Chimera (spacecraft)

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Chimera
Chimera Discovery Mission Concept.png
A Gateway to the Centaurs and the Secrets of Small Body Formation
Mission type Centaur Orbiter
Operator NASA
Mission duration>2 years of orbital exploration
Spacecraft properties
Manufacturer Lockheed Martin [1]
Start of mission
Launch date2025-2026 (proposed) [1]
Instruments
Visible and Thermal Imagers, mass and infrared spectrometers, radar [1]
 

Chimera is a NASA mission concept to orbit and explore 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 (SW1), an active, outbursting small icy body in the outer Solar System. [1] [2] [3] [4] The concept was developed in response to the 2019 NASA call for potential missions in the Discovery-class, [5] and it would have been the first spacecraft encounter with a Centaur and the first orbital exploration of a small body in the outer Solar System. The Chimera proposal was ranked in the first tier (Category 1) of submissions, but was not selected for further development for the programmatic reason of maintaining scientific balance.

Contents

SW1 is a member of the Centaur group, a population of near-pristine objects that have been gravitationally perturbed from the Kuiper Belt into unstable orbits in the region between Jupiter and Neptune. Many Centaurs eventually migrate into the inner Solar System to become short period, 'Jupiter Family' comets (JFCs), [6] and SW1 is believed to occupy the orbital ‘gateway’ through which they pass as they make this transition. [7] SW1’s characteristics are a chimeric combination of icy small bodies at different points along their evolution from the fringes of the Solar System to active comets passing near the Sun. This provides a unique opportunity to study how these objects formed, are composed, and change over time. Over a more than two year orbital encounter, Chimera would sample the escaping gas coma of SW1, study its patterns of activity and outburst, map the composition and topography of its surface, probe its interior, and monitor for changes as it evolves.

Science

Jupiter Family Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as imaged by the Rosetta spacecraft. 67P Churyumov-Gerasimenko - Rosetta (32755885495).png
Jupiter Family Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko as imaged by the Rosetta spacecraft.
The Kuiper Belt Object 486958 Arrokoth (left), as imaged by New Horizons is compared with 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (upper right: shown at relative size). The erosive effect of comet activity on 67P is evident in comparison with the relatively featureless surface of Arrokoth. TNO JFC comparison image.jpg
The Kuiper Belt Object 486958 Arrokoth (left), as imaged by New Horizons is compared with 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko (upper right: shown at relative size). The erosive effect of comet activity on 67P is evident in comparison with the relatively featureless surface of Arrokoth.
An image of 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 taken with the Spitzer telescope shows the presence of its persistent dust coma. 29P Schwassmann Wachmann.jpg
An image of 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 taken with the Spitzer telescope shows the presence of its persistent dust coma.

Icy small bodies are primordial echoes of the formation of the Solar System, with physical properties derived from the planet forming disk [8] and an orbit distribution related to early migration [9] of the giant planets. Investigation of their composition (ice and gas), shape, and interior structure all provide insight into the process of planetary development. The modern population of icy small bodies includes unmodified objects in stable orbits in the remote outer Solar System (e.g. The Kuiper belt and Oort cloud) and more evolved objects that have migrated inward toward the Sun to become long period comets (e.g. C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp), short period comets (e.g. 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko) and the Centaurs.

The Centaurs are the least altered icy bodies orbiting interior to Neptune, with physical characteristics that are intermediate between the small icy bodies explored by previous (e.g. Rosetta, New Horizons), initiated (e.g. Lucy) and planned (e.g. Comet Interceptor ) spacecraft missions. Their orbits are unstable and, on timescales 1-10 Myr, [7] [10] they are either scattered back into their Trans-Neptunian source region or inward toward Sun where they become comets. Centaurs are too far from the Sun for large-scale, water-based cometary behavior to occur, but they are close enough that some experience a form of sporadic activity. [11] [12] This early stage processing provides an opportunity to explore the transition of icy planetesimals from their primordial origins to their heavily-weathered cometary end-state.

Since its discovery during an outburst in 1927, the characteristics of 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 have identified it as enigmatic compared to other known comets [13] and a candidate for detailed study.

The physical characteristics of SW1 and its orbit simultaneously connect it to icy planetesimals in multiple evolutionary states. Its study provides insight into their distinctive histories.

