List of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft

Last updated

Number of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft Number of Minor Planets and Comets visited by spacecraft.png
Number of minor planets and comets visited by spacecraft

The following tables list all minor planets and comets that have been visited by robotic spacecraft.

Contents

List of minor planets visited by spacecraft

A total of 19 minor planets (asteroids, dwarf planets, and Kuiper belt objects) have been visited by space probes. Moons (not directly orbiting the Sun) and planets are not minor planets and thus are not included in the table below.

Minor planet Space probe
NameImageDimensions
(km)
(a)
Discovery
year
NameClosest approachRemarks
yearin km in radii(b)
951 Gaspra
951 Gaspra.jpg
18.2 × 10.5 × 8.9
(12.2 km)
1916 Galileo 19911,600262Flyby; first asteroid visited by a spacecraft.
243 Ida
243 ida crop.jpg
56 × 24 × 21
(28 km)
1884 Galileo 19932,390152Flyby; discovered Dactyl; first asteroid with a moon visited by a spacecraft, largest asteroid visited by spacecraft at the time.
253 Mathilde
(253) mathilde crop.jpg
66 × 48 × 46
(58 km)
1885 NEAR Shoemaker 19971,21249.5Flyby; largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft at the time.
433 Eros
Eros - PIA02923 (color).jpg
34 × 11 × 11
(17 km)
1898 NEAR Shoemaker 1998–20011998 flyby; 2000 orbited (first asteroid studied from orbit); 2001 landing; first asteroid landing, first asteroid orbited by a spacecraft, first near-Earth asteroid (NEA) visited by a spacecraft.
9969 Braille
PIA01345 (cropped).jpg
2.2 × 0.6
(1.6 km)
1992 Deep Space 1 19992612.7Flyby; followed by flyby of Comet Borrelly; failed to image it during closest approach, only taking images 14,000 km from the asteroid.
5535 Annefrank
Stardust - Annefrank.jpg
4.01942 Stardust 20023,0791,230Flyby
25143 Itokawa
Itokawa06 hayabusa.jpg
0.5 × 0.3 × 0.2
(350 meters)
1998 Hayabusa 2005Landed; returned dust samples to Earth in 2010 - first sample return mission from asteroid; smallest asteroid visited by a spacecraft, first asteroid visited by a non-NASA spacecraft.
2867 Šteins
2867 Steins by Rosetta (reprocessed).png
4.61969 Rosetta 2008800302Flyby; first asteroid visited by the ESA.
21 Lutetia
Rosetta triumphs at asteroid Lutetia.jpg
120 × 100 × 75
(100 km)
1852 Rosetta 20103,16264.9Flyby on 10 July 2010; largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft at the time.
4 Vesta Vesta full mosaic.jpg 525.41807 Dawn 2011–2012200
approx.
0.76Space probe broke orbit on 5 September 2012 and headed to Ceres; first "big four" asteroid visited by a spacecraft, largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft at the time.
4179 Toutatis
Asteroid 4179 Toutatis close-up.jpg
2.451934 Chang'e 2 20123.20.70Flyby; [1] closest asteroid flyby, first asteroid visited by a Chinese probe.
1 Ceres
Ceres - RC3 - Haulani Crater (22381131691) (cropped).jpg
939.41801 Dawn 2015–2018350.07First "close up" picture of Ceres taken in December 2014; probe entered orbit in March 2015; first dwarf planet visited by a spacecraft, largest asteroid visited by a spacecraft.
134340 Pluto
Pluto in True Color - High-Res.jpg
2376.61930 New Horizons 201512,50010.5Flyby; first trans-Neptunian object visited, most distant object visited by a spacecraft (at the time of the visit).
162173 Ryugu
Ryugu colored.jpg
0.8961999 Hayabusa2 2018–2019Rendezvoused with asteroid from June 2018 to November 2019. Successful touchdowns to collect a sample in February and July 2019. [2] Three landers and an explosive impactor successfully deployed to the surface. [3] Returned dust samples to Earth in December 2020. [4]
101955 Bennu
Bennu mosaic OSIRIS-REx (square).png
0.4901999 OSIRIS-REx 2018–2020Arrived on 3 December 2018; entered lowest orbit on 12 June 2019; smallest object to be orbited by spacecraft and closest ever orbit; [5] [6] touchdown on 20 October 2020 to collect sample.
486958 Arrokoth
UltimaThule CA06 color vertical.png
36 × 18 × 102014 New Horizons 20193,500380Flew by Arrokoth (nicknamed Ultima Thule) on 1 January 2019, currently farthest object to be visited by a spacecraft.
65803 Didymos
Didymos-Dimorphos true orientation.png
0.781996 DART / LICIACube 20221.193.1Asteroid of a near-Earth Apollo group; a flyby target; its moon being the kinetic impact target to test asteroid deflection [7] [8]
Dimorphos
65803 Didymos I
Stacked image of Dimorphos true orientation.jpg
0.162003 DART / LICIACube 2022Moon of a near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo group; flyby target of one and kinetic impact target of another spacecraft to test asteroid deflection [7] [8]
152830 Dinkinesh
Dinkinesh First Look L'LORRI.png
0.791999 Lucy 20234251,100Flyby; discovered Selam; smallest main-belt asteroid to be visited by a spacecraft [9] [10]
52246 Donaldjohanson
Donaldjohanson.png
8 × 3.51981 Lucy 2025960330Flyby; main-belt asteroid and member of the Erigone family [11] [12]
Notes:
a A minor planet's dimensions may be described by x, y, and z axes instead of an (average) diameter due to its non-spherical, irregular shape.
b Closest approach given in multiples of the minor planet's mean radius
 · List ordered in ascending order by a minor planet's first visit.

