burn using its Service Module, propelling it out of Earth orbit towards the Moon.
  • Trajectory: A precise burn to place Orion on a trajectory that will take it around the Moon.

Lunar flyby

  • Altitude: Closest approach approximately 7,400 kilometers (4,600 mi) from the lunar surface.
  • Duration: Several days to travel to the Moon, fly around it, and begin the return trip.
  • Activities: The crew will continue to monitor and test Orion’s systems and gather data on deep space travel effects.

Return trajectory

  • Maneuver: After the lunar flyby, Orion will use the Moon’s gravity to assist in its return to Earth, a maneuver known as a free-return trajectory.
  • Trajectory: A path that will naturally bring Orion back to Earth without the need for additional propulsion if systems fail.

Re-entry and splashdown

  • Re-entry Phase: Orion will re-enter Earth's atmosphere.
  • Splashdown: In the Pacific Ocean, recovery teams will retrieve the spacecraft and crew.
  • Duration: The entire mission is expected to last about 10 days.

Similar missions

In December 1968, the Apollo 8 mission, crewed by astronauts Frank Borman, Jim Lovell, and William Anders, flew their command and service module beyond low Earth orbit and completed ten orbits of the Moon. Similar to the planned Artemis II mission in that it was crewed and did not land, it differed by being placed into orbit. [45] Apollo 13 (1970) was the only Apollo mission, and only crewed spaceflight to date, that flew past the Moon by a free-return trajectory.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constellation program</span> Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program

The Constellation program was a crewed spaceflight program developed by NASA, the space agency of the United States, from 2005 to 2009. The major goals of the program were "completion of the International Space Station" and a "return to the Moon no later than 2020" with a crewed flight to the planet Mars as the ultimate goal. The program's logo reflected the three stages of the program: the Earth (ISS), the Moon, and finally Mars—while the Mars goal also found expression in the name given to the program's booster rockets: Ares. The technological aims of the program included the regaining of significant astronaut experience beyond low Earth orbit and the development of technologies necessary to enable sustained human presence on other planetary bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ares V</span> Canceled NASA rocket key to Project Constellation

The Ares V was the planned cargo launch component of the cancelled NASA Constellation program, which was to have replaced the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011. Ares V was also planned to carry supplies for a human presence on Mars. Ares V and the smaller Ares I were named after Ares, the Greek god of war.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crew Exploration Vehicle</span> Planned orbiter component of NASAs cancelled Project Constellation; became Orion crew vehicle

The Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) was a component of the U.S. NASA Vision for Space Exploration plan. A competition was held to design a spacecraft that could carry humans to the destinations envisioned by the plan. The winning design was the Orion spacecraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NASA</span> American space and aeronautics agency

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research. Established in 1958, it succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to give the U.S. space development effort a distinct civilian orientation, emphasizing peaceful applications in space science. It has since led most of America's space exploration programs, including Project Mercury, Project Gemini, the 1968–1972 Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and the Space Shuttle. Currently, NASA supports the International Space Station (ISS) along with the Commercial Crew Program, and oversees the development of the Orion spacecraft and the Space Launch System for the lunar Artemis program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle retirement</span> End of NASA Space Shuttle program in 2011

The retirement of NASA's Space Shuttle fleet took place from March to July 2011. Discovery was the first of the three active Space Shuttles to be retired, completing its final mission on March 9, 2011; Endeavour did so on June 1. The final shuttle mission was completed with the landing of Atlantis on July 21, 2011, closing the 30-year Space Shuttle program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Launch System</span> NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle

The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. As the primary launch vehicle of the Artemis Moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed Orion spacecraft on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first SLS launch was the uncrewed Artemis I, which took place on 16 November 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orion (spacecraft)</span> American–European spacecraft class for the Artemis program

Orion is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft used in NASA's Artemis program. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) space capsule designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of four beyond low Earth orbit, Orion can last up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. It is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines, and six pods of custom reaction control system engines developed by Airbus, provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Orion is intended to be launched atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower launch escape system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis I</span> 2022 uncrewed Moon-orbiting NASA mission

Artemis I, formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), was an uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission that was launched in November 2022. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis I marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the Apollo program five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield, in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.

A distant retrograde orbit (DRO), as most commonly conceived, is a spacecraft orbit around a moon that is highly stable because of its interactions with two Lagrange points (L1 and L2) of the planet–moon system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis III</span> Third orbital flight of the Artemis program

Artemis III is planned to be the first crewed Moon landing mission of the Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Starship HLS lander. Artemis III is planned to be the second crewed Artemis mission and the first American crewed lunar landing since Apollo 17 in December 1972. As of December 2024, NASA officially expects Artemis III to launch no earlier than mid-2027 due to heat shield issues on Orion and valve problems in the spacecraft's life support system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar Gateway</span> Lunar orbital space station under development

