Draper Laboratory

Last updated
Draper Laboratory
TypeIndependent, non-profit corporation
Industry Defense
Space
Biomedical
Energy
FoundedMIT Confidential Instrument Development Laboratory (1932) [1]
The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. (1973)
Headquarters555 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139-3563
Number of locations
4
Key people
 Dr. Jerry M. Wohletz, President and CEO (2022–) [2]
Revenue$672.2 million (fiscal year 2020) [3]
Number of employees
1,700 [4] [5]
Website www.draper.com

Draper Laboratory is an American non-profit research and development organization, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts; its official name is The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc (sometimes abbreviated as CSDL). [6] The laboratory specializes in the design, development, and deployment of advanced technology solutions to problems in national security, space exploration, health care and energy.

Contents

The laboratory was founded in 1932 by Charles Stark Draper at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to develop aeronautical instrumentation, and came to be called the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. During this period the laboratory is best known for developing the Apollo Guidance Computer, the first silicon integrated circuit–based computer. [7] It was renamed for its founder in 1970, and separated from MIT in 1973 to become an independent, non-profit organization. [1] [7] [8]

The expertise of the laboratory staff includes the areas of guidance, navigation, and control technologies and systems; fault-tolerant computing; advanced algorithms and software systems; modeling and simulation; and microelectromechanical systems and multichip module technology. [9]

History

The display and keyboard (DSKY) interface of the Apollo Guidance Computer, mounted on the control panel of the Command Module, with the Flight Director Attitude Indicator (FDAI) above Dsky.jpg
The display and keyboard (DSKY) interface of the Apollo Guidance Computer, mounted on the control panel of the Command Module, with the Flight Director Attitude Indicator (FDAI) above

In 1932 Charles Stark Draper, an MIT aeronautics professor, founded a teaching laboratory to develop the instrumentation needed for tracking, controlling and navigating aircraft. During World War II, Draper's lab was known as the Confidential Instrument Development Laboratory. Later, the name was changed to the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory or I-Lab. As of 1970, it was located at 45 Osborn Street in Cambridge. [10]

The laboratory was renamed for its founder in 1970 and remained a part of MIT until 1973 when it became an independent, not-for-profit research and development corporation. [1] [7] [11] The transition to an independent corporation arose out of pressures for divestment of MIT laboratories doing military research at the time of the Vietnam War, despite the absence of a role of the laboratory in that war. [12]

As it divested from MIT, the laboratory was initially moved to 75 Cambridge Parkway and other scattered buildings near MIT, until a centralized new 450,000-square-foot (42,000 m2) building could be erected at 555 Technology Square. The complex, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (Chicago), was opened in 1976 (later renamed the "Robert A. Duffy Building" in 1992). [7]

In 1984, the newly-built 170,000-square-foot (16,000 m2) Albert G. Hill Building was opened at One Hampshire Street, and connected across the street to the main building via a securely enclosed pedestrian skybridge. [7] [13] However in 1989, Draper Lab was compelled to cut its workforce of over 2000 in half, through a combination of early retirement, attrition, and involuntary layoffs. [7] This drastic shrinkage was caused by cutbacks in defense funding, and changes in government contracting rules. [7] In response, Draper expanded its work addressing non-defense national goals in areas such as space exploration, energy resources, medicine, robotics, and artificial intelligence, and also took measures to increase its non-government work, [7] eventually growing to 1400 employees within the decade. [14]

In 2017, a formerly open-air courtyard between the original buildings was converted into an enclosed 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m2) multistory atrium to accommodate security scanning, reception, semipublic areas, temporary exhibition space, and employee dining facilities. [15] [14] The open, airy interior space, designed by Boston architects Elkus Manfredi, features a green wall planting and plentiful seating. [16] [17] [18]

A primary focus of the laboratory's programs throughout its history has been the development and early application of advanced guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) technologies to meet the needs of the US Department of Defense and NASA. The laboratory's achievements include the design and development of accurate and reliable guidance systems for undersea-launched ballistic missiles, as well as for the Apollo Guidance Computer that unfailingly guided the Apollo astronauts to the Moon and back safely to Earth. The Apollo project was led by Margaret Hamilton and included work by programmers such as Don Eyles, and Hal Laning.

