Exploration Ground Systems

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NASA's Exploration Ground Systems Program
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Exploration Ground Systems logo
Program overview
CountryUnited States
Organization NASA
StatusOngoing

NASA's Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) Program is one of three programs based at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. EGS was established to develop and operate the systems and facilities necessary to process and launch rockets and spacecraft during assembly, transport and launch. [1] EGS is preparing the infrastructure to support NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and its payloads, such as the Orion spacecraft for Artemis I. [2] [3] Artemis I is the first to launch in a series of increasingly complex missions that will enable human exploration to the Moon and Mars. [4] [5] [6]

Contents

EGS assets

EGS holds and operates the following assets:

History

EGS was originally entitled the Ground Systems Development and Operations (GSDO) Program. [7] It has its roots in the Constellation program (2005-2010), but only took control of assets and commenced operations under SLS (from 2010). For example, after the final launch of the Space Shuttle, GSDO took responsibility for LC-39A. [8] : 7  However, there were no plans to use this pad, and basic maintenance was costing millions per year. In 2013, NASA signed a long-term lease of LC-39A to SpaceX. Blue Origin filed a protest to the Government Accountability Office that the pad should not be made exclusive, and should be operated by a tenant that would sublease to multiple different users and rockets to take advantage of. However, the GAO rejected this petition and allowed the lease to SpaceX, as there was no stated preference by NASA for or against a multiuser approach. [9]

EGS was intended in general to "support several different kinds of spacecraft and rockets that are in development ... unlike previous work focusing on a single kind of launch vehicle, such as the Saturn V or Space Shuttle ... EGS's mission is to transform the center from a historically government-only launch complex to a spaceport that can handle several different kinds of spacecraft and rockets—both government and commercial.". [2] The other LC-39 pad, LC-39B, specifically was intended to support multiple users. [9] However, as time went on, the alternate launch vehicles that were to use LC-39B were all eventually removed from the plan or canceled entirely, such as Liberty and OmegA. OmegA was the final removal, with its cancellation and planned demolition of its launch tower in September 2020. This leaves EGS solely focused on supporting the Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft, meaning LC-39B will enjoy at most one launch per year under current launch manifests. [10] In the end, LC-39A is leased exclusively to SpaceX, and LC-39B will be used exclusively by SLS for the foreseeable future.

Charlie Blackwell-Thompson serves as launch director for NASA's Exploration Ground Systems Program. She will oversee the countdown and liftoff of NASA's Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft. Named to the position in January 2016, Blackwell-Thompson is NASA's first female launch director. [11] [12]

Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, Artemis I launch director, is seen in Firing Room One of the Rocco A. Petrone Launch Control Center as NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard atop a mobile launcher rolls out of High Bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time to Launch Complex 39B, Thursday, March 17, 2022, at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Artemis I First Rollout (NHQ202203170052).jpg
Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, Artemis I launch director, is seen in Firing Room One of the Rocco A. Petrone Launch Control Center as NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket with the Orion spacecraft aboard atop a mobile launcher rolls out of High Bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time to Launch Complex 39B, Thursday, March 17, 2022, at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

Launch platforms

ML-1 Structure, Umbilicals, and Accessories NASA OIG 20-013 Figure 3.png
ML-1 Structure, Umbilicals, and Accessories
Comparison Between ML-1 and ML-2 Concepts NASA OIG 20-013 Figure 4.jpg
Comparison Between ML-1 and ML-2 Concepts
ML-1 SLS mobile launch platform and tower.jpg
ML-1

One of the primary activities of EGS has been to prepare all infrastructure needed to launch SLS. SLS will use a mobile launcher platform, which is a launch structure that moves out with the rocket to the launch pad (LC-39B), carried atop a Crawler Transporter.

ML-1 for SLS block 1

Under the Constellation program, a new platform was constructed, called Mobile Launcher-1 (ML-1), for the Ares I. This initial construction was completed in August 2010, at a cost of $234 million. [13] : i  After the cancellation of Constellation and the beginning of SLS, NASA decided to modify ML-1 for SLS. In August 2011, it was estimated that modifying ML-1 would cost $54M, modifying the old Space Shuttle launch platform would cost $93M, and building a brand new platform would cost $122M. [13] : ii  However, in March 2020, a report from the NASA Inspector General came out, stating that ML-1 is running 3 years behind schedule and had cost $927M in total ($234M for the initial construction for Ares, and $693M for adapting it for SLS). [14] [15] The program manager of EGS stated in January 2020 that: "The EGS team has finished mobile launcher testing at the launch pad and will finish testing at the VAB in January. At that point, all of the launch infrastructure will be tested and ready for operations." [16] ML-1 is only tall enough to be used for Block 1 of the SLS, so the current manifest calls for it to be used for three missions: Artemis 1 through 3, with the first to be launched in November 2022. [17] [18] Following the launch of Artemis 1 on 16th of November 2022, ML-1 sustained minor damaged to some components with 2 elevator doors having been blown out. [19]