Incidental flybys

In addition to the above listed objects, three asteroids have been imaged by spacecraft at distances too large to resolve features (over 100,000 km).

Minor planet Space probe
NameImageDimensions
(km)
(a)
Discovery
year
NameClosest approachRemarks
yearin km in radii(b)
2685 Masursky
Asteroid 2685Masurky.png
10.71981 Cassini–Huygens 20001,600,000297,840Distant incidental flyby.
132524 APL
132524 APL New Horizons.jpg
2.52002 New Horizons 2006101,86781,493Distant incidental flyby.
(668956) 2012 PM35 0.9–2.52012 Dawn 2017200,000130,000Distant incidental flyby; approached Ceres to 200,000 km in September 2017 while Dawn was in orbit. [13]

List of comets visited by spacecraft

Comet Space probe
NameImage Dimensions
(km)
(a)
Discovery
year
NameClosest approachRemarks
yearin km in radii(b)
21P/Giacobini–Zinner
Comet 21P Giacobini-Zinner September 2018.jpg
21900 ICE 19857,8007,800First flyby of a comet
1P/Halley
Comet Halley close up-cropped.jpg
15×9Known
since
1759

(Precovered to 240 BCE)
Vega 1 19868,8891,620flyby
Vega 2 19868,0301,460flyby
Suisei 1986151,00027,450distant flyby
Sakigake 19866,990,0001,270,747distant flyby
Giotto 1986596108flyby; first direct images of a comet nucleus
ICE 198631,000,0005,647,000distant flyby
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup
Grigg-Skjellerup Eso9209a.jpg
2.61902 Giotto 1992200154flyby
19P/Borrelly
Comet Borrelly Nucleus.jpg
8×4×41904 Deep Space 1 20012,171814flyby; closest approach in September 2001 when probe entered the comet's coma [14]
81P/Wild
Wild2 3.jpg
5.5×4.0×3.31978 Stardust 2004240113flyby; first sample return mission from comet to Earth (2006)
9P/Tempel
PIA02142 Tempel 1 bottom sharped.jpg
7.6×4.91867 Deep Impact 200550080flyby; delivered an impactor
Deep Impact's impactor vehicle 2005landedlandedfirst landing on a comet (blasted a crater)
Stardust 201118157.9flyby; imaged the crater created by Deep Impact
103P/Hartley
Comet Hartley 2.jpg
1.41986 EPOXI
( Deep Impact )
20107001,000flyby; smallest comet visited
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko
Comet 67P on 19 September 2014 NavCam mosaic.jpg
4.1×3.3×1.81969 Rosetta 2016landedlandedfirst orbiter of comet (November 2014); impacted surface as of 2016; OSIRIS captured image with 11 cm/px-resolution in Spring 2015 [15]
Philae
(Rosetta's lander)
2014landedlandedfirst soft landing on a comet (November 2014)
Notes:
(a)Due to a non-spherical, irregular shape, a comet's x, y, and z axes instead of an (average) diameter are often used to describe its dimensions.
(b)Closest approach given in multiples of the comet's (average mean) radius
 · List ordered in ascending order by a comet's first visit.

Incidental flybys

Comet Space probe
NameImage Dimensions
(km)
(a)
Discovery
year
NameClosest approachRemarks
yearin km in radii(b)
D/1895 Q1 (Swift) unknown1895 Mariner 4 196720,000,000unknownUnconfirmed. Reanalysis of the probe's trajectory in 2005 speculated the probe might have approached the comet's shattered nucleus, explaining the "meteor storm" it encountered. [16] [17]
322P/SOHO 0.15–0.321999 Parker Solar Probe 20191,800,000unknown [18]

Spacecraft visited by comets

Comet C/2013 A1 passed close by planet Mars in October 2014, closer than the Moon is to Earth. [19] As of early 2014 it was calculated to pass as close as 0.00087 AU (130,000 km; 81,000 mi). [19] This was so close that the event was deemed dangerous to spacecraft in orbit around Mars. [20] Spacecraft that were active at that time included 2001 Mars Odyssey , Mars Express , MAVEN, Mars Orbiter Mission, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter in Mars orbit – and two on the surface – Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity and the Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity .

Future visits

Planned

Legend

  En route
  In development

Name Diameter (a)
(km)
Year of
discovery
SpacecraftYear of
visit
Notes
98943 Torifune 0.52001 Hayabusa2# 2026Near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo group; extended mission target [21]
65803 Didymos 0.81996 Hera 2026Probe will study the results obtained by the NASA's DART impactor 4 years after its mission. [22] [23]
Dimorphos
65803 Didymos I
0.162003 Hera 2026Probe will study the results obtained by the NASA's DART impactor 4 years after its mission. [23]
469219 Kamoʻoalewa 0.0412016 Tianwen-2 2026Co-orbital near-Earth asteroid; sample return target [24]
3548 Eurybates 721973 Lucy 2027 Jupiter trojan with satellite, Greek camp [25]
15094 Polymele 211999 Lucy 2027Jupiter trojan with satellite, Greek camp [25]
11351 Leucus 421997 Lucy 2028Jupiter trojan, Greek camp, a slow rotator [25]
21900 Orus 531999 Lucy 2028Jupiter trojan, Greek camp [25]
99942 Apophis 0.3702004 OSIRIS-APEX 2029Extended mission after sample delivery [26]
16 Psyche 1861852 Psyche 2029Large metallic main-belt asteroid [27]
2015 XF261 0.032015Unnamed CNSA mission2029Near-Earth asteroid of the Aten group, will be visited by an orbiter and impactor for an asteroid deflection test. [28]
10253 Westerwald 2.31973 MBR Explorer 2030Flyby [29]
623 Chimaera 221907 MBR Explorer 2030Flyby [29]
3200 Phaethon 51983 DESTINY+ 2030 Active near-Earth asteroid and parent body of Geminids meteor shower [30]
13294 Rockox 5.21998 MBR Explorer 2031Flyby [29]
1998 KY26 0.0301998 Hayabusa2# 2031Near-Earth asteroid of the Apollo group; extended mission target [21]
(88055) 2000 VA28 5.42000 MBR Explorer 2032Flyby [29]
(23871) 1998 RC76 6.71998 MBR Explorer 2032Flyby [29]
617 Patroclus-Menoetius1411906 Lucy 2033 Binary Jupiter trojan, Trojan camp, 5th-largest Jupiter trojan [25]
(59980) 1999 SG6 8.01999 MBR Explorer 2033Flyby [29]
269 Justitia 53.621887 MBR Explorer 2034Orbit and landing [29]
311P/PanSTARRS 0.482013 Tianwen-2 2034 Active main-belt asteroid [24]
(a) given diameters are estimates

Proposals

The following table lists minor planets that are proposed to be visited by spacecraft missions that have not yet been approved.

Name Diameter
(km)
Year of
discovery
SpacecraftProposed datesNotes
50000 Quaoar 10862002 Interstellar Express Launch: 2024
Flyby: 2030s
A Voyager -like mission proposed to be launched in 2024 by the CNSA. A pair of probes would flyby Neptune, Quaoar, and one other KBO. [31] [32]
(153591) 2001 SN263 2.62001 ASTER Launch: 2025
Flyby: 2027
Brazilian Space Agency mission to triple near-Earth asteroid system of the Amor group [33]
99942 Apophis 0.3702004 Ramses Launch: 2028
Flyby: 2029
ESA proposal [34] [35]