The laboratory contributed to the development of inertial sensors, software, and other systems for the GN&C of commercial and military aircraft, submarines, strategic and tactical missiles, spacecraft, and uncrewed vehicles. [19] Inertial-based GN&C systems were central for navigating ballistic missile submarines for long periods of time undersea to avoid detection, and guiding their submarine-launched ballistic missiles to their targets, starting with the UGM-27 Polaris missile program.

Locations

Draper has locations in several US cities: [4]

Former locations include Tampa, Florida at University of South Florida (Bioengineering Center).

Technical areas

The original logo emphasized navigation and guidance technology; the laboratory has since diversified its areas of expertise Draper Laboratory.png
The original logo emphasized navigation and guidance technology; the laboratory has since diversified its areas of expertise

According to its website, [4] the laboratory staff applies its expertise to autonomous air, land, sea and space systems; information integration; distributed sensors and networks; precision-guided munitions; biomedical engineering; chemical/biological defense; and energy system modeling and management. When appropriate, Draper works with partners to transition their technology to commercial production.

The laboratory encompasses seven areas of technical expertise:

Notable projects

The USS George Washington (SSBN-598) relied on inertial navigation while submerged and its UGM-27 Polaris missiles relied on inertial guidance to find their targets. USS George Washington (SSBN-598) underway at sea, circa in the 1970s.jpg
The USS George Washington (SSBN-598) relied on inertial navigation while submerged and its UGM-27 Polaris missiles relied on inertial guidance to find their targets.

Project areas that have surfaced in the news referred to Draper Laboratory's core expertise in inertial navigation, as recently as 2003. More recently, emphasis has shifted to research in innovative space navigation topics, intelligent systems that rely on sensors and computers to make autonomous decisions, and nano-scale medical devices.

Inertial navigation

The laboratory staff has studied ways to integrate input from Global Positioning System (GPS) into Inertial navigation system-based navigation in order to lower costs and improve reliability. Military inertial navigation systems (INS) cannot totally rely on GPS satellite availability for course correction (which is necessitated by gradual error growth or "drift"), because of the threat of hostile blocking or jamming of signal. A less accurate inertial system usually means a less costly system, but one that requires more frequent recalibration of position from another source, like GPS. Systems which integrate GPS with INS are classified as "loosely coupled" (pre-1995), "tightly coupled" (1996-2002), or "deeply integrated" (2002 onwards), depending on the degree of integration of the hardware. [20] As of 2006, it was envisioned that many military and civilian uses would integrate GPS with INS, including the possibility of artillery shells with a deeply integrated system that can withstand 20,000 g, when fired from a cannon. [21]

Space navigation

The operation of the International Space Station employs several Draper Laboratory technologies. STS-134 International Space Station after undocking.jpg
The operation of the International Space Station employs several Draper Laboratory technologies.

In 2010 Draper Laboratory and MIT collaborated with two other partners as part of the Next Giant Leap team to win a grant towards achieving the Google Lunar X Prize send the first privately funded robot to the Moon. To qualify for the prize, the robot must travel 500 meters across the lunar surface and transmit video, images and other data back to Earth. A team developed a "Terrestrial Artificial Lunar and Reduced Gravity Simulator" to simulate operations in the space environment, using Draper Laboratory's guidance, navigation and control algorithm for reduced gravity. [22] [23]

In 2012, Draper Laboratory engineers in Houston, Texas developed a new method for turning the International Space Station, called the "optimal propellant maneuver", which achieved a 94 percent savings over previous practice. The algorithm takes into account everything that affects how the station moves, including "the position of its thrusters and the effects of gravity and gyroscopic torque". [24]

As of 2013, at a personal scale, Draper was developing a garment for use in orbit that uses Controlled Moment Gyros (CMGs) that creates resistance to movement of an astronaut's limbs to help mitigate bone loss and maintain muscle tone during prolonged space flight. The unit is called a Variable Vector Countermeasure suit, or V2Suit, which uses CMGs also to assist in balance and movement coordination by creating resistance to movement and an artificial sense of "down". Each CMG module is about the size of a deck of cards. The concept is for the garment to be worn "in the lead-up to landing back on Earth or periodically throughout a long mission". [25]

