Planetary Transportation Systems

Last updated

Planetary Transportation Systems GmbH
TypePrivate
Industry Aerospace
Founded2009
FounderRobert Böhme
FateActive
Headquarters
Berlin
,
Germany
ProductsLunar lander
ServicesLunar transportation
Website pts.space

Planetary Transportation Systems (PTS), formerly known as PTScientists and Part-Time Scientists, is a Berlin-based aerospace company. They developed the robotic lunar lander "ALINA" and seek to land on the Moon with it. They became the first German team to officially enter the Google Lunar X-Prize competition on June 24, 2009, [1] but failed to reach the finals in 2017 for lack of a launch contract. [2] During the summer of 2019, the company filed for bankruptcy, and the ALINA project was put on hold. In July 2021, PTS was selected with ArianeGroup to build ESA's ASTRIS kick-stage. [3]

Contents

PTScientists GmbH

PTScientists GmbH is the company representing the team competing at the Google Lunar X-Prize. The company opened offices in Berlin-Mahlsdorf in 2015. It sells payload for the Moon mission to individuals, organizations and companies. The cost for one kilogram of payload is between €700,000 and €800,000. [4] Furthermore, the know-how of the team is available as a consulting service. [5] As of April 2018, the European Space Agency was studying six private companies, including PTScientists, to work on potential ISRU payload delivery to the Moon surface by 2025. [6]

An additional source of income are merchandising products for the Moon mission. [7] [8] PTScientists lists several partners and sponsors in their web site. [9]

History

The planned landing site for ALINA is next to the Apollo 17 lander, located at Taurus-Littrow Apollo 17 landing site, labeled.jpg
The planned landing site for ALINA is next to the Apollo 17 lander, located at Taurus–Littrow

The PTScientists team formed in June 2009 as "Part-Time Scientists", when ten teams had already entered Google Lunar X-Prize (GLXP), which had started in 2007. Later the company PTScientists GmbH (Limited) was founded.

On August 22–23, 2009, the PTScientists presented their project at the Open Doors Day of the Federal Ministry for Education and Research.[ citation needed ]

On December 28, 2009, the team presented their mission at the 26th annual Chaos Communication Congress. In a two-hour presentation, the team provided a detailed overview of all parts of the project. This was the first time the European-made private lunar rover prototype had been presented to the public. [10] [11]

Early 2015 the team won awards in the categories Mobility and Vision, and a total of $750,000 in the Milestone Prizes of GLXP. [12]

During the Advertising Festival in Cannes, on June 23, 2015, Audi was announced as a main sponsor and the rover developer. [13] [14] As a result of this cooperation, the two identical rovers were named Audi Lunar Quattro during the 2016 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. [15]

Planned demo mission to the Moon

ALINA (Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module)
Landemodul ALINA und Mondrover der Part-Time Scientists.jpg
ALINA lander and ALQ rover
Mission typeRobotic lander and 2 rovers
OperatorPTScientists
Website mission-to-the-moon.com
Mission durationone lunar day (28 days) maximum
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftALINA
Spacecraft typelunar lander
ManufacturerPTScientists
Launch mass1,250 kg (2,760 lb) [16]
Landing massALINA: ~320 kg (710 lb)
Rovers: 30 kg (66 lb) each
Dry massALINA: 220 kg (490 lb)
Fuel mass: 930 kg (2,050 lb) [16]
Payload massALINA: 100 kg (220 lb) max.
Rovers: 5 kg (11 lb) max. each [16]
DimensionsALINA: 2.6 m × 2.2 m × 1.8 m
Rovers:
PowerALINA:
Rovers: 90 W [16]
Start of mission
Launch dateTBD [17]
Rocket Ariane 64 [17]
Contractor ArianeGroup [17]
Moon rover
Spacecraft component Audi Lunar Quattro-1 (ALQ-1) and Audi Lunar Quattro-2 (ALQ-2)
Landing site Taurus–Littrow
Transponders
Band X band and S band [16]
 

In March 2017, the group announced that they planned to perform the world's first private Moon landing [18] with a mission they now simply call "Mission to the Moon". A landing module called Autonomous Landing and Navigation Module (ALINA) would launch in 2021 [17] on an Ariane 64 rocket [17] to the surface of the Moon.

The ALINA lander would deploy two lunar rovers, but none of the three spacecraft are designed to endure the long lunar night. [16] The three spacecraft are technology demonstrators to showcase the lander's capabilities, including landing near the desired landing zone, roving, and real-time communication.