Past proposals

Failed or rerouted missions


Key
Spacecraft failure
Mission planning decisions
Former targets for launched spacecraft
Name Diameter
(km)
Date of discoverySpacecraftYearNotes
2P/Encke 4.817 January 1786 CONTOUR 1998Spacecraft lost while leaving Earth orbit [36]
2P/Encke 4.817 January 1786 NEAR 1998Target changed before launch [37]
4 Vesta 52529 March 1807 NEAR 1998Target changed before launch [37]
6P/d'Arrest 3.228 June 1851CONTOUR2008Spacecraft lost while leaving Earth orbit [36]
7P/Pons–Winnecke 5.212 June 1819 Mariner 5 1969Target changed to Venus before launch [38]
21P/Giacobini–Zinner 220 December 1900 Suisei 1998Extended mission, spacecraft ran out of fuel en route. [39]
29 Amphitrite 2041 March 1854 Galileo 1986Target changed due to launch postponement [40]
46P/Wirtanen 1.217 January 1948 Rosetta 2011Initial target, was changed due to delay. [41] [42]
73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 1.1 (before breakup)2 May 1930CONTOUR2006Spacecraft lost while leaving Earth orbit [36]
76P/West–Kohoutek–Ikemura 0.66January 1975 Deep Space 1 2000Target changed due to launch postponement [43]
85D/Boethin 4 January 1975 EPOXI ( Deep Impact )2007Astronomers were unable to locate the comet, which is too faint to be observed. [44]
140 Siwa 10313 October 1874 Rosetta 2007Target changed due to launch postponement [45]
145 Adeona 1513 June 1875 Dawn 2016Abandoned target (not seriously considered) [46]
223 Rosa 82.79 March 1882 JUICE 2029Secondary target; abandoned to conserve fuel for primary Jupiter orbiter mission. [47] [48]
1036 Ganymed 3523 October 1924 NEAR 1998Target changed before launch [37]
1620 Geographos 5.1×1.814 September 1951 Clementine 1995Mission failed before retargeting
2019 van Albada 7.5–9.428 September 1935 NEAR 1998Target changed before launch [37]
2101 Adonis 0.612 February 1936 Vega 2 1987Secondary target; insufficient fuel [49]
2530 Shipka 12.4 [50] 9 July 1978 Rosetta 2007Secondary target; changed for better trajectory [45]
2703 Rodari 9 [51] 29 March 1979 Rosetta 2007Target in early mission planning,[ when? ] but not chosen [45]
3352 McAuliffe 2–56 February 1981 Deep Space 1 1998Target changed due to launch postponement
3840 Mimistrobell 5.2 [52] 9 October 1980 Rosetta 2007Target changed [45]
4015 Wilson–Harrington 419 November 1949 NEAR 1998Target changed before launch [37]
4015 Wilson–Harrington 419 November 1949 Deep Space 1 2001Secondary target; abandoned due to instrument failure [53]
4660 Nereus 28 February 1982NEAR1997Target changed before launch [37]
4660 Nereus 28 February 1982 Hayabusa 2002Target changed due to launch postponement
4979 Otawara 5.52 August 1949 Rosetta 2007Target changed due to launch postponement [45]
(5604) 1992 FE 0.626 March 1992 OSIRIS-REx 2018Secondary target abandoned in 2010 during early mission planning[ citation needed ]
(10302) 1989 ML 0.629 June 1989 Hayabusa 2002Target changed due to launch postponement
(163249) 2002 GT 0.35–0.53 April 2002 EPOXI ( Deep Impact )2020Communications with spacecraft lost
(172034) 2001 WR1 0.6617 November 2001 Hayabusa2 2023Target proposed for extended mission but not selected. [54]
(185851) 2000 DP107 29 February 2000 PROCYON 2016Ion engine failure in heliocentric orbit [55]
1991 VG 0.005–0.0126 November 1991 NEA Scout 2022Target changed due to launch postponement [56]
2001 AV43 0.035 January 2001 Hayabusa2 2029Target proposed but not selected [57]
2020 GE 0.0182020 NEA Scout 2023Communications with spacecraft lost [58]
2022 OB5 0.004–0.010 [a] 2022 Odin 2025Communications with spacecraft lost [59]
7968 Elst–Pizarro 3.8 ± 0.61979 Tianwen-2 2030 or 2032Target changed due to launch postponement [60]

Cancelled or not developed missions

Name Diameter
(km)
Date of discoverySpacecraftYearNotes
1 Ceres 9391 January 1801 Ceres Polar Lander [61]
1 Ceres 9391 January 1801 Calathus [62]
2 Pallas 51228 March 1802Athena2024
4 Vesta 52529 March 1807 AGORA 1990–1994
4 Vesta 52529 March 1807 MAOSEP 1990s
4 Vesta 52529 March 1807 Vesta 1994
22P/Kopff 3.023 August 1906 CRAF 2001
29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann 651927 Centaurus Launch: 2026
Flyby: 2030s
Not selected [63]
46P/Wirtanen 1.217 January 1948 Comet Hopper 2022 [64]
50 Virginia 99.81857 MANTIS Launch: 2020s
Flyby: 2020s
A flyby proposal of 14 asteroids, the largest being 50 Virginia.
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 4.1×3.3×1.820 September 1969 CAESAR 2024 [65]
67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko 4.1×3.3×1.820 September 1969 CONDOR 2024Proposed comet sample-return mission. [66]
88P/Howell 4.41981 CORSAIR 2024Proposed comet sample-return mission. [67]
433 Eros 34 × 11 × 111898 Clementine 2 1996
449 Hamburga 8631 October 1899 CRAF 1998
2060 Chiron 2711977 Centaurus Launch: 2026
Flyby: 2030s
A flyby proposal. [63]
4015 Wilson–Harrington 419 November 1949 Marco Polo / Hayabusa Mk2 2022
4179 Toutatis 2.451934 Clementine 2 1996
4660 Nereus 28 February 1982 NEAP 1997
7968 Elst–Pizarro or 133P/Elst–Pizarro 24 July 1979 Castalia 2028 [68]
10199 Chariklo 260.351997 Camilla Launch: 2026
Flyby: 2039
A mission concept for a flyby and impactor. [69]
25143 Itokawa 0.5 × 0.3 × 0.21998 Asteroid Redirect Mission 2021 [70]
(35107) 1991 VH 1.049 November 1991 Janus 2026Launch delayed, target not available [71]
47171 Lempo 2721 October 1999 New Horizons 2 [72]
(55637) 2002 UX25 ~0.6930 October 2002 New Horizons 2 [73]
(65679) 1989 UQ Marco Polo 2018–2020
66652 Borasisi 1638 September 1999 New Horizons 2 [74]
99942 Apophis 0.3719 June 2004 Don Quijote 2015 [75]
101955 Bennu 0.4901999 Asteroid Redirect Mission 2021 [70]
101955 Bennu 0.4901999 HAMMER [76]
134340 Pluto 237618 February 1930 Pluto Kuiper Express 2004 [77]
162173 Ryugu 0.910 May 1999 Marco Polo 2018–2020
162173 Ryugu 0.910 May 1999 Asteroid Redirect Mission 2021 [78]
(162998) 2001 SK162 Marco Polo 2018–2020
(175706) 1996 FG3 1.6924 March 1996 Janus 2026Launch delayed, target not available [71]
(175706) 1996 FG3 1.724 March 1996 Marco Polo 2018–2020
(341843) 2008 EV5 0.44 March 2008 Marco Polo 2018–2020
(341843) 2008 EV5 0.44 March 2008 Asteroid Redirect Mission 2021 [70]
(612267) 2001 SG286 Marco Polo 2018–2020
(612600) 2003 SM84 0.086–0.1620 September 2003 Don Quijote 2015 [75]
Trojan asteroids 1906 OKEANOS Launch: 2026Proposed multiple flyby mission to Jupiter's Trojan asteroids using solar sail propulsion. [79]

