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Deep Space 1 (DS1) was a NASA technology demonstration spacecraft which flew by an asteroid and a comet. It was part of the New Millennium Program,dedicated to testing advanced technologies.
Interplanetary spaceflight or interplanetary travel is the crewed or uncrewed travel between stars and planets,usually within a single planetary system. In practice,spaceflights of this type are confined to travel between the planets of the Solar System. Uncrewed space probes have flown to all the observed planets in the Solar System as well as to dwarf planets Pluto and Ceres,and several asteroids. Orbiters and landers return more information than fly-by missions. Crewed flights have landed on the Moon and have been planned,from time to time,for Mars,Venus and Mercury. While many scientists appreciate the knowledge value that uncrewed flights provide,the value of crewed missions is more controversial. Science fiction writers propose a number of benefits,including the mining of asteroids,access to solar power,and room for colonization in the event of an Earth catastrophe.
Near Earth Asteroid Rendezvous –Shoemaker,renamed after its 1996 launch in honor of planetary scientist Eugene Shoemaker,was a robotic space probe designed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory for NASA to study the near-Earth asteroid Eros from close orbit over a period of a year. It was the first spacecraft to orbit an asteroid and land on it successfully. In February 2000,the mission closed in on the asteroid and orbited it. On February 12,2001,Shoemaker touched down on the asteroid and was terminated just over two weeks later.
16 Psyche is a large M-type asteroid,which was discovered by the Italian astronomer Annibale de Gasparis,on 17 March 1852 and named after the Greek goddess Psyche. The prefix "16" signifies that it was the sixteenth minor planet in order of discovery. It is the largest and most massive of the M-type asteroids,and one of the dozen most massive asteroids. It has a mean diameter of approximately 220 kilometers (140 mi) and contains about one percent of the mass of the asteroid belt. It was thought to be the exposed core of a protoplanet,but recent observations cast doubt on that hypothesis. Psyche will be explored by NASA,with a spacecraft of the same name,marking the first time a manmade object will journey to a metallic asteroid,launched on 13 October 2023,with an expected arrival in 2029.
The Comet Nucleus Tour (CONTOUR) was a NASA Discovery-class space probe that failed shortly after its July 2002 launch. It was the only Discovery mission to fail.
A gravity assist,gravity assist maneuver,swing-by,or generally a gravitational slingshot in orbital mechanics,is a type of spaceflight flyby which makes use of the relative movement and gravity of a planet or other astronomical object to alter the path and speed of a spacecraft,typically to save propellant and reduce expense.
In astronautics,the Hohmann transfer orbit is an orbital maneuver used to transfer a spacecraft between two orbits of different altitudes around a central body. For example,a Hohmann transfer could be used to raise a satellite's orbit from low Earth orbit to geostationary orbit. In the idealized case,the initial and target orbits are both circular and coplanar. The maneuver is accomplished by placing the craft into an elliptical transfer orbit that is tangential to both the initial and target orbits. The maneuver uses two impulsive engine burns:the first establishes the transfer orbit,and the second adjusts the orbit to match the target.
Rosetta was a space probe built by the European Space Agency launched on 2 March 2004. Along with Philae,its lander module,Rosetta performed a detailed study of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko (67P). During its journey to the comet,the spacecraft performed flybys of Earth,Mars,and the asteroids 21 Lutetia and 2867 Šteins. It was launched as the third cornerstone mission of the ESA's Horizon 2000 programme,after SOHO / Cluster and XMM-Newton.
A lander is a spacecraft that descends towards,then comes to rest on the surface of an astronomical body other than Earth. In contrast to an impact probe,which makes a hard landing that damages or destroys the probe upon reaching the surface,a lander makes a soft landing after which the probe remains functional.
Nozomi was a Japanese Mars orbiter that failed to reach Mars due to electrical failure. It was constructed by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science,University of Tokyo and launched on July 4,1998,at 03:12 JST with an on-orbit dry mass of 258 kg and 282 kg of propellant. The Nozomi mission was terminated on December 31,2003.