ML-2 for SLS block 1B

In October 2017, it was decided that modifying ML-1 again for the even larger SLS Block 1B was undesirable, as it would induce a 33-month delay between SLS launches to undertake the needed modifications. [15] : 7  Congress funded $350M in 2018 for construction of ML-2, and in 2019 NASA awarded a $383M 44-month contract, with completion scheduled for March 2023. [15] : 7  ML-2 is expected to run into fewer challenges than ML-1, the Inspector General report states, as NASA is "taking steps to incorporate lessons learned" from ML-1. [15] : 18  For example, as suggested by a June 2019 Government Accountability Office report, [20] : 31  NASA concurred [20] : 67  that 3D modeling software shall be used "to better integrate components, manage requirement changes, and provide up-to-date designs for all stakeholders". [15] : 19  The GAO report stated: "The improved design processes the EGS program is pursuing in the development of the second Mobile Launcher, including the development of a 3D model to facilitate integrated design, have the potential to improve program outcomes. Further, achieving design stability before beginning construction would also improve this potential." [20] : 31 

Milestones

August 31, 2018 – The Mobile Launcher Platform (MLP) arrives at Launch Pad 39B. The ML underwent a fit check, followed by several days of systems testing. [21]

September 8, 2018 – The MLP, atop Crawler-transporter 2, moves into the VAB for the first time. [22] [23]

October 17, 2018 – The first high speed retract test was completed on the Orion Service Module Umbilical (OSMU) on the MLP. The test verified umbilical arm alignment, rotation speed, and latch back systems. The OSMU will transfer power, data, and coolant for the electronics, and purge air for the environmental controls to the Orion service module and Launch Abort System.

October 30 – November 6, 2018 – Underway Recovery Test-7 (URT-7) was conducted in the Pacific Ocean. URT-7 is one in a series of tests that the Exploration Ground Systems Recovery Team, along with the U.S. Navy, are conducting to verify and validate procedures and hardware that will be used to recover the Orion spacecraft after it lands in the Pacific Ocean following deep space exploration missions. [24] [25]

November 19, 2018 – The Crew/Service Module Mock-up and Orion Transportation Pallet (OTP) were successfully moved to the Servicing Stand, as part of the Handling and Access (H&A) subsystem Verification and Validation testing at the Multi-Payload Processing Facility (MPPF). This testing allowed the Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) team to verify access to several servicing panels on the Orion vehicle, which will be needed to prepare Orion for Artemis 1.

December 14, 2018 – Successful countdown demonstration completed, intended to validate the launch team's capability to perform an Artemis 1 countdown and respond to challenges put into the system for practice. [26]

April 15, 2019 – Exploration Ground Systems' launch team completed their first formal training simulation that will certify the team for the inaugural launch of the Space Launch System (SLS) and Orion spacecraft. The team, led by Launch Director Charlie Blackwell-Thompson, performed a countdown simulation of loading the SLS with liquid oxygen and hydrogen — complete with surprise issues the team had to work real-time. [27]

July 25, 2019 – A flow test of the Ignition Overpressure Protection and Sound Suppression water deluge system was conducted on the mobile launcher at Launch Pad 39B. Modifications were made to the pad after a previous wet flow test, increasing the performance of the system. [28]

May 6, 2020 – Launch Pad 39B at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida is the site of NASA's return to the Moon and is now ready for Artemis 1—an uncrewed mission around the Moon and back. Exploration Ground Systems (EGS) has completed modifications and upgrades to the launch pad for the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft to help accomplish NASA's lunar exploration goals. [29]

April 27, 2021 – The last component of Artemis 1, the Space Launch System core stage, arrives at Kennedy Space Center, where EGS will spend the next ~10 months putting the whole vehicle together and running tests. [30]

October 20, 2021 – The Artemis I Space Launch System vehicle assembly is complete. The Orion spacecraft that will fly to the Moon on NASA's Artemis 1 mission was lifted atop its Space Launch System (SLS) rocket on October 20, completing major assembly of the full vehicle stack in High Bay 3 of the Vehicle Assembly Building at Kennedy Space Center. [31] [32]