In 2013, a Draper/MIT/NASA team was also developing a CMG-augmented spacesuit that would expand the current capabilities of NASA's "Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue" (SAFER)—a spacesuit designed for "propulsive self-rescue" for when an astronaut accidentally becomes untethered from a spacecraft. The CMG-augmented suit would provide better counterforce than is now available for when astronauts use tools in low-gravity environments. Counterforce is available on Earth from gravity. Without it an applied force would result in an equal force in the opposite direction, either in a straight line or spinning. In space, this could send an astronaut out of control. Currently, astronauts must affix themselves to the surface being worked on. The CMGs would offer an alternative to mechanical connection or gravitational force. [26]

Commercial Lunar Payload Services

On November 29, 2018, Draper Laboratory was named a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) contractor by NASA, which makes it eligible to bid on delivering science and technology payloads to the Moon for NASA. [27] Draper Lab formally proposed a lunar lander called Artemis-7. [28] [29] The company explained that the number 7 denotes the 7th lunar lander mission in which Draper Laboratory would be involved, after the six Apollo lunar landings. [29] The lander concept is based on a design by a Japanese company called ispace, which is a team member of Draper in this venture. [30] Subcontractors in this venture include General Atomics which will manufacture the lander, and Spaceflight Industries, which will arrange launch services for the lander. [30] [31] As of September 2023, Draper and ispace are developing a lunar lander called APEX 1.0 to deliver CLPS payloads to the moon in 2026. [32]

Intelligent systems

Draper researchers develop artificial intelligence systems to allow robotic devices to learn from their mistakes, This work is in support of DARPA-funded work, pertaining to the Army Future Combat System. This capability would allow an autonomous under fire to learn that that road is dangerous and find a safer route or to recognize that its fuel status and damage status. As of 2008, Paul DeBitetto reportedly led the cognitive robotics group at the laboratory in this effort. [33]

As of 2009, the US Department of Homeland Security funded Draper Laboratory and other collaborators to develop a technology to detect potential terrorists with cameras and other sensors that monitor behaviors of people being screened. The project is called Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST). The application would be for security checkpoints to assess candidates for follow-up screening. In a demonstration of the technology, the project manager Robert P. Burns explained that the system is designed to distinguish between malicious intent and benign expressions of distress by employing a substantial body research into the psychology of deception. [34]

As of 2010 Neil Adams, a director of tactical systems programs for Draper Laboratory, led the systems integration of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's (DARPA) Nano Aerial Vehicle (NAV) program to miniaturize flying reconnaissance platforms. This entails managing the vehicle, communications and ground control systems allow NAVs to function autonomously to carry a sensor payload to achieve the intended mission. The NAVS must work in urban areas with little or no GPS signal availability, relying on vision-based sensors and systems. [35]

Medical systems

Microfluidic devices have the potential for implantation in humans to deliver corrective therapies. Microfluidics.jpg
Microfluidic devices have the potential for implantation in humans to deliver corrective therapies.

In 2009, Draper collaborated with the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary to develop an implantable drug-delivery device, which "merges aspects of microelectromechanical systems, or MEMS, with microfluidics, which enables the precise control of fluids on very small scales". The device is a "flexible, fluid-filled machine", which uses tubes that expand and contract to promote fluid flow through channels with a defined rhythm, driven by a micro-scale pump, which adapts to environmental input. The system, funded by the National Institutes of Health, may treat hearing loss by delivering "tiny amounts of a liquid drug to a very delicate region of the ear, the implant will allow sensory cells to regrow, ultimately restoring the patient's hearing". [36]

As of 2010, Heather Clark of Draper Laboratory was developing a method to measure blood glucose concentration without finger-pricking. The method uses a nano-sensor, like a miniature tattoo, just several millimeters across, that patients apply to the skin. The sensor uses near-infrared or visible light ranges to determine glucose concentrations. Normally to regulate their blood glucose levels, diabetics must measure their blood glucose several times a day by taking a drop of blood obtained by a pinprick and inserting the sample into a machine that can measure glucose level. The nano-sensor approach would supplant this process. [37]

Notable innovations

Laboratory staff worked in teams to create novel navigation systems, based on inertial guidance and on digital computers to support the necessary calculations for determining spatial positioning.

Outreach programs

Draper Laboratory applies some of its resources to developing and recognizing technical talent through educational programs and public exhibitions. It also sponsors the Charles Stark Draper Prize, one of the three so-called "Nobel Prizes of Engineering" administered by the US National Academy of Engineering.