Accessibility and environment

An orbital diagram of 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 29P-orbit.png
An orbital diagram of 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann

SW1's orbit has the smallest semi-major axis (5.986 au) of the large Centaurs, a very low eccentricity (e=0.044), and a modest inclination (9.39°). These factors combine with its proximity to Jupiter to make it uniquely accessible for an orbital rendezvous within the resources of the Discovery mission class. Similar to other Centaurs with surrounding rings and shrouds of debris (e.g. 10199 Chariklo, [18] 2060 Chiron [19] ), SW1's nucleus is obscured by an extensive dust coma that is constantly replenished by a combination of continuous activity and large outbursts. While the presence of larger coma grains around these objects could pose a hazard during high relative velocity encounters, their environments are benign for spacecraft on much slower orbital trajectories. SW1 has an estimated diameter of 60.4 ± 7.4 km [20] that is larger than any known JFC and comparable in both size [21] and activity [12] to the well-known long period comet Hale-Bopp. Its rotation rate less well-constrained, with several studies obtaining periods ranging from several days to as long as 2 months. [14] [22] [23]

Mission design

The prime launch windows for Chimera are in 2025 and 2026. The spacecraft trajectory exploits a rare planetary configuration that does not repeat until the 2080's. A series of gravity assist maneuvers are used to position Chimera at SW1 with a relative velocity low enough to permit orbital insertion. Several planetary and small body encounter options are possible during the cruise phase to enhance scientific return. Chimera will be the first orbital exploration of an outer Solar System small body and the third orbital spacecraft mission (after Cassini-Huygens and the upcoming Dragonfly) to operate beyond Jupiter. It will also be the most distant spacecraft mission to utilize solar power.

The encounter phase of the mission begins with the deceleration of the spacecraft beyond the Hill sphere of SW1. This is followed by a slow approach at a relative velocity of <10 m/s, during which the nucleus properties, activity patterns, outburst behavior, and debris environment are characterized. Following orbit insertion, Chimera begins detailed study of the surface topography, ice distribution, and thermal characteristics, the distribution and magnitude of activity and outbursts, the interior structure of the nucleus, and the in situ composition of the gas coma. Over the subsequent ~2 years, the spacecraft orbit will progress toward lower altitudes to perform intensive study of regions of interest, monitor for physical evolution, obtain more precise internal measurements, and to sample the near subsurface.

Scientific payload

The Chimera exploration objectives [1] are achieved using a combination of measurements including

Development team

The Chimera mission concept is a joint development of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory at the University of Arizona, Goddard Space Flight Center, and Lockheed Martin.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet</span> Natural object in space that releases gas

A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing. This produces an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere or coma surrounding the nucleus, and sometimes a tail of gas and dust gas blown out from the coma. These phenomena are due to the effects of solar radiation and the outstreaming solar wind plasma acting upon the nucleus of the comet. Comet nuclei range from a few hundred meters to tens of kilometers across and are composed of loose collections of ice, dust, and small rocky particles. The coma may be up to 15 times Earth's diameter, while the tail may stretch beyond one astronomical unit. If sufficiently close and bright, a comet may be seen from Earth without the aid of a telescope and can subtend an arc of up to 30° across the sky. Comets have been observed and recorded since ancient times by many cultures and religions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet Hale–Bopp</span> Long-period comet

Comet Hale–Bopp is a comet that was one of the most widely observed of the 20th century and one of the brightest seen for many decades.

A trans-Neptunian object (TNO), also written transneptunian object, is any minor planet in the Solar System that orbits the Sun at a greater average distance than Neptune, which has an orbital semi-major axis of 30.1 astronomical units (au).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2060 Chiron</span> Large 200km centaur/comet with 50-year orbit

2060 Chiron is a small Solar System body in the outer Solar System, orbiting the Sun between Saturn and Uranus. Discovered in 1977 by Charles Kowal, it was the first-identified member of a new class of objects now known as centaurs—bodies orbiting between the asteroid belt and the Kuiper belt.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centaur (small Solar System body)</span> Type of solar system object

In planetary astronomy, a centaur is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune and crosses the orbits of one or more of the giant planets. Centaurs generally have unstable orbits because they cross or have crossed the orbits of the giant planets; almost all their orbits have dynamic lifetimes of only a few million years, but there is one known centaur, 514107 Kaʻepaokaʻawela, which may be in a stable orbit. Centaurs typically exhibit the characteristics of both asteroids and comets. They are named after the mythological centaurs that were a mixture of horse and human. Observational bias toward large objects makes determination of the total centaur population difficult. Estimates for the number of centaurs in the Solar System more than 1 km in diameter range from as low as 44,000 to more than 10,000,000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</span> Periodic comet with 14 year orbit

Comet 29P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, also known as Schwassmann–Wachmann 1, was discovered on November 15, 1927, by Arnold Schwassmann and Arno Arthur Wachmann at the Hamburg Observatory in Bergedorf, Germany. It was discovered photographically, when the comet was in outburst and the magnitude was about 13. Precovery images of the comet from March 4, 1902, were found in 1931 and showed the comet at 12th magnitude. It reached the last perihelion on March 7, 2019. It came to opposition in late December 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko</span> Periodic contact binary comet