See also

Notes

  1. Assuming a geometric albedo between 0.05–0.30

References

  1. "Chang'e 2 images of Toutatis". Planetary.org.
  2. Rincon, Paul (22 February 2019). "Hayabusa-2: Japan spacecraft touches down on asteroid". BBC News. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  3. Yoshimitsu, Tetsuo; Kubota, Takashi; Tsuda, Yuichi; Yoshikawa, Makoto. "MINERVA-II1: Successful image capture, landing on Ryugu and hop!". hayabusa2.jaxa.jp. JAXA. Retrieved 24 September 2018.
  4. "Hayabusa-2: Capsule with asteroid samples in 'perfect' shape". BBC News. 6 December 2020. Retrieved 9 December 2020.
  5. "NASA'S OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Arrives at Asteroid Bennu". NASA. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 20 December 2018.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  6. "NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission Breaks Another Orbit Record". NASA. 13 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain .
  7. 1 2 Miriam Kramer (26 March 2013). "Asteroid Deflection Mission AIDA Set To Crash Two Spacecraft Into Space Rock In 2022". Huffington Post . Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  8. 1 2 Rivkin, Andy (27 September 2018). "Asteroids have been hitting the Earth for billions of years. In 2022, we hit back". Applied Physics Laboratory. Archived from the original on 31 October 2018. Retrieved 31 October 2018.
  9. Kretke, Katherine (25 January 2023). "NASA's Lucy Team Announces New Asteroid Target". NASA.
  10. Goddard Digital Team (2 November 2023). "NASA's Lucy Spacecraft Discovers 2nd Asteroid During Dinkinesh Flyby". NASA.
  11. "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 52246 Donaldjohanson (1981 EQ5)" (29 July 2019 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
  12. Kretke, Katherine (21 April 2025). "NASA's Lucy Spacecraft Images Asteroid Donaldjohanson". NASA. Retrieved 21 April 2025.
  13. "2012 PM35 and 2020 OG106". Minor Planet Mailing List (groups.io). 16–20 February 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2023.
  14. "Deep Space 1". Goddard Space Flight Center. NASA. 26 August 2014. NSSDC/COSPAR ID: 1998-061A. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  15. "Rosetta spacecraft sees its shadow on a comet (photo)". Space.com. 5 March 2015. Rosetta flew just 3.7 miles (6 kilometers) from Comet 67P's surface, resulting in a resolution of 4.3 inches (11 centimeters) per pixel [for OSIRIS].
  16. Phillips, T. (23 August 2006). "Mariner Meteor Mystery, Solved?". science.nasa.gov. NASA. Archived from the original on 6 April 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
  17. Phillips, T. (24 August 2006). "Has the Mariner Meteor Mystery Been Solved". Mars Daily. Retrieved 11 February 2009.
  18. J. He; B. Cui; L. Yang; C. Hou; L. Zhang; et al. (2021). "The Encounter of the Parker Solar Probe and a Comet-like Object Near the Sun: Model Predictions and Measurements". The Astrophysical Journal. 910 (1): 7–18. arXiv: 2012.00005 . Bibcode:2021ApJ...910....7H. doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/abdf4a .
  19. 1 2 "C/2013 A1 (Siding Spring)". JPL Close-Approach Data. 9 February 2014. Retrieved 19 February 2013. last obs (arc=493 days w/619 obs)
  20. Grossman, Lisa (6 December 2013). "Fiercest meteor shower on record to hit Mars via comet". New Scientist . Archived from the original on 12 December 2013.
  21. 1 2 Gough, Evan (25 September 2020). "Hayabusa2's Mission isn't Over. It has a New Asteroid Target to Visit: 1998 KY26". Universe Today. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  22. "Hera". www.esa.int. Retrieved 2 May 2022.