The Lunar Gateway, or simply Gateway, is a space station which is planned to be assembled in orbit around the Moon. The Gateway is intended to serve as a communication hub, science laboratory, and habitation module for astronauts as part of the Artemis program. It is a multinational collaborative project: participants include NASA, the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), and the Mohammed Bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC). The Gateway is planned to be the first space station beyond low Earth orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis program</span> NASA-led lunar exploration program

The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive 1. It is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis IV</span> Fourth orbital flight of the Artemis program

Artemis IV is a planned mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. The mission will include the fourth use of a Space Launch System (SLS) launch vehicle, will send an Orion spacecraft with four astronauts to the Lunar Gateway space station, install a new module on the Gateway, and conduct the second lunar landing of the Artemis program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis V</span> Fifth orbital flight of the Artemis program

Artemis V is the fifth planned mission of NASA's Artemis program and the first crewed flight of the Blue Moon lander. The mission will launch four astronauts on a Space Launch System rocket and an Orion to the Lunar Gateway and will be the third lunar landing of the Artemis program. In addition, Artemis V will also deliver two new elements to the Gateway Space Station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Starship HLS</span> Lunar lander variant of SpaceX Starship

Starship HLS is a lunar lander variant of the Starship spacecraft that is slated to transfer astronauts from a lunar orbit to the surface of the Moon and back. It is being designed and built by SpaceX under the Human Landing System contract to NASA as a critical element of NASA's Artemis program to land a crew on the Moon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar I-Hab</span> Planned lunar habitat module

The Lunar I-Hab is designed as a habitat module of the Lunar Gateway station, to be built by the European Space Agency (ESA) in collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, or JAXA. The I-HAB will have a maximum launch mass of 10,000 kg (22,000 lb) and provide a habitable volume of 10 m3 (350 cu ft).