67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko is a Jupiter-family comet. It is originally from the Kuiper belt and has a current orbital period of 6.45 years, a rotation period of approximately 12.4 hours, and a maximum velocity of 135,000 km/h. Churyumov–Gerasimenko is approximately 4.3 by 4.1 km at its longest and widest dimensions. It was first observed on photographic plates in 1969 by Soviet astronomers Klim Ivanovych Churyumov and Svetlana Ivanovna Gerasimenko, after whom it is named. It most recently came to perihelion on 2 November 2021, and will next come to perihelion on 9 April 2028.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scattered disc</span> Collection of bodies in the extreme Solar System

The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant circumstellar disc in the Solar System that is sparsely populated by icy small Solar System bodies, which are a subset of the broader family of trans-Neptunian objects. The scattered-disc objects (SDOs) have orbital eccentricities ranging as high as 0.8, inclinations as high as 40°, and perihelia greater than 30 astronomical units (4.5×109 km; 2.8×109 mi). These extreme orbits are thought to be the result of gravitational "scattering" by the gas giants, and the objects continue to be subject to perturbation by the planet Neptune.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Comet nucleus</span> Central part of a comet

The nucleus is the solid, central part of a comet, formerly termed a dirty snowball or an icy dirtball. A cometary nucleus is composed of rock, dust, and frozen gases. When heated by the Sun, the gases sublime and produce an atmosphere surrounding the nucleus known as the coma. The force exerted on the coma by the Sun's radiation pressure and solar wind cause an enormous tail to form, which points away from the Sun. A typical comet nucleus has an albedo of 0.04. This is blacker than coal, and may be caused by a covering of dust.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann</span> Multiple fragment periodic comet with 5-year orbit

73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann, also known as Schwassmann–Wachmann 3 or SW3 for short, is a periodic comet that has a 5.4 year orbital period and that has been actively disintegrating since 1995. When it came to perihelion in March 2017, fragment 73P-BT was separating from the main fragment 73P-C. Fragments 73P-BU and 73P-BV were detected in July 2022. The main comet came to perihelion on 25 August 2022, when the comet was 0.97 AU from the Sun and 1 AU from Earth. It will be less than 80 degrees from the Sun from 25 May 2022 until August 2023. On 3 April 2025 it will make a modest approach of 0.3 AU to Jupiter. 73P will next come to perihelion on 23 December 2027 when it will be 0.92 AU from the Sun and on the far side of the Sun 1.9 AU from Earth.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">10370 Hylonome</span>

10370 Hylonome (; prov. designation: 1995 DW2) is a minor planet orbiting in the outer Solar System. The dark and icy body belongs to the class of centaurs and measures approximately 72 kilometers (45 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 27 February 1995, by English astronomer David C. Jewitt and Vietnamese American astronomer Jane Luu at the U.S. Mauna Kea Observatory in Hawaii, and later named after the mythological creature Hylonome.

60558 Echeclus is a centaur, approximately 84 kilometers (52 miles) in diameter, located in the outer Solar System. It was discovered by Spacewatch in 2000 and initially classified as a minor planet with provisional designation 2000 EC98 (also written 2000 EC98). Research in 2001 by Rousselot and Petit at the Besançon observatory in France indicated that it was not a comet, but in December 2005 a cometary coma was detected. In early 2006 the Committee on Small Bodies Nomenclature (CSBN) gave it the cometary designation 174P/Echeclus. It last came to perihelion in April 2015, and was expected to reach about apparent magnitude 16.7 near opposition in September 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1704 Wachmann</span>

1704 Wachmann, provisional designation A924 EE, is a stony asteroid from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 7 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered by German astronomer Karl Reinmuth at Heidelberg Observatory on 7 March 1924. It was later named after astronomer Arno Wachmann.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Extinct comet</span> Comet that lacks typical activity

An extinct comet is a comet that has expelled most of its volatile ice and has little left to form a tail and coma. In a dormant comet, rather than being depleted, any remaining volatile components have been sealed beneath an inactive surface layer.

2011 MM4, provisional designation: 2011 MM4, is a sizable centaur and retrograde damocloid from the outer Solar System, approximately 64 kilometers (40 miles) in diameter. It was discovered on 24 June 2011, by astronomers with the Pan-STARRS 1 at the Haleakala Obs. in Hawaii.

Centaurus is a mission concept to flyby the centaurs 2060 Chiron and Schwassmann–Wachmann 1. It was submitted in response to the NASA Discovery program call for proposals in 2019 but ultimately was not among the four missions selected for further development by NASA in February 2020. If it had been selected, Centaurus would have been the first mission to attempt a flyby of a centaur.

P/2020 MK4 (PanSTARRS) is a Chiron-type comet or active centaur orbiting in the outer Solar System between Jupiter and Saturn. It was discovered on 24 June 2020, by the Pan-STARRS survey at Haleakala Observatory in Hawaii, United States.