Dawn is a retired space probe that was launched by NASA in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt:Vesta and Ceres. In the fulfillment of that mission—the ninth in NASA's Discovery Program—Dawn entered orbit around Vesta on July 16,2011,and completed a 14-month survey mission before leaving for Ceres in late 2012. It entered orbit around Ceres on March 6,2015. In 2017,NASA announced that the planned nine-year mission would be extended until the probe's hydrazine fuel supply was depleted. On November 1,2018,NASA announced that Dawn had depleted its hydrazine,and the mission was ended. The derelict probe remains in a stable orbit around Ceres.
Deep Impact was a NASA space probe launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on January 12,2005. It was designed to study the interior composition of the comet Tempel 1 (9P/Tempel),by releasing an impactor into the comet. At 05:52 UTC on July 4,2005,the Impactor successfully collided with the comet's nucleus. The impact excavated debris from the interior of the nucleus,forming an impact crater. Photographs taken by the spacecraft showed the comet to be more dusty and less icy than had been expected. The impact generated an unexpectedly large and bright dust cloud,obscuring the view of the impact crater.
The Comet Rendezvous Asteroid Flyby (CRAF) was a cancelled plan for a NASA-led exploratory mission designed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory during the mid-to-late 1980s and early 1990s,that planned to send a spacecraft to encounter an asteroid,and then to rendezvous with a comet and fly alongside it for nearly three years. The project was eventually canceled when it went over budget;most of the money still left was redirected to its twin spacecraft,Cassini–Huygens,destined for Saturn,so it could survive Congressional budget cutbacks. Most of CRAF's scientific objectives were later accomplished by the smaller NASA spacecraft Stardust and Deep Impact,and by ESA's flagship Rosetta mission.
In astrodynamics and aerospace,a delta-v budget is an estimate of the total change in velocity (delta-v) required for a space mission. It is calculated as the sum of the delta-v required to perform each propulsive maneuver needed during the mission. As input to the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation,it determines how much propellant is required for a vehicle of given empty mass and propulsion system.
The flyby anomaly is a discrepancy between current scientific models and the actual increase in speed observed during a planetary flyby by a spacecraft. In multiple cases,spacecraft have been observed to gain greater speed than scientists had predicted,but thus far no convincing explanation has been found. This anomaly has been observed as shifts in the S-band and X-band Doppler and ranging telemetry. The largest discrepancy noticed during a flyby has been 13.46 mm/s.
EPOXI was a compilation of NASA Discovery program missions led by the University of Maryland and principal investigator Michael A'Hearn,with co-operation from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and Ball Aerospace. EPOXI uses the Deep Impact spacecraft in a campaign consisting of two missions:the Deep Impact Extended Investigation (DIXI) and Extrasolar Planet Observation and Characterization (EPOCh). DIXI aimed to send the Deep Impact spacecraft on a flyby of another comet,after its primary mission was completed in July 2005,while EPOCh saw the spacecraft's photographic instruments as a space observatory,studying extrasolar planets.
A Mars flyby is a movement of spacecraft passing in the vicinity of the planet Mars,but not entering orbit or landing on it. Uncrewed space probes have used this method to collect data on Mars,as opposed to orbiting or landing. A spacecraft designed for a flyby is also known as a "flyby bus" or "flyby spacecraft".
The Near-Earth Asteroid Scout was a mission by NASA to develop a controllable low-cost CubeSat solar sail spacecraft capable of encountering near-Earth asteroids (NEA). NEA Scout was one of ten CubeSats launched into a heliocentric orbit on Artemis 1,the maiden flight of the Space Launch System,on 16 November 2022.
A flyby is a spaceflight operation in which a spacecraft passes in proximity to another body,usually a target of its space exploration mission and/or a source of a gravity assist to impel it towards another target. Spacecraft which are specifically designed for this purpose are known as flyby spacecraft,although the term has also been used in regard to asteroid flybys of Earth for example. Important parameters are the time and distance of closest approach.
Tianwen-4,formerly known as Gan De,is a planned Chinese interplanetary mission to study the Jovian system,possibly sharing a launch with a spacecraft which will make a flyby of Uranus.
References
- ↑ Harvey, Brian (2007). Russian planetary exploration : history, development, legacy, prospects. Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-49664-1. OCLC 186566322.
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