August 29, 2022 – The first launch attempt of Artemis 1, the Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft, is conducted at Kennedy Space Center, during a two-hour window that opened at 8:33 a.m. EDT (1233 GMT). [33] [34]

November 16, 2022, 1:47 a.m. – The successful launch of Artemis 1, the Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft, takes place at Kennedy Space Center. This first flight test of the world’s most powerful rocket sent an uncrewed Orion spacecraft to lunar orbit and back in preparation for sending humans to live and work on the Moon. [35]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kennedy Space Center</span> United States space launch site in Florida

The John F. Kennedy Space Center, located on Merritt Island, Florida, is one of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) ten field centers. Since December 1968, KSC has been NASA's primary launch center of American spaceflight, research, and technology. Launch operations for the Apollo, Skylab and Space Shuttle programs were carried out from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 and managed by KSC. Located on the east coast of Florida, KSC is adjacent to Cape Canaveral Space Force Station (CCSFS). The management of the two entities work very closely together, share resources and operate facilities on each other's property.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vehicle Assembly Building</span> Spacecraft assembly building operated by NASA at the Kennedy Space Center

The Vehicle Assembly Building, or VAB, is a large building at NASA's Kennedy Space Center (KSC), designed to assemble large pre-manufactured space vehicle components, such as the massive Saturn V, the Space Shuttle and the Space Launch System, and stack them vertically onto one of three mobile launcher platforms used by NASA. As of March 2022, the first Space Launch System (SLS) rocket was assembled inside in preparation for the Artemis 1 mission, launched on November 16, 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Constellation program</span> Cancelled 2005–2010 NASA human spaceflight program

The Constellation program was a crewed spaceflight program developed by NASA, the space agency of the United States, from 2005 to 2009. The major goals of the program were "completion of the International Space Station" and a "return to the Moon no later than 2020" with a crewed flight to the planet Mars as the ultimate goal. The program's logo reflected the three stages of the program: the Earth (ISS), the Moon, and finally Mars—while the Mars goal also found expression in the name given to the program's booster rockets: Ares. The technological aims of the program included the regaining of significant astronaut experience beyond low Earth orbit and the development of technologies necessary to enable sustained human presence on other planetary bodies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A</span> Historic launch pad operated by NASA and SpaceX

Launch Complex 39A (LC-39A) is the first of Launch Complex 39's three launch pads, located at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida. The pad, along with Launch Complex 39B, was first designed to accommodate the Saturn V launch vehicle. Typically used to launch NASA's crewed spaceflight missions since the late 1960s, the pad was leased by SpaceX and has been modified to support their launch vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crawler-transporter</span> NASA rocket transport vehicle

The crawler-transporters, formally known as the Missile Crawler Transporter Facilities, are a pair of tracked vehicles used to transport spacecraft from NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) along the Crawlerway to Launch Complex 39. They were originally used to transport the Saturn IB and Saturn V rockets during the Apollo, Skylab and Apollo–Soyuz programs. They were then used to transport Space Shuttles from 1981 to 2011. The crawler-transporters carry vehicles on the mobile launcher platforms used by NASA, and after each launch return to the pad to take the platform back to the VAB.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39</span> Historic Apollo Moonport

Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island in Florida, United States. The site and its collection of facilities were originally built as the Apollo program's "Moonport" and later modified for the Space Shuttle program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Shuttle-derived vehicle</span> Launch vehicle built from Space Shuttle components

Shuttle-derived vehicles (SDV) are space launch vehicles and spacecraft that use components, technology, and infrastructure originally developed for the Space Shuttle program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mobile launcher platform</span> Structure used to support large rockets

A mobile launcher platform (MLP), also known as mobile launch platform, is a structure used to support a large multistage space vehicle which is assembled (stacked) vertically in an integration facility and then transported by a crawler-transporter (CT) to a launch pad. This becomes the support structure for launch.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B</span> Historic launch pad operated by NASA

Launch Complex 39B (LC-39B) is the second of Launch Complex 39's three launch pads, located at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Merritt Island, Florida. The pad, along with Launch Complex 39A, was first designed for the Saturn V launch vehicle, which at the time was the United States' most powerful rocket. Typically used to launch NASA's crewed spaceflight missions since the late 1960s, the pad is currently configured for use by the agency's Space Launch System rocket, a Shuttle-derived launch vehicle which is currently used in the Artemis program and subsequent Moon to Mars campaigns. The pad had also been leased by NASA to aerospace company Northrop Grumman, for use as a launch site for their Shuttle-derived OmegA launch vehicle, for National Security Space Launch flights and commercial launches, before the OmegA program was cancelled.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ares I-X</span> Prototype and design concept demonstrator rocket