<span class="nowrap">C/2014 UN<sub>271</sub></span> (Bernardinelli–Bernstein) Largest known Oort cloud comet

C/2014 UN271 (Bernardinelli–Bernstein), simply known as C/2014 UN271 or Comet Bernardinelli–Bernstein (nicknamed BB), is a large Oort cloud comet discovered by astronomers Pedro Bernardinelli and Gary Bernstein in archival images from the Dark Energy Survey. When first imaged in October 2014, the object was 29 AU (4.3 billion km; 2.7 billion mi) from the Sun, almost as far as Neptune's orbit and the greatest distance at which a comet has been discovered. With a nucleus diameter of at least 120 km (75 mi), it is the largest Oort cloud comet known. It is approaching the Sun and will reach its perihelion of 10.9 AU (just outside of Saturn's orbit) in January 2031. It will not be visible to the naked eye because it will not enter the inner Solar System.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dust astronomy</span> Branch of astronomy

Dust astronomy is a subfield of astronomy that uses the information contained in individual cosmic dust particles ranging from their dynamical state to its isotopic, elemental, molecular, and mineralogical composition in order to obtain information on the astronomical objects occurring in outer space. Dust astronomy overlaps with the fields of Planetary science, Cosmochemistry, and Astrobiology.

References

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  2. ↑ Harris, W.; Woodney, L.; Villanueva, G. (2019). Chimera: A Mission of Discovery to the First Centaur. AGU Fall Meeting. p. 627815.
  3. ↑ Wall, M. (25 March 2019). "Centaurs Rising: NASA Eyes Missions to Weird Asteroid-Comet Hybrids". Space.com .
  4. ↑ Kornfeld, L. (22 November 2019). "Two Centaur Missions Proposed to NASA's Discovery Program". Spaceflightinsider.com.
  5. ↑ "NASA Discovery Program 2019 Announcement of Opportunity". nasa.gov. 8 April 2019.
  6. ↑ Duncan, M.J.; Levison, H.F. (1997). "A scattered comet disk and the origin of Jupiter family comets". Science . 276 (5319): 1670–2. Bibcode:1997Sci...276.1670D. doi:10.1126/science.276.5319.1670. PMID   9180070.
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  12. 1 2 3 4 Wierzchos, K.; Womack, M.; Sarid, G. (2017). "Carbon Monoxide in the Distantly Active Centaur (60558) 174P/Echeclus at 6 au". The Astronomical Journal . 153 (5): 8. arXiv: 1703.07660 . Bibcode:2017AJ....153..230W. doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/aa689c . S2CID   119093318.
  13. ↑ Van Biesbroeck, G. A. (1928). "Comet Notes: Comet 1927 d (Stearns) Comet 1927 h (Encke) Comet 1927 j (Schwassmann-Wachmann)". Popular Astronomy . 36: 69. Bibcode:1928PA.....36...69V.
  14. 1 2 Schambeau, C.; Fernández, Y.; Samarasinha, N.; Mueller, B.; Woodney, L. (2017). "Analysis of R-band observations of an outburst of Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1 to place constraints on the nucleus' rotation state". Icarus . 284: 359–371. Bibcode:2017Icar..284..359S. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2016.11.026 .
  15. ↑ Trigo-Rodríguez, J.; et al. (2008). "Outburst activity in comets. I. Continuous monitoring of comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1". Astronomy & Astrophysics . 485 (2): 599–606. Bibcode:2008A&A...485..599T. doi: 10.1051/0004-6361:20078666 .
  16. ↑ Bauer, J.; et al. (2015). "The NEOWISE-Discovered Comet Population and the CO+CO2 Production Rates". The Astrophysical Journal . 814 (85): 24pp. arXiv: 1509.08446 . Bibcode:2015ApJ...814...85B. doi: 10.1088/0004-637X/814/2/85 .
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  20. ↑ Schambeau, C.; Fernández, Y.; Lisse, C.; Samarasinha, N.; Woodney, L. (2015). "A new analysis of Spitzer observations of Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann 1". Icarus . 260: 60–72. arXiv: 1506.07037 . Bibcode:2015Icar..260...60S. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.06.038. S2CID   119298410.
  21. ↑ Fernández, Y.; et al. (1999). "The Inner Coma and Nucleus of Comet Hale–Bopp: Results from a Stellar Occultation". Icarus . 140 (1): 205–220. Bibcode:1999Icar..140..205F. doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6127.
  22. ↑ Miles, R. (2016). "Discrete sources of cryovolcanism on the nucleus of Comet 29P/Schwassmann-Wachmann and their origin". Icarus . 272: 387–413. Bibcode:2016Icar..272..387M. doi: 10.1016/j.icarus.2015.11.011 .
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