Arabidopsis

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Arabidopsis
Arabidopsis thaliana sl12.jpg
Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Brassicales
Family: Brassicaceae
Genus: Arabidopsis
Heynh. in Holl & Heynh.
Type species
Arabidopsis thaliana
L.
Species

See text

Synonyms

Cardaminopsis (C.A.Mey.) Hayek

Arabidopsis (rockcress) is a genus in the family Brassicaceae. They are small flowering plants related to cabbage and mustard. This genus is of great interest since it contains thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana), one of the model organisms used for studying plant biology and the first plant to have its entire genome sequenced. Changes in thale cress are easily observed, making it a very useful model.

Contents

Status

Currently, the genus Arabidopsis has nine species and a further eight subspecies recognised. This delimitation is quite recent and is based on morphological and molecular phylogenies by O'Kane and Al-Shehbaz [1] [2] and others.

Their findings confirm the species formerly included in Arabidopsis made it polyphyletic. The most recent reclassification moves two species previously placed in Cardaminopsis and Hylandra and three species of Arabis into Arabidopsis, but excludes 50 that have been moved into the new genera Beringia, Crucihimalaya, Ianhedgea, Olimarabidopsis , and Pseudoarabidopsis .

All of the species in Arabidopsis are indigenous to Europe, while two of the species have broad ranges also extending into North America and Asia.

In the last two decades, Arabidopsis thaliana has gained much interest from the scientific community as a model organism for research on numerous aspects of plant biology. The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) [3] is a curated online information source for Arabidopsis thaliana genetic and molecular biology research, and The Arabidopsis Book [4] is an online compilation of invited chapters on Arabidopsis thaliana biology. (Note that as of 2013 no further chapters will be published.) In Europe, the model organism resource centre for Arabidopsis thaliana germplasm, bioinformatics and molecular biology resources (including GeneChips) is the Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre (NASC) whilst in North America germplasm services are provided by the Arabidopsis Biological Resource Center (ABRC) based at Ohio State University. The ordering system for ABRC was incorporated into the TAIR database in June 2001 whilst NASC has always (since 1991) hosted its own ordering system and genome browser.

In 1982, the crew of the Soviet Salyut 7 space station grew some Arabidopsis, thus becoming the first plants to flower and produce seeds in space. They had a life span of 40 days. [5] Arabidopsis thaliana seeds were taken to the Moon on the Chang'e 4 lander in 2019, as part of a student experiment. As of May 2022 Arabidopsis thaliana has successfully been grown in samples of lunar soil. [6]

Arabidopsis is quite similar to the Boechera genus.

List of species and subspecies

Reclassified species

The following species previously placed in Arabidopsis are not currently considered part of the genus.

Cytogenetics

Cytogenetic analysis has shown the haploid chromosome number (n) is variable and varies across species in the genus: [7]

A. thaliana is n=5 [8] and the DNA sequencing of this species was completed in 2001. A. lyrata has n=8 but some subspecies or populations are tetraploid. [9] Various subspecies A. arenosa have n=8 but can be either 2n (diploid) or 4n (tetraploid). [10] A. suecica is n=13 (5+8) and is an amphidiploid species originated through hybridization between A. thaliana and diploid A. arenosa. [11]

A. neglecta is n=8, as are the various subspecies of A. halleri. [10]

As of 2005, A. cebennensis, A. croatica and A. pedemontana have not been investigated cytologically.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brassicaceae</span> Family of flowering plants

Brassicaceae or Cruciferae is a medium-sized and economically important family of flowering plants commonly known as the mustards, the crucifers, or the cabbage family. Most are herbaceous plants, while some are shrubs. The leaves are simple, lack stipules, and appear alternately on stems or in rosettes. The inflorescences are terminal and lack bracts. The flowers have four free sepals, four free alternating petals, two shorter free stamens and four longer free stamens. The fruit has seeds in rows, divided by a thin wall.

<i>Cardamine</i> Genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family Brassicaceae

Cardamine is a large genus of flowering plants in the mustard family, Brassicaceae, known as bittercresses and toothworts. It contains more than 200 species of annuals and perennials. Species in this genus can be found in diverse habitats worldwide, except the Antarctic. The name Cardamine is derived from the Greek kardaminē, water cress, from kardamon, pepper grass.

<i>Arabis</i> Genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family Brassicaceae

Arabis, or rockcress, is a genus of flowering plants, within the family Brassicaceae.

<i>Boechera</i> Genus of plants

Boechera (rockcress) is a genus of the family Brassicaceae. It was named after the Danish botanist Tyge W. Böcher (1909–1983), who was known for his research in alpine plants, including the mustards Draba and Boechera holboellii. According to recent molecular-based studies, Boechera is closely related to the genus Arabidopsis which also includes the widely known model plant Arabidopsis thaliana.

<i>Streptanthus</i> Genus of flowering plants

Streptanthus is a genus of plants within the family Brassicaceae. There are 58 known species within the genus Streptanthus, distributed through the western and south-central United States and northern Mexico. The common names for this genus are twistflower and jewelflower. Twenty-four of the species and eleven lesser taxa occur in California, thirty-two of which are California endemics; seventeen of these California taxa are classified as rare plants.