Ares I-X was the first-stage prototype and design concept demonstrator of Ares I, a launch system for human spaceflight developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Ares I-X was successfully launched on October 28, 2009. The project cost was $445 million. It was the final launch from LC-39B until Artemis 1 13 years later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Shuttle retirement</span> End of NASAs Space Shuttle spacecraft system in 2011

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Space Launch System</span> NASA super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle

The Space Launch System (SLS) is an American super heavy-lift expendable launch vehicle used by NASA. As the primary launch vehicle of the Artemis Moon landing program, SLS is designed to launch the crewed Orion spacecraft on a trans-lunar trajectory. The first SLS launch was the uncrewed Artemis 1, which took place on 16 November 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Orion (spacecraft)</span> American–European spacecraft class for the Artemis program

Orion is a partially reusable crewed spacecraft used in NASA's Artemis program. The spacecraft consists of a Crew Module (CM) space capsule designed by Lockheed Martin and the European Service Module (ESM) manufactured by Airbus Defence and Space. Capable of supporting a crew of four beyond low Earth orbit, Orion can last up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. It is equipped with solar panels, an automated docking system, and glass cockpit interfaces modeled after those used in the Boeing 787 Dreamliner. A single AJ10 engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight R-4D-11 engines, and six pods of custom reaction control system engines developed by Airbus, provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Orion is intended to launch atop a Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, with a tower launch escape system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 1</span> 2022 uncrewed Moon-orbiting NASA mission

Artemis 1, officially Artemis I and formerly Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1), was an uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission. As the first major spaceflight of NASA's Artemis program, Artemis 1 marked the agency's return to lunar exploration after the conclusion of the Apollo program five decades earlier. It was the first integrated flight test of the Orion spacecraft and Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, and its main objective was to test the Orion spacecraft, especially its heat shield, in preparation for subsequent Artemis missions. These missions seek to reestablish a human presence on the Moon and demonstrate technologies and business approaches needed for future scientific studies, including exploration of Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 2</span> Artemis programs second lunar flight

Artemis 2 is a scheduled mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. It will use the second launch of the Space Launch System (SLS) and include the first crewed mission of the Orion spacecraft. The mission is scheduled for no earlier than September 2025. Four astronauts will perform a flyby of the Moon and return to Earth, becoming the first crew to travel beyond low Earth orbit since Apollo 17 in 1972. Artemis 2 will be the first crewed launch from Launch Complex 39B of the Kennedy Space Center since STS-116 in 2006.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis program</span> NASA-led lunar exploration program

The Artemis program is a Moon exploration program that is led by the United States' NASA and was formally established in 2017 via Space Policy Directive 1. The Artemis program is intended to reestablish a human presence on the Moon for the first time since Apollo 17 in 1972. The program's stated long-term goal is to establish a permanent base on the Moon to facilitate human missions to Mars.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Artemis 4</span> Fourth orbital flight of the Artemis program

Artemis 4 is a planned mission of the NASA-led Artemis program. The mission will include the fourth use of a Space Launch System (SLS) launch vehicle, will send an Orion spacecraft with four astronauts to the Lunar Gateway space station, install a new module on the Gateway, and conduct the second lunar landing of the Artemis program.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multi-Payload Processing Facility</span> Spacecraft and payload processing facility at NASAs Kennedy Space Center

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charlie Blackwell-Thompson</span> American engineer and launch director

Charlie Blackwell-Thompson is an American engineer. Blackwell-Thompson is the launch director for NASA's Exploration Ground Systems Program, based at NASA's John F. Kennedy Space Center (KSC). She oversaw the countdown and liftoff of NASA's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion spacecraft during its first flight test, called Artemis 1.