  23. 1 2 Michel, Patrick; Küppers, Michael; Bagatin, Adriano Campo; Carry, Benoit; Charnoz, Sébastien; Leon, Julia de; Fitzsimmons, Alan; Gordo, Paulo; Green, Simon F.; Hérique, Alain; Juzi, Martin; Karatekin, Özgür; Kohout, Tomas; Lazzarin, Monica; Murdoch, Naomi; Okada, Tatsuaki; Palomba, Ernesto; Pravec, Petr; Snodgrass, Colin; Tortora, Paolo; Tsiganis, Kleomenis; Ulamec, Stephan; Vincent, Jean-Baptiste; Wünnemann, Kai; Zhang, Yun; Raducan, Sabina D.; Dotto, Elisabetta; Chabot, Nancy; Cheng, Andy F.; Rivkin, Andy; Barnouin, Olivier; Ernst, Carolyn; Stickle, Angela; Richardson, Derek C.; Thomas, Cristina; Arakawa, Masahiko; Miyamoto, Hirdy; Nakamura, Akiko; Sugita, Seiji; Yoshikawa, Makoto; Abell, Paul; Asphaug, Erik; Ballouz, Ronald-Louis; Bottke, William F.; Lauretta, Dante S.; Walsh, Kevin J.; Martino, Paolo; Carnelli, Ian (1 July 2022). "The ESA Hera Mission: Detailed Characterization of the DART Impact Outcome and of the Binary Asteroid (65803) Didymos". The Planetary Science Journal. 3 (7): 160. Bibcode:2022PSJ.....3..160M. doi: 10.3847/psj/ac6f52 . hdl: 10045/125568 . ISSN   2632-3338. S2CID   250599919.
  24. 1 2 Dickinson, David (5 January 2025). "Space Missions to Watch in 2025". Sky & Telescope . Retrieved 5 January 2025.
  25. 1 2 3 4 5 Levison, H. F.; Olkin, C.; Noll, K. S.; Marchi, S.; Lucy Team (March 2017). "Lucy: Surveying the Diversity of the Trojan Asteroids: The Fossils of Planet Formation" (PDF). 48th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (1964): 2025. Bibcode:2017LPI....48.2025L . Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  26. "NASA gives green light for OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to visit another asteroid". University of Arizona News. 25 April 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  27. Chang, Kenneth (6 January 2017). "A Metal Ball the Size of Massachusetts That NASA Wants to Explore". The New York Times . Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  28. Foust, Jeff (16 July 2024). "China reschedules planetary defense mission for 2027 launch". spacenews.com. Retrieved 23 July 2024.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Jones, Andrew (12 May 2023). "UAE's ambitious asteroid mission will tour 7 space rocks". Space.com. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
  30. "宇宙科学・探査ミッションの進捗状況について" [Space Science and Exploration Mission Progress](PDF). ISAS (in Japanese). CAO. 9 October 2024. p. 11. Retrieved 17 January 2025.
  31. Wu, Weiren; Yu, Dengyun; Huang, Jiangchuan; Zong, Qiugang; Wang, Chi; Yu, Guobin; He, Rongwei; Wang, Qian; Kang, Yan; Meng, Linzhi; Wu, Ke; He, Jiansen; Li, Hui (2019). "Exploring the solar system boundary". Scientia Sinica Informationis. 49: 1. doi: 10.1360/N112018-00273 . S2CID   86476811.
  32. "China to launch a pair of spacecraft towards the edge of the solar system". 16 April 2021.
  33. de Brum, Antonio G. V.; Hussmann, Hauke; Wickhusen, Kai; Stark, Alexander (1 January 2021). "Encounter trajectories for deep space mission ASTER to the triple near Earth asteroid 2001-SN263. The laser altimeter (ALR) point of view". Advances in Space Research. 67 (1): 648–661. Bibcode:2021AdSpR..67..648D. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2020.10.042. ISSN   0273-1177.
  34. "Introducing Ramses, ESA's mission to asteroid Apophis". www.esa.int. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  35. Bartels, Meghan. "Europe Announces New Mission to Infamous Asteroid Apophis". Scientific American. Retrieved 24 August 2024.
  36. 1 2 3 "CONTOUR - Mishap Investigation Board Report (PDF)" (PDF). NASA. 31 May 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 January 2006. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
  37. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Farquhar, Robert; Jen, Shao-Chiang; McAdams, Jim V. (1 January 1993). "Extended-mission opportunities for a Discovery-class asteroid rendezvous mission". NASA STI/Recon Technical Report A. 95: 435–447. Bibcode:1993STIA...9581370F. ISSN   0065-3438 . Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  38. Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2007). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part I: The Golden Age 1957-1982. Springer. pp. 57–58. ISBN   9780387493268.
  39. "Solar System Exploration - Suisei". NASA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
  40. Murray, B. C. (1989). Journey Into Space: The First Three Decades of Space Exploration. Norton & Company. p. 222. ISBN   0-393-02675-2.