Ihsan Ali Al-Shehbaz is an American botanist who works as adjunct professor at University of Missouri-St. Louis and Senior Curator at Missouri Botanical Garden. Al-Shehbaz's primary area of interest is Brassicaceae and The Durango Herald called him "a world expert on taxonomy of the family". A 2008 publication of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service called him "the world's authority on species in the genus Lesquerella". The author abbreviation "Al-Shehbaz" is attached to the numerous botanical taxa he has identified.

<i>Arabidopsis lyrata</i> Species of flowering plant

Arabidopsis lyrata, the lyrate rockcress, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae, closely related to the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana.

<i>Paysonia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Paysonia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae. They are generally referred to by the common name bladderpod or mustard. The genus is found in southern North America. Until 2002 it was considered to be part of the genus Lesquerella but was separated based on genetic and morphological features.

<i>Turritis</i> Genus of flowering plants

Turritis is a plant genus in the family Brassicaceae. It contains the following two species:

<i>Arabidopsis arenosa</i> Species of flowering plant

Arabidopsis arenosa, the sand rock-cress, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. It is found mostly in Central Europe in both a diploid and an autotetraploid form. This sets it apart from the other, mostly diploid, Arabidopsis species including the closely related Arabidopsis lyrata or Arabidopsis thaliana, the model plant species.

Arabidopsis arenicola, the Arctic rock-cress, is a plant species native to the northeastern part of North America. It has been reported from Greenland, Labrador, Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Québec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. It grows on sandy or gravely beaches or stream banks at elevations below 1,500 metres (4,900 ft).

<i>Parrya</i> Genus of Brassicaceae plants

Parrya is a genus of flowering plants in the family Brassicaceae, found in the arctic and subarctic biomes of the Northern Hemisphere, and in Central Asia. The center of diversity is the Tian Shan and Pamir-Alay mountain ranges.

<i>Transberingia</i> Genus of flowering plants

Transberingia is a genus of plants found in Russia, Greenland, and North America. It is in the family Brassicaceae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sexual selection in Arabidopsis thaliana</span> Mode of natural selection in plants

Sexual selection in Arabidopsis thaliana is a mode of natural selection by which the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana selects mates to maximize reproductive success.

<i>Crucihimalaya</i> Genus of flowering plants

Crucihimalaya is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae.

Ianhedgea is a monotypic genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae. The only species is Ianhedgea minutiflora.

Olimarabidopsis is a genus of flowering plants belonging to the family Brassicaceae.

Eutrema salsugineum, the saltwater cress or salt-lick mustard, is a species of flowering plant in the family Brassicaceae. A petite annual or biennial, it is native to Central Asia, Siberia, Mongolia, northern and eastern China, northwestern and western Canada, Montana and Colorado in the United States, and Nuevo León in Mexico. An extremophile halophyte, it is a close relative of the model organism Arabidopsis thaliana and has been adopted to study salt, drought, and cold stress resistance in plants, including having its genome sequenced.

References

  1. O'Kane, Steve L.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (1997). "A synopsis of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae)". Novon. 7 (3): 323. doi:10.2307/3391949. JSTOR   3391949.
  2. O'Kane, Steve L.; Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A. (2003). "Phylogenetic position and generic limits of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) based on sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 90 (4): 603. doi:10.2307/3298545. JSTOR   3298545. S2CID   85316468.
  3. The Arabidopsis Information Resource
  4. "The Arabidopsis Book". American Society of Plant Biologists. 2019-04-13. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
  5. "First species of plant to flower in space". Guinness World Records. Retrieved 2017-03-10.
  6. Keeter, Bill (2022-05-12). "Scientists Grow Plants in Lunar Soil". NASA. Retrieved 2022-05-13.
  7. Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; O'Kane Jr, Steve L. (2002). "Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae)". The Arabidopsis Book. Volume 1. Vol. 1. The American Society of Plant Biologists. pp. e0001. doi:10.1199/tab.0001. PMC   3243115 . PMID   22303187.{{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help)
  8. Lysak, M. A; Berr, A; Pecinka, A; Schmidt, R; McBreen, K; Schubert, I (2006). "Mechanisms of chromosome number reduction in Arabidopsis thaliana and related Brassicaceae species". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 103 (13): 5224–5229. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.5224L. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0510791103 . PMC   1458822 . PMID   16549785.
  9. Dart, Sara; Kron, Paul; Mable, Barbara K (2004). "Characterizing polyploidy in Arabidopsis lyrata using chromosome counts and flow cytometry". Canadian Journal of Botany. 82 (2): 185. doi:10.1139/b03-134.
  10. 1 2 Joly, Simon; Schmickl, Roswitha; Paule, Juraj; Klein, Johannes; Marhold, Karol; Koch, Marcus A. (2012). "The Evolutionary History of the Arabidopsis arenosa Complex: Diverse Tetraploids Mask the Western Carpathian Center of Species and Genetic Diversity". PLOS ONE. 7 (8): e42691. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...742691S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042691 . ISSN   1932-6203. PMC   3411824 . PMID   22880083.
  11. Jakobsson, Mattias; Hagenblad, Jenny; Tavaré, Simon; SäLl, Torbjörn; Halldén, Christer; Lind-Halldén, Christina; Nordborg, Magnus (2006). "A Unique Recent Origin of the Allotetraploid Species Arabidopsis suecica: Evidence from Nuclear DNA Markers". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (6): 1217–31. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msk006 . PMID   16549398.

Further reading