By late 2016, PTScientists had secured agreements to deliver payloads from the U.S., Canada and Sweden, [19] but only one payload (from NASA Ames) has been disclosed.

ALINA lander

ALINA is a lunar lander with a launch mass of 1,250 kg (2,760 lb) and a landing mass of about 320 kg (710 lb). [16] Its main engines are in a cluster of eight, each generating 200 newtons. It also features eight attitude control thrusters generating 10 newtons each. [16] ALINA is built to host three general types of payload, which are rovers, stationary and orbital (deployment of CubeSats), but for its first mission it will deploy two rovers and no satellites.

This mission aims to land 3 to 5 km (1.9 to 3.1 mi) away from the Apollo 17 landing site in the Taurus–Littrow lunar valley, [19] to locate and film from a distance the Lunar Roving Vehicle left there by NASA astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt in 1972 during the Apollo 17 mission. [18] PTScientists have pledged to preserve this and all other NASA and Soviet lunar landers and rovers as "world heritage" and through their support for For All Moonkind Inc. [20]

ALQ rovers

The Audi Lunar Quattro (ALQ) rovers are being[ when? ] developed by German automobile manufacturer Audi. [7] [21] The prototype rover is called Asimov Jr. R3, while the two flight rovers are named Audi Lunar Quattro (ALQ). [21] [22] The rovers feature four-wheel drive tranmision where each wheel is able to pivot 360° for special maneuvers, and their solar panel is able to tilt in the direction of the Sun for best power generation.

The rovers' projected maximum speed is 3.6 km/h (2.2 mph), and they will carry two stereo cameras to acquire 3D images, mounted to a moving head at the front of the vehicle. [19] ALINA lander will communicate with the rovers using technology based on Infineon chips, Nokia, and Vodafone's 4G LTE. [23] [7] In turn, the lander will communicate with Earth Control using the European Space Operations Centre (ESTRACK) network. [16]

Payload

Audi Lunar Rover (ALR) Audi Lunar Quattro1.jpg
Audi Lunar Rover (ALR)

In addition of hardware for a live video broadcast, the lander and rovers will carry commercial or scientific instruments for a fee. [7] The lander, ALINA, has a capacity for 100 kg (220 lb) including the two 30 kg rovers, and each rover has a capacity for 5 kg (11 lb) payload. [16]

During its first mission, the lander is envisaged to carry three customer payloads, including an experiment designed by NASA Ames, called Lunar Plant Growth Experiment (LPX). [24] [25] This is an experiment for investigating germination and initial plant growth when subject to the combined effects of lunar gravity and lunar surface radiation. [26] The experiment will try to grow Arabidopsis (a flowering plant), basil, sunflowers, and turnips in a sealed "biosphere" cylinder about 10 cm in diameter with life-support systems. [27] A miniature camera will photograph any growth. Research in such closed ecological systems inform astrobiology and the development of biological life support systems for long duration missions in space stations or space habitats for space farming. [28] [29] [30]

ESA lander study

In January 2019, ESA contractor Ariane Group announced that it has received a one-year contract from ESA to study a lunar lander concept to mine lunar regolith to extract natural resources. PTScientists were awarded a subcontract and are responsible for the payload delivery portion of the study. The mission would be launched on an Ariane 64 in 2025. [2]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Moon landing</span> Arrival of a spacecraft on the Moons surface

A Moon landing or lunar landing is the arrival of a spacecraft on the surface of the Moon. This includes both crewed and robotic missions. The first human-made object to touch the Moon was the Soviet Union's Luna 2, on 13 September 1959.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lunar lander</span> Spacecraft intended to land on the surface of the Moon

A lunar lander or Moon lander is a spacecraft designed to land on the surface of the Moon. As of 2023, the Apollo Lunar Module is the only lunar lander to have ever been used in human spaceflight, completing six lunar landings from 1969 to 1972 during the United States' Apollo Program. Several robotic landers have reached the surface, and some have returned samples to Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Exploration of the Moon</span> Missions to the Moon

The physical exploration of the Moon began when Luna 2, a space probe launched by the Soviet Union, made an impact on the surface of the Moon on September 14, 1959. Prior to that the only available means of exploration had been observation from Earth. The invention of the optical telescope brought about the first leap in the quality of lunar observations. Galileo Galilei is generally credited as the first person to use a telescope for astronomical purposes; having made his own telescope in 1609, the mountains and craters on the lunar surface were among his first observations using it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Google Lunar X Prize</span> Inducement prize space competition

The Google Lunar XPRIZE (GLXP) was a 2007–2018 inducement prize space competition organized by the X Prize Foundation, and sponsored by Google. The challenge called for privately funded teams to be the first to land a lunar rover on the Moon, travel 500 meters, and transmit back to Earth high-definition video and images.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Astrobotic Technology</span> American space robotics company

Astrobotic Technology is an American private company that is developing space robotics technology for lunar and planetary missions. It was founded in 2007 by Carnegie Mellon professor Red Whittaker and his associates with the goal of winning the Google Lunar X Prize. The company is based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The first launch of one of its spacecraft, the Peregrine lunar lander, is expected to take place in December 2023.