  41. "HubbleSite - NewsCenter - Hubble Assists Rosetta Comet Mission (09/05/2003) - Release Text". HubbleSite. 15 November 2014. Archived from the original on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  42. "ESA Science & Technology - Rosetta goes to Comet Wirtanen". sci.esa.int.
  43. "Comet Space Missions". SEDS.org. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  44. "NASA - EPOXI Mission - Mission". epoxi.astro.umd.edu. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 Luigi Colangeli, Elena Mazzotta Epifani, Pasquale Palumbo, The New Rosetta Targets: Observations, Simulations and Instrument Performances, pp. 71-72, Springer Verlag, 2013.
  46. "New Horizons Receives Mission Extension to Kuiper Belt, Dawn to Remain". July 2016.
  47. European Space Agency [@ESA_JUICE] (14 December 2023). "🧃 Time for another visit to the #ESAJuice bar 😉 At 8⃣% of the way to Jupiter, we have an update on our journey. We had been considering slightly diverting Juice to visit an asteroid en route to #Jupiter. To maximise fuel for our main mission (the tour around the gas giant and its icy moons), we have decided against this asteroid flyby" (Tweet) via Twitter.
  48. Avdellidou, C.; Pajola, M.; Lucchetti, A.; Agostini, L.; Delbo, M.; Mazzotta Epifani, E.; Bourdelle De Micas, J.; Devogèle, M.; Fornasier, S.; Van Belle, G.; Bruot, N.; Dotto, E.; Ieva, S.; Cremonese, G.; Palumbo, P. (2021). "Characterisation of the main belt asteroid (223) Rosa". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 656: L18. Bibcode:2021A&A...656L..18A. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202142600 . hdl: 11577/3460828 . S2CID   244753425.
  49. Ulivi, Paolo; Harland, David M (2009). Robotic Exploration of the Solar System Part 2 Hiatus and Renewal. Praxis Publishing. pp. 90–92. ISBN   9780387789040.
  50. 2530 Shipka, JPL Small-Body Database Browser
  51. Moore, Patrick, The Data Book of Astronomy, Jan 2000, page 139
  52. 3840 Mimistrobell, JPL Small-Body Database Browser
  53. "Solar System Exploration - Deep Space 1". NASA. Archived from the original on 20 August 2004. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  54. Sarli, Bruno Victorino; Tsuda, Yuichi (September 2017). "Hayabusa 2 extension plan: Asteroid selection and trajectory design". Acta Astronautica. 138: 225–232. Bibcode:2017AcAau.138..225S. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.05.016.
  55. "Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid". The Planetary Society.
  56. NASA prepares to launch a solar sail, Universe Magazine, 28 June 2022, retrieved 17 November 2022
  57. Bartels, Meghan (12 August 2020). "Japan may extend Hayabusa2 asteroid mission to visit 2nd space rock". Space.com. Retrieved 13 August 2020.
  58. Dickinson, David (6 December 2022). "Status Update: Artemis 1's SmallSat Missions". Sky & Telescope. Sky&Telescope. Retrieved 8 December 2022.
  59. Snowden, Chapman (6 March 2025). "AstroForge | Odin't: A Complete Debrief of Our Deep Space Mission". www.astroforge.com. Retrieved 6 March 2025.
  60. Ho, T.M.; Kührt, E.; Zhang, X.J.; Auster, U.; Biele, J.; Grott, M.; Grundmann, J.T.; He, H.; Hördt, A.; Huang, J.C.; Ma, T.; Mottola, S.; Otto, K.; Plettemeier, D.; Qin, L.; Rubin, M.; Schmitz, N.; Ulamec, S.; Vincent, J.B. (2023). "A nanolander for a space mission to an active asteroid in the main belt" . Acta Astronautica . doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.08.024 . Retrieved 9 July 2025.
  61. Poncy, J; Grasset, Oliver; Martinot, V; Gabriel, Gabriel (September 2008). "Preliminary assessment of a Ceres Polar Lander mission". European Planetary Science Congress: 403. Bibcode:2008epsc.conf..403P.
  62. Gassot, Oriane (April 2021). "Calathus: A sample-return mission to Ceres" (PDF). Acta Astronautica. 181: 112–129. Bibcode:2021AcAau.181..112G. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.12.050. hdl: 10141/622884 . S2CID   234121413.
  63. 1 2 Centaurus: Exploring Centaurs and More, Messengers from the Era of Planet Formation. Kelsi N. Singer, S. Alan Stern, Daniel Stern, Anne Verbiscer, Cathy Olkin, and the Centaurus Science Team. (EPSC Abstracts Vol. 13, EPSC-DPS2019-2025-1, 2019 EPSC-DPS Joint Meeting 2019). Retrieved 6 October 2019.