Exhibitions

Apollo Guidance Computer at the Hack the Moon exhibition, with a picture of software pioneer Margaret Hamilton at upper right Apollo Gudiance Computer at Draper Hack the Moon exhibit.agr.jpg
Apollo Guidance Computer at the Hack the Moon exhibition, with a picture of software pioneer Margaret Hamilton at upper right

From time to time, Draper Laboratory hosts free exhibitions and events open to the public, which are presented in special semi-public spaces at the front of the central atrium space in the main Duffy Building. For example, in 2019 Draper presented Hack the Moon, a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the first Apollo Moon landing on July 20, 1969. The exhibition featured artifacts, such as the Apollo Guidance Computer hardware developed at Draper, and the mission software developed by Draper staffers including Don Eyles, Margaret Hamilton, and Hal Laning. Visitors could practice landing the Apollo Lunar Module on a software simulator, and then attempt to land while riding inside a full-sized motion simulator like the one used by the astronauts to practice the actual mission. Talks by Draper staffers and retirees, and free public concerts rounded out the festivities. A special Hack the Moon website was created to memorialize the celebration. [46] [47] [48]

Other exhibitions have highlighted different aspects of the research projects conducted at Draper, including information about employment opportunities. All visitors must pass through a security scanner similar to those used at airports, but special security clearances are not required to access the semi-public areas. [49]

Technical education

The research-based Draper Fellow Program sponsors about 50 graduate students each year. [50] Students are trained to fill leadership positions in the government, military, industry, and education. The laboratory also supports on-campus funded research with faculty and principal investigators through the University R&D program. It offers undergraduate student employment and internship opportunities.

Draper Laboratory conducts a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) K–12 and community education outreach program, which it established in 1984. [51] Each year, the laboratory distributes more than $175,000 through its community relations programs. [52] These funds include support of internships, co-ops, participation in science festivals and the provision of tours and speakers-is an extension of this mission. [53]

As of 2021, Draper Laboratory also sponsors Draper Spark!Lab, at the National Museum of American History on the National Mall in Washington, DC. The hands-on invention workspace operated by the Smithsonian Institution is free to all visitors, and focuses on educational activities for children aged 6 to 12 years. [54]

Draper Prize

The company endows the Charles Stark Draper Prize, which is administered by the National Academy of Engineering. It is awarded "to recognize innovative engineering achievements and their reduction to practice in ways that have led to important benefits and significant improvement in the well-being and freedom of humanity". Achievements in any engineering discipline are eligible for the $500,000 prize. [55]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Navigation</span> Process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another

Navigation is a field of study that focuses on the process of monitoring and controlling the movement of a craft or vehicle from one place to another. The field of navigation includes four general categories: land navigation, marine navigation, aeronautic navigation, and space navigation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollo Guidance Computer</span> Guidance and navigation computer used in Apollo spacecraft

The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was a digital computer produced for the Apollo program that was installed on board each Apollo command module (CM) and Apollo Lunar Module (LM). The AGC provided computation and electronic interfaces for guidance, navigation, and control of the spacecraft. The AGC was the first computer based on silicon integrated circuits. The computer's performance was comparable to the first generation of home computers from the late 1970s, such as the Apple II, TRS-80, and Commodore PET.

A guidance system is a virtual or physical device, or a group of devices implementing a controlling the movement of a ship, aircraft, missile, rocket, satellite, or any other moving object. Guidance is the process of calculating the changes in position, velocity, altitude, and/or rotation rates of a moving object required to follow a certain trajectory and/or altitude profile based on information about the object's state of motion.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Stark Draper</span> American engineer

Charles Stark "Doc" Draper was an American scientist and engineer, known as the "father of inertial navigation". He was the founder and director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Instrumentation Laboratory, later renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, which made the Apollo Moon landings possible through the Apollo Guidance Computer it designed for NASA.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Apollo PGNCS</span> Apollo spacecraft guidance system

The Apollo primary guidance, navigation, and control system was a self-contained inertial guidance system that allowed Apollo spacecraft to carry out their missions when communications with Earth were interrupted, either as expected, when the spacecraft were behind the Moon, or in case of a communications failure. The Apollo command module (CM) and lunar module (LM), were each equipped with a version of PGNCS. PGNCS, and specifically its computer, were also the command center for all system inputs from the LM, including the alignment optical telescope, the radar system, the manual translation and rotation device inputs by the astronauts as well as other inputs from the LM systems.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bradford Parkinson</span> American engineer