References

  1. ↑ Hill, Bill (March 2012). "Exploration Systems Development Status" (PDF). NASA Advisory Council. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 21 July 2012.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. 1 2 Hambleton, Kathryn (27 August 2018). "First Flight With Crew Important Step on Long-Term Return to Moon". NASA . Archived from the original on 30 August 2018. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  3. ↑ Wall, Mike (10 April 2013). "Inside NASA's Plan to Catch an Asteroid (Bruce Willis Not Required)". Space.com . Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  4. ↑ Foust, Jeff (25 March 2015). "NASA Selects Boulder Option for Asteroid Redirect Mission". SpaceNews . Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2015.
  5. ↑ Foust, Jeff (14 June 2017). "NASA closing out Asteroid Redirect Mission". SpaceNews . Archived from the original on 15 June 2017. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  6. ↑ Hambleton, Kathryn (4 August 2017). "NASA's First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars". NASA . Archived from the original on 28 July 2020. Retrieved 8 December 2017.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  7. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (6 April 2017). "NASA finally sets goals, missions for SLS – eyes multi-step plan to Mars". NASASpaceflight.com . Archived from the original on 21 August 2017. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  8. ↑ "NASA FY 2019 Budget Overview" (PDF). NASA . p. 14. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 December 2019. Retrieved 12 November 2021. Supports launch of the Power and Propulsion Element on a commercial launch vehicle as the first component of the LOP – GatewayPD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  9. ↑ Berger, Eric (13 April 2018). "NASA may fly crew into deep space sooner, but there's a price". Ars Technica . Archived from the original on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 6 April 2023. Without the Exploration Upper Stage, NASA will not be able to fly, in a single flight, crew members and pieces of a deep space gateway it hopes to build near the Moon in the 2020s
  10. ↑ Foust, Jeff (10 February 2021). "NASA selects Falcon Heavy to launch first Gateway elements". SpaceNews . Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 4 September 2022.
  11. 1 2 Hill, Denise (6 August 2019). "NASA's CubeSat Launch Initiative Opens Call for Payloads on Artemis 2 Mission". NASA . Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019. NASA is seeking proposals from U.S. small satellite developers to fly their CubeSat missions as secondary payloads aboard the SLS on the Artemis 2 mission under the agency's CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI)PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  12. ↑ Klotz, Irene (5 August 2019). "NASA Scouting Cubesats For Artemis-2 Mission" . Aviation Week & Space Technology . Archived from the original on 6 August 2019. Retrieved 6 August 2019. NASA on August 5 released a solicitation for cubesats to ride along with the first crewed flight of the Space Launch System rocket and Orion capsule, with the caveat that selected projects fill strategic knowledge gaps for future lunar and Mars exploration
  13. 1 2 Foust, Jeff (8 August 2019). "NASA seeking proposals for cubesats on second SLS launch". SpaceNews . Archived from the original on 15 May 2023. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  14. ↑ Kurkowski, Seth (21 October 2021). "Alabama students forced to pivot satellite design after being dropped from Artemis II". Space Explored. Archived from the original on 21 October 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  15. ↑ Richardson, Derek (23 March 2023). "Artemis 2 Space Launch System core stage nearly complete". SpaceFlight Insider. Archived from the original on 31 March 2023. Retrieved 31 March 2023.
  16. ↑ Clark, Stephen (29 September 2023). "Rocket Report: Iran launches satellite; Artemis II boosters get train ride". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 29 September 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2023.
  17. ↑ Sloss, Philip (2 May 2023). "Artemis II Moon mission transitioning from planning to preparation". NASASpaceFlight.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2023. Retrieved 6 June 2023.
  18. ↑ Mohon, Lee; O'Brien, Kevin (27 October 2022). "Space Launch System Engines: Launching Artemis Astronauts to the Moon". NASA. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 26 June 2023.
  19. ↑ Mohon, Lee (25 September 2023). "All Engines Added to NASA's Artemis II Moon Rocket Core Stage – Artemis". NASA Blogs. Archived from the original on 25 September 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  20. ↑ "NASA Invites Media to Rollout Event for Artemis II Moon Rocket Stage - NASA" . Retrieved 12 June 2024.
  21. ↑ "Artemis II Core Stage on the Move". NASA. 16 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  22. ↑ "Core Stage for NASA's Artemis II Mission Arrives at Kennedy Space Center's Vehicle Assembly Building". YouTube. Boeing. 25 July 2024. Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  23. ↑ "Six Adapters for Crewed Artemis Flights Tested, Built at NASA Marshall - NASA". 25 June 2024. Retrieved 25 June 2024.
  24. ↑ Elizabeth Howell (2 September 2024). "The pieces of NASA's next 3 Artemis moon missions head to Florida launch site (photos)". Space.com. Retrieved 13 September 2024.
  25. ↑ Foust, Jeff (9 March 2023). "White House proposes $27.2 billion for NASA in 2024". SpaceNews . Archived from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2023.
  26. ↑ Pearlman, Robert Z. (3 April 2023). "NASA Announces the Astronaut Crew for Artemis II Lunar Flyby". Scientific American . Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
  27. ↑ Koch, Christina (11 April 2023). "You stood. All of you. You stood for taking on the challenge. For doing things that are hard. For exploring together. Of all the things we did last week to introduce Artemis II, this unexpected standing ovation was the moment I realized—You're all behind this. We are going". Twitter. Retrieved 13 April 2023.
  28. 1 2 Berger, Eric (17 October 2024). "It's increasingly unlikely that humans will fly around the Moon next year". Ars Technica . Retrieved 20 October 2024.
  29. ↑ "NASA Stacks First Artemis II Segment on Mobile Launcher – Artemis". blogs.nasa.gov. 20 November 2024. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
  30. ↑ Hambleton, Kathryn (8 March 2019). "NASA's Deep Space Exploration System is Coming Together". NASA . Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  31. ↑ Sloss, Philip (28 December 2018). "Crewed Orion spacecraft passes critical design review". NASASpaceFlight.com . Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
  32. ↑ Foust, Jeff (9 January 2024). "NASA delays Artemis 2 and 3 missions". SpaceNews . Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  33. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (5 December 2024). "NASA Missions to Return to the Moon Delayed Until 2026 and 2027". The New York Times . Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  34. ↑ Donaldson, Abbey A. (5 December 2024). "NASA Shares Orion Heat Shield Findings, Updates Artemis Moon Missions". NASA. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  35. 1 2 3
  36. ↑ "Canadian Space Agency astronauts Jenni Gibbons and Joshua Kutryk to contribute to future missions, from the International Space Station to the Moon". Cision . Longueuil, Quebec. CNW Group. 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  37. ↑ Nassar, Hana Mae (22 November 2023). "Canadian astronauts receive new assignments". CityNews. Vancouver. Archived from the original on 22 November 2023. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  38. ↑ Howell, Elizabeth (3 July 2024). "NASA announces Artemis 2 moon mission backup astronaut — Andre Douglas will support 2025 lunar liftoff". Space.com . Retrieved 6 July 2024.
  39. ↑ "NASA Announces its Artemis II Backup Crew Member for Moon Mission - NASA" . Retrieved 3 July 2024.
  40. ↑ Connolly, Amanda (16 December 2020). "A Canadian astronaut will be on NASA's Artemis deep space lunar orbit as well the first non American to leave earth orbit". Global News . Archived from the original on 16 December 2020. Retrieved 16 December 2020.
  41. ↑ Sloss, Philip (25 June 2020). "NASA studying practice rendezvous options for Artemis 2 Orion". NASASpaceFlight.com . Archived from the original on 27 June 2021. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
  42. 1 2 3 Murphy, Kendall (3 June 2021). "Lasers Light the Way for Artemis II Moon Mission". Exploration and Space Communications. NASA. Archived from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 6 April 2023.
  43. ↑ Schauer, Katherine (11 August 2022). "What's Next: The Future of NASA's Laser Communications". NASA . Archived from the original on 3 March 2023.
  44. ↑ "Artemis II". www.esa.int. Retrieved 3 June 2024.
  45. ↑ Wood, Charlie (25 February 2017). "Apollo 8 redux: Why NASA may send humans around the Moon, again". The Christian Science Monitor. Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 4 March 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.