Moon Express is an American privately held early-stage company formed in 2010 by a group of Silicon Valley and space entrepreneurs. It had the goal of winning the $30 million Google Lunar X Prize, and of ultimately mining the Moon for natural resources of economic value. The company was not able to make a launch attempt to reach the Moon by March 31, 2018, the deadline for the prize.

The Rocket City Space Pioneers (RCSP) was one of 29 teams from 17 different countries officially registered and in the competition for the Google Lunar X PRIZE (GLXP) during 2010–2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SpaceIL</span> Israeli organization working on landing a spacecraft on the moon

SpaceIL is an Israeli organization, established in 2011, that competed in the Google Lunar X Prize (GLXP) contest to land a spacecraft on the Moon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Luna 27</span> Planned Russian lunar lander

Luna 27 is a planned lunar lander mission by the Roscosmos with collaboration by the European Space Agency (ESA) to send a lander to the South Pole–Aitken basin, an area on the far side of the Moon. Its objective will be to detect and characterise lunar polar volatiles. The mission is a continuation of the Luna-Glob programme.

MoonLIGHT is a laser retroreflector developed as a collaboration primarily between the University of Maryland in the United States, and the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics - National Laboratories of Frascati (INFN-LNF) to complement and expand on the Lunar Laser Ranging experiment started with the Apollo Program in 1969. MoonLIGHT was planned to be launched in July 2020 as a secondary payload on the MX-1E lunar lander built by the private company Moon Express. However, as of February 2020, the launch of the MX-1E has been canceled. In 2018 INFN proposed to the European Space Agency (ESA) the MoonLIGHT Pointing Actuators (MPAc) project and was contracted by ESA to deliver it. MPAc is an INFN development for ESA, with auxiliary support by the Italian Space Agency (ASI) for prototyping work. In 2021, ESA agreed with NASA to launch MPAc with a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) mission. Nova-C, the lander on which MPAc will be integrated, is designed by Intuitive Machines and the landing site is Reiner Gamma. The launch expected date is in 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Commercial Lunar Payload Services</span> NASA program contracting commercial transportation services to the Moon

Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) is a NASA program to contract transportation services able to send small robotic landers and rovers to the Moon's south polar region mostly with the goals of scouting for lunar resources, testing in situ resource utilization (ISRU) concepts, and performing lunar science to support the Artemis lunar program. CLPS is intended to buy end-to-end payload services between Earth and the lunar surface using fixed priced contracts. The program was extended to add support for large payloads starting after 2025.

Team AngelicvM is a private company based in Chile that plans to deploy a small rover on the Moon. Their rover, called Unity, is one of various rovers that will be carried by the commercial Peregrine lander manufactured by Astrobotic Technology.

ispace Inc. is a public Japanese company developing robotic spacecraft and other technology to compete for both transportation and exploration mission contracts from space agencies and other private industries. ispace's mission is to enable its clients to discover, map, and use natural lunar resources.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis program</span> NASA-led lunar exploration program

The Artemis program is a robotic and human Moon exploration program led by the United States' National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) along with six major partner agencies— the European Space Agency (ESA), the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the Israel Space Agency (ISA), and the Italian Space Agency (ASI). The Artemis program is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. The main parts of the program are the Space Launch System (SLS), the Orion spacecraft, the Lunar Gateway space station, and the commercial Human Landing Systems. The program's long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate the feasibility of human missions to Mars.

The Lunar Polar Exploration Mission (LUPEX) is a planned joint lunar mission by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). The mission would send an uncrewed lunar lander and rover to explore the south pole region of the Moon no earlier than 2026. JAXA is likely to provide the under-development H3 launch vehicle and the rover, while ISRO would be providing the lander.