Bradford Parkinson is an American engineer and inventor, retired United States Air Force Colonel and Emeritus Professor at Stanford University. He is best known as the lead architect, advocate and developer, with early contributions from Ivan Getting and Roger Easton, of the Air Force NAVSTAR program, better known as Global Positioning System.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flight controller</span> Person who aids in spaceflight activities

Flight controllers are personnel who aid space flight by working in such Mission Control Centers as NASA's Mission Control Center or ESA's European Space Operations Centre. Flight controllers work at computer consoles and use telemetry to monitor various technical aspects of a space mission in real-time. Each controller is an expert in a specific area and constantly communicates with additional experts in the "back room". The flight director, who leads the flight controllers, monitors the activities of a team of flight controllers, and has overall responsibility for success and safety.

A PIGA is a type of accelerometer that can measure acceleration and simultaneously integrates this acceleration against time to produce a speed measure as well. The PIGA's main use is in Inertial Navigation Systems (INS) for guidance of aircraft and most particularly for ballistic missile guidance. It is valued for its extremely high sensitivity and accuracy in conjunction with operation over a wide acceleration range. The PIGA is still considered the premier instrument for strategic grade missile guidance, though systems based on MEMS technology are attractive for lower performance requirements.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Guidance, navigation, and control</span> Branch of engineering

Guidance, navigation and control is a branch of engineering dealing with the design of systems to control the movement of vehicles, especially, automobiles, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. In many cases these functions can be performed by trained humans. However, because of the speed of, for example, a rocket's dynamics, human reaction time is too slow to control this movement. Therefore, systems—now almost exclusively digital electronic—are used for such control. Even in cases where humans can perform these functions, it is often the case that GNC systems provide benefits such as alleviating operator work load, smoothing turbulence, fuel savings, etc. In addition, sophisticated applications of GNC enable automatic or remote control.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Donald J. Atwood Jr.</span>

Donald Jesse Atwood Jr. was appointed Deputy Secretary of Defense for U.S. President George H. W. Bush in 1989. Atwood wrote the proposal and directed the organization that developed and built the Apollo guidance system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ASC-15</span>

The ASC-15 was a digital computer developed by International Business Machines (IBM) for use on the Titan II intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). It was subsequently modified and used on the Titan III and Saturn I Block II launch vehicles.

Albert L. Hopkins Jr. was an American computer designer. He worked at the US MIT Instrumentation Laboratory during the development of the Apollo Guidance, Navigation, and Control System, or the GN&C. The system was designed in two forms, one for the command module and one for the lunar module. The CM version included an optical system with an integrated scanning telescope and sextant for erecting and correcting the inertial platform. Albert Hopkins received a Ph.D. from Harvard University under Howard Aiken, he then joined the MIT Instrumentation Lab where he was Assistant Director; together with Ramon Alonso, and Hugh Blair-Smith he was a member of the group that designed the computer, designated AGC for Apollo Guidance Computer, identical in the CM and LM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">J. Halcombe Laning</span> American computer engineer

J. Halcombe "Hal" Laning Jr. was a Massachusetts Institute of Technology computer pioneer who in 1952 invented an algebraic compiler called George that ran on the MIT Whirlwind, the first real-time computer. Laning designed George to be an easier-to-use alternative to assembly language for entering mathematical equations into a computer. He later became a key contributor to the 1960s race to the Moon, with pioneering work on space-based guidance systems for the Apollo Moon missions. From 1955 to 1980, he was deputy associate director of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Inertial navigation system</span> Continuously computed dead reckoning

An inertial navigation system is a navigation device that uses motion sensors (accelerometers), rotation sensors (gyroscopes) and a computer to continuously calculate by dead reckoning the position, the orientation, and the velocity of a moving object without the need for external references. Often the inertial sensors are supplemented by a barometric altimeter and sometimes by magnetic sensors (magnetometers) and/or speed measuring devices. INSs are used on mobile robots and on vehicles such as ships, aircraft, submarines, guided missiles, and spacecraft. Older INS systems generally used an inertial platform as their mounting point to the vehicle and the terms are sometimes considered synonymous.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)</span> United States software engineer (born 1936)

Margaret Elaine Hamilton is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. She was director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for NASA's Apollo program. She later founded two software companies—Higher Order Software in 1976 and Hamilton Technologies in 1986, both in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The Rocket City Space Pioneers (RCSP) was one of 29 teams from 17 different countries officially registered and in the competition for the Google Lunar X PRIZE (GLXP) during 2010–2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology</span>

Autonomous Landing Hazard Avoidance Technology (ALHAT) is technology NASA is developing to autonomously land spacecraft on the Moon, Mars or even an asteroid.