References

  1. ↑ "Exploration Ground Systems". NASA. August 21, 2018. Retrieved October 10, 2018.
  2. 1 2 "Exploration Ground Systems Overview". NASA. June 20, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  3. ↑ "Exploration Ground Systems, Jacobs practice building SLS boosters in the VAB". NASASpaceFlight.com. April 17, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  4. ↑ "Around the Moon with NASA's First Launch of SLS with Orion". NASA. July 9, 2018. Retrieved October 19, 2018.
  5. ↑ "EXPLORATION MISSION-2 GETS A RE-DO". spacepolicyonline.com. April 25, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  6. ↑ Smith, R. Marshall; Gates, Michele; Cassady, Amy; Krezel, Jonathan (June 28, 2018). "An overview of NASA's exploration mission 2 (EM-2)". 2018 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE Xplore. pp. 1–11. doi:10.1109/AERO.2018.8396585. ISBN   978-1-5386-2014-4. S2CID   49597670.
  7. ↑ "Exploration Ground Systems Highlights, Message From the Director" (PDF). NASA. November 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  8. ↑ "NASA's FY 2013 Budget Estimates for Space Operations" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 11, 2017. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  9. 1 2 "GAO Denies Blue Origin's Bid Protest of Pad 39A Lease". December 13, 2013.
  10. ↑ "OmegA Launch Tower to be demolished as KSC 39B fails to become a multi-user pad". September 11, 2020.
  11. ↑ "Charlie Blackwell-Thompson Biography". NASA. April 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2018.
  12. ↑ "Onward and Upward". Vogue. March 8, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2018.
  13. 1 2 "IG-12-022" (PDF). oig.nasa.gov. September 25, 2012. Retrieved June 27, 2012.
  14. ↑ "NASA spent a decade and nearly $1 billion for a single launch tower". March 17, 2020.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 "Final Report - IG-20-013 - Audit of NASA's Development of its Mobile Launchers" (PDF). oig.nasa.gov. March 17, 2020. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  16. ↑ Herridge, Linda (January 15, 2020). "NASA rings in busy new year in Florida to prepare for Artemis Missions". Space Daily. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  17. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (August 15, 2019). "Eastern Range updates 'Drive to 48' launches per year status". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved January 6, 2020. NASA, on the other hand, will have to add this capability to their SLS rocket, and Mr. Rosati said NASA is tracking that debut for the Artemis 3 mission in 2023.
  18. ↑ Clark, Stephen (May 1, 2020). "Hopeful for launch next year, NASA aims to resume SLS operations within weeks" . Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  19. ↑ "Teams Assess Mobile Launcher and Pad After Successful Artemis I launch". November 23, 2022.
  20. 1 2 3 "GAO-19-377, Accessible Version, NASA HUMAN SPACE EXPLORATION: Persistent Delays and Cost Growth Reinforce Concerns over Management of Programs" (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  21. ↑ "SLS Mobile Launcher Arrives At Pad 39B". SpaceRef.com. September 5, 2018. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  22. ↑ "KSC-20180908-PH_CHS01_0126". NASA. September 8, 2018. Retrieved January 7, 2019.
  23. ↑ "Jacobs Supports NASA in Hitting Major Milestone at Kennedy Space Center". MarketWatch. September 25, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  24. ↑ "KSC-20181101-PH_KLS02_0009". NASA. November 1, 2018. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  25. ↑ "Navy, NASA complete underway recovery test 7". MilitaryNews.com. November 12, 2018. Retrieved February 26, 2019.
  26. ↑ "KSC-20181214-PH_KLS01_0058". NASA. April 15, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  27. ↑ "Launch Team One Step Closer to Certification for EM-1". NASA. December 14, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  28. ↑ "KSC-20190725-PH_KLS01_0037". NASA. July 25, 2019. Retrieved September 18, 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  29. ↑ "Launch Complex 39B Prepared to Support Artemis I". NASA. May 6, 2020. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
  30. ↑ Sloss, Philip (May 3, 2021). "Ten month schedule to ready SLS for Artemis 1 launch after Core Stage arrives at KSC". NASASpaceFlight. Retrieved June 2, 2021.
  31. ↑ Sloss, Phillip (October 21, 2021). "Artemis 1 Orion joins SLS to complete vehicle stack". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  32. ↑ "NASA completes stacking SLS rocket for first Artemis moon mission". CollectSpace. October 22, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  33. ↑ Malik, Tariq (August 22, 2022). "NASA's Artemis 1 moon mission is 'go' for Aug. 29 launch". Space. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  34. ↑ Turner, Ben (August 22, 2022). "NASA's Artemis 1 mission will blast off Monday (Aug. 29). Here's how to watch". LiveScience. Retrieved September 14, 2022.
  35. ↑ Drake, Nadia (November 16, 2022). "Artemis I Launches U.S.'s Long-Awaited Return to the Moon". scientificamerican.com. Retrieved December 27, 2022.

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