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Space Applications Services is an independent Belgian company founded in 1987, with a subsidiary, Aerospace Applications North America, in Houston, USA. Its aim is to research and develop innovative systems, solutions and products and provide services to the aerospace and security markets and related industries. Its activities cover crewed and uncrewed spacecraft, launch/re-entry vehicles, control centres, robotics and a wide range of information systems. The company is EN 9100 certified and serves clients worldwide. It is owned and managed by its founders, Richard Aked and Leif Steinicke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Chandrayaan-3</span> Ongoing Indian lunar lander mission

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">First Lunar Outpost</span> 1989 Bush administration proposal to place humans on the Moon

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References

  1. ↑ "German Team Part-time-scientists Enters $30 Million Google Lunar X Prize Competition". SpaceRef. June 27, 2009. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  2. 1 2 Foust, Jeff (January 22, 2019). "ArianeGroup and PTScientists to study lunar lander mission for ESA". Space News . Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  3. ↑ admin-arianegroup. "ArianeGroup wins ESA's "ASTRIS" competition". ArianeGroup. Retrieved July 15, 2021.
  4. ↑ ptscientists.com/products/payload ALINA's payload. Accessed October 15, 2017.
  5. ↑ ptscientists.com/products/engineering-consultancy Accessed Oktober 15, 2017
  6. ↑ Giving ESA a helping hand to the Moon. PTScientists News Release. 26 April 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 4 The Mission Archived March 23, 2019, at the Wayback Machine . PTScientists' lunar mission home page. Accessed 12 July 2018.
  8. ↑ Imprint Archived June 25, 2018, at the Wayback Machine auf mission-to-the-moon.shop. Accessed Oktober 15, 2017
  9. ↑ ptscientists.com/partners. Accessed 2016-10-15
  10. ↑ online, heise. "26C3: Wie eine Handvoll Hacker den Mond erobern will". heise online.
  11. ↑ "Deutsches Team will Mond erobern und 30 Millionen Dollar gewinnen". Archived from the original on May 2, 2015. Retrieved July 23, 2010.
  12. ↑ Google Lunar XPrize Milestone Awards Announced Accessed 2016-03-29
  13. ↑ ptscientists.com Accessed 2016-06-27
  14. ↑ Mission to the Moon Archived July 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2016-06-27
  15. ↑ The Verge: Inside Audi's wonderfully improbable project to put a rover on the Moon Accessed 2016-03-29
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ALINA: Starter Payload User Guide (2018) Archived January 6, 2019, at the Wayback Machine . (PDF) PTScientists. 2018. Accessed on 3 January 2019.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Berlin-based New Space company PTScientists and European space company ArianeGroup agree on far-reaching cooperation for lunar missions. PTScientists' Press Release, published by SpeceRef on 8 May 2019.
  18. 1 2 "European rocket scientists pledge to make first private Moon landing in 2018". Daily Telegraph . March 19, 2017.
  19. 1 2 3 Part Time Scientists reserves rocket to land Audi moon rovers at Apollo 17 site. Collect Space. 29 November 2016.
  20. ↑ Private space company to return to Apollo 17 landing site – carefully! Spacewatch. 2017.
  21. 1 2 45 years after the last step on the moon, we are ready to take the next one. Archived October 13, 2018, at the Wayback Machine Audi. Accessed: 1 October 2018.
  22. ↑ PTScientists 'Mission to the Moon' to Take Care Not to Harm Apollo 17 Landing Site. Robert Z. Pearlman, Yahoo News. 7 December 2017.
  23. ↑ "Vodafone and Nokia to create first 4G network on Moon". www.vodafone.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2018. Retrieved March 14, 2018.
  24. ↑ Mission to the Moon Seeks Middle East Partners In Science and Resource Exploration. Spacewatch - Middle East. July 2017.
  25. ↑ Calling the Moon: Startup to put cellphone tower on the Moon. Tereza Pultarova, Fox News. 11 August 2017.
  26. ↑ Lunar Plants LPX Experiment. NASA. Accessed on 5 January 2019.
  27. ↑ NASA's Next Frontier: Growing Plants On The Moon. Tarun Wadhwa, Forbes. 2013.
  28. ↑ I. I. Gitelson; G. M. Lisovsky & R. D. MacElroy (2003). Manmade Closed Ecological Systems. Taylor & Francis. ISBN   0-415-29998-5.
  29. ↑ Greenhouses for Mars. Mamta Patel Nagaraja, NASA.
  30. ↑ "Need Oxygen On Mars? Get It From Bacteria! : SCIENCE". Tech Times. Retrieved November 8, 2015.
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