Richard "Dick" Horace Battin was an American engineer, applied mathematician and educator who led the design of the Apollo guidance computer during the Apollo missions during the 1960s.

<i>The Women of Apollo</i>

The Women of Apollo is a book written by Robyn C. Friend, illustrated by David Katz, about 4 women who participated in the United States space program during the Apollo Program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Paul Blasingame</span> American engineer (1919–2015)

Benjamin Paul Blasingame was a United States Air Force (USAF) officer and engineer who played an important role in the development of the Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM) and inertial navigation systems.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc.—History". Funding Universe. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  2. ↑ "Our Leadership" (Press release). Cambridge, MA: The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Retrieved 6 March 2023.
  3. ↑ "The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory revenue". Craft. Craft Co. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  4. 1 2 3 "Profile: Draper". The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  5. ↑ Levy, Mark (10 October 2009). "The top 10 employers in Cambridge—and how to contact them". Cambridge Day.
  6. ↑ "Founding Consortium Institution: The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc". Center for Integration of Medicine and Innovative Technology (CIMIT). Archived from the original on 2011-12-13.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Morgan, Christopher; O'Connor, Joseph; Hoag, David (1998). "Draper at 25—Innovation for the 21st Century" (PDF). The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  8. ↑ "Draper Laboratory". MIT Course Catalog 2013–2014. MIT.
  9. ↑ "Draper Overview, our Global Challenges Initiative, and Selected Projects" (PDF). The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  10. ↑ MIT I-Lab demonstration: protesters marching past the Instrumentation Laboratory, February 1970 (photo)
  11. ↑ "History". The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  12. ↑ Leslie, Stuart W. (2010). Kaiser, David (ed.). Becoming MIT: Moments of Decision. MIT Press. pp. 124–137. ISBN   978-0-262-11323-6.
  13. ↑ "Albert Hill, developer of radar and air defenses, dies at 86". MIT News. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. October 30, 1996. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  14. 1 2 O'Brien, Kelly J. "First look: Draper shows off $60M atrium and newest tech". Boston Business Journal. American City Business Journals. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
  15. ↑ "Draper Breaks Ground on $60 Million Addition". Draper. The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  16. ↑ "The Atrium at Draper". Vanceva Color Studio. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  17. ↑ "Draper Laboratory Project". Kubikoff. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  18. ↑ "Draper Labs". Haworth. Haworth Inc. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  19. ↑ NASA, Official Historian, Astronavigation - The First Apollo Contract, NASA, retrieved 2013-12-23
  20. 1 2 Schmidt, G.; Phillips, R. (October 2003). "INS/GPS Integration Architectures" (PDF). NATO RTO Lecture. NATO. Advances in Navigation Sensors and Integration Technology (232): 5-1–5-15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-30. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  21. 1 2 Schmidt, George T. "INS/GPS Technology Trends" (PDF). NATO R&T Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-24. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  22. ↑ Klamper, Amy (13 April 2011). "Draper, MIT Students Test Lunar Hopper with Eyes on Prize". Space News. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  23. ↑ Wall, Mike (27 January 2011). "Coming Soon: Hopping Moon Robots for Private Lunar Landing". Space.com. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  24. ↑ Bleicher, Ariel (2 August 2012). "NASA Saves Big on Fuel in ISS Rotation". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  25. ↑ Kolawole, Emi (1 June 2013). "When you think gyroscopes, go ahead and think the future of spacesuits and jet packs, too". The Washington Post . Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  26. ↑ Garber, Megan (30 May 2013). "The Future of the Spacesuit—It involves gyroscopes. And better jetpacks". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2013-12-25.
  27. ↑ "NASA Announces New Partnerships for Commercial Lunar Payload Delivery Services". NASA. 29 November 2018. Retrieved November 29, 2018.