  64. "Planetary Science Division Update" (PDF). NASA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
  65. Squyres, Steve (2018). CAESAR: Project Overview (PDF). 18th Meeting of the NASA Small Bodies Assessment Group. 17-18 January 2018. Ames Research Center, California. Lunar and Planetary Institute.
  66. COmet Nucleus Dust and Organics Return (CONDOR): a New Frontiers 4 Mission Proposal. (PDF) M. Choukroun, C. Raymond, M. Wadhwa. EPSC Abstracts. Vol. 11, EPSC2017-413, 2017. European Planetary Science Congress 2017.
  67. CORSAIR (COmet Rendezvous, Sample Acquisition, Investigation, and Return): A New Frontiers Mission Concept to Collect Samples from a Comet and Return them to Earth for Study (PDF). S. A. Sandford, N. L. Chabot, N. Dello Russo, J. C. Leary, E. L. Reynolds, H. A. Weaver, D. H. Wooden. 80th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society 2017 (LPI Contrib. No. 1987).
  68. Snodgrass, C.; Jones, G. H.; Boehnhardt, H.; Gibbings, A.; Homeister, M.; Andre, N.; Beck, P.; Bentley, M. S.; Bertini, I.; Bowles, N.; Capria, M. T.; Carr, C.; Ceriotti, M.; Coates, A. J.; Della Corte, V.; Donaldson Hanna, K. L.; Fitzsimmons, A.; Gutiérrez, P. J.; Hainaut, O. R.; Herique, A.; Hilchenbach, M.; Hsieh, H. H.; Jehin, E.; Karatekin, O.; Kofman, W.; Lara, L. M.; Laudan, K.; Licandro, J.; Lowry, S. C.; Marzari, F.; Masters, A.; Meech, K. J.; Moreno, F.; Morse, A.; Orosei, R.; Pack, A.; Plettemeier, D.; Prialnik, D.; Rotundi, A.; Rubin, M.; Sánchez, J. P.; Sheridan, S.; Trieloff, M.; Winterboer, A. (15 October 2018). "The Castalia mission to Main Belt Comet 133P/Elst-Pizarro". Advances in Space Research. 62 (8): 1947–1976. arXiv: 1709.03405 . Bibcode:2018AdSpR..62.1947S. doi:10.1016/j.asr.2017.09.011. S2CID   55821241.
  69. Howell, Samuel M.; Chou, Luoth; Thompson, Michelle; Bouchard, Michael C.; Cusson, Sarah; Marcus, Matthew L.; Smith, Harrison B.; Bhattaru, Srinivasa; Blalock, John J.; Brueshaber, Shawn; Eggl, Siegfried; Jawin, Erica R.; Miller, Kelly; Rizzo, Maxime; Steakley, Kathryn; Thomas, Nancy H.; Trent, Kimberly R.; Ugelow, Melissa; Budney, Charles J.; Mitchell, Karl L.; Lowes, Leslie (December 2018). "Camilla: A centaur reconnaissance and impact mission concept" (PDF). Planetary and Space Science. 164: 184–193. Bibcode:2018P&SS..164..184H. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2018.07.008. S2CID   126013385 . Retrieved 17 April 2022.
  70. 1 2 3 Northon, Karen (27 March 2015). "NASA Announces Progress on Asteroid Initiative". NASA. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  71. 1 2 "The delay in the launch of Psyche led to a revision of the objectives of the Janus mission". The Universemagazine Space Tech. 10 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  72. Czysz, Paul A.; Bruno, Claudio (20 March 2009). Future Spacecraft Propulsion Systems: Enabling Technologies for Space Exploration. Springer. p. 378. ISBN   9783540888147.
  73. Portree, David S. F. "No Shortage of Dreams: New Horizons II (2004-2005)".
  74. "Final Report of the New Horizons II Review Panel" (PDF).
  75. 1 2 "Sancho study: designing the minimum Earth escape spacecraft". ESA. 23 May 2012. Archived from the original on 15 May 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  76. Khartoum, Sarah (15 March 2018). "Nasa draws up plans for huge spacecraft to blow up doomsday asteroid". The Telegraph . Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  77. John Noble Wilford (11 September 1992). "NASA plans quick visit to edge of solar system". The Gainesville Sun. New York Times News Service. p. 9A. Retrieved 1 August 2015.
  78. Gates, Michele (28 July 2015). "Asteroid Redirect Mission Update" (PDF). NASA . Retrieved 6 September 2015.
  79. INVESTIGATION OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM DISK STRUCTURE DURING THE CRUISING PHASE OF THE SOLAR POWER SAIL MISSION. (PDF). T. Iwata, T. Okada, S. Matsuura, K. Tsumura, H. Yano, T. Hirai, A. Matsuoka, R. Nomura, D. Yonetoku, T. Mihara, Y. Kebukawa, M. ito, M. Yoshikawa, J. Matsu-moto, T. Chujo, and O. Mori. 49th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2018 (LPI Contrib. No. 2083).