  28. ↑ Draper developing technologies for lunar landings. Jeff Foust, Space News. 18 July 2019.
  29. 1 2 Draper bids on NASA commercial lunar lander competition. Jeff Foust, Space News. 10 October 2018.
  30. 1 2 Draper Unveils Team for NASA's Next Moonshot. Draper Laboratory press release on 9 October 2018.
  31. ↑ NASA to soon announce winner of first commercial lunar lander competition. Stephen Clark, Spaceflight Now. May 2019.
  32. ↑ Foust, Jeff (29 September 2023). "Ispace revises design of lunar lander for NASA CLPS mission". SpaceNews . Retrieved 30 September 2023.
  33. ↑ Jean, Grace V. (March 2008). "Robots Get Smarter, But Who Will Buy Them?". National Defense. National Defense Industrial Association. Archived from the original on 2013-12-25. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  34. ↑ Johnson, Carolyn Y. (September 18, 2009). "Spotting a terrorist—Next-generation system for detecting suspects in public settings holds promise, sparks privacy concerns". The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  35. ↑ Smith, Ned (1 July 2010). "Military Plans Hummingbird-Sized Spies in the Sky". Tech News Daily. Archived from the original on 2014-02-23. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  36. ↑ Borenstein, Jeffrey T. (30 October 2009). "Flexible Microsystems Deliver Drugs Through the Ear—A MEMS-based microfluidic implant could open up many difficult-to-treat diseases to drug therapy". IEEE Spectrum. Retrieved 2013-12-23.
  37. ↑ Kranz, Rebecca; Gwosdow, Andrea (September 2009). "Honey I Shrunk the...Sensor?". What a Year. Massachusetts Society for Medical Research. Retrieved 2013-12-24.
  38. ↑ "U.S. Navy Mark 14 Gunsight, MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, 1940s" Archived 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine . MIT Museum. Retrieved 2011-08-16.
  39. ↑ Gruntman, Mike (2004). Blazing the Trail: The Early History of Spacecraft and Rocketry. AIAA. p. 204. ISBN   9781563477058.
  40. ↑ Battin, Richard H. (1995-06-07). "On algebraic compilers and planetary fly-by orbits". Acta Astronautica. Jerusalem. 38 (12): 895–902. Bibcode:1996AcAau..38..895B. doi:10.1016/s0094-5765(96)00095-1.
  41. ↑ Spinardi, Graham (1994). From Polaris to Trident: The Development of US Fleet Ballistic Missile. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–45.
  42. ↑ Hall, Eldon C. (1996). Journey to the Moon: The History of the Apollo Guidance Computer. AIAA. ISBN   9781563471858.
  43. ↑ "Draper, Digital Fly-by-Wire Team Enters Space Hall of Fame". Space Foundation. 15 April 2010. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  44. ↑ Rennels, David A. (1999). "Fault-Tolerant Computing" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Computer Science. UCLA. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  45. ↑ Sarvestani, Arezu (8 June 2011). "Draper's tiny bio-MEM tech goes from a head-scratcher to a no-brainer". Mass Device. Massachusetts Medical Devices Journal. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  46. ↑ "Hack the Moon". Hack the Moon. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  47. ↑ "Digital Trove of Apollo Artifacts Debuts on Draper's New Website: Hack the Moon". Cision PRWeb. Vocus PRW Holdings, LLC. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  48. ↑ Jungreis, Max (July 19, 2019). "Draper dusts off treasures of the Apollo era - The Boston Globe". BostonGlobe.com. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  49. ↑ "Visitor Information". Draper. The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  50. ↑ Donnelly, Julie M. (4 January 2011). "Draper program prepares fellows for advanced, niche roles". Mass High Tech. Boston Business Journal. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  51. ↑ Mytko, Denise. "Educational Outreach". The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  52. ↑ "2010 Tech Citizenship honoree: Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Inc". Mass High Tech. Boston Business Journal. 23 November 2010. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  53. ↑ Mytko, Denise. "Community Relations". The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Archived from the original on 2011-06-12. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
  54. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions about Spark!Lab". Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation. Smithsonian Institution. 14 March 2020. Retrieved 2021-02-24.
  55. ↑ "Charles Stark Draper Prize for Engineering". National Academy of Engineering. 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-12-28.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.