Meteor (satellite)

Last updated

Model of a Meteor-2 satellite Meteor 2-IMG 7645.jpg
Model of a Meteor-2 satellite

The Meteor spacecraft are weather observation satellites launched by the Soviet Union and Russia since the Cold War. The Meteor satellite series was initially developed during the 1960s. [1] The Meteor satellites[ clarification needed ] were designed to monitor atmospheric and sea-surface temperatures, humidity, radiation, sea ice conditions, snow-cover, and clouds.[ not verified in body ] Between 1964 and 1969, a total of eleven Soviet Union Meteor satellites were launched.

Contents

Satellites

Unlike the United States, which has separate civilian and military weather satellites, the Soviet Union used a single weather satellite type for both purposes. [2]

Meteor Prototype

Meteor Prototype launches

Meteor-1

Meteor-1 was a set of fully operational Russian meteorological satellite launched from the Plesetsk site. The satellites were placed in a near-circular, near-polar prograde orbit to provide near-global observations of the earth's weather systems, cloud cover, ice and snow fields, and reflected and emitted radiation from the dayside and nightside of the earth-atmosphere system for operational use by the Soviet Hydrometeorological Service. 31 satellites were launched between 1969 and 1981.

Meteor-1 launches

Meteor-1-25, also called "Meteor-Priroda-2", launched on 15 May 1976 by the USSR out of Plesetsk on a Vostok-2M. [6] It was a meteorological satellite that provided global observations of the earth's weather systems, cloud cover, ice and snow fields, vertical profiles of temperature and moisture, and reflected and emitted radiation from the dayside and nightside of the earth-atmosphere system for operational use by the Soviet Hydrometeorological Service. It carried an East German-designed experimental infrared Fourier spectrometers for on-orbit testing of the new instrument for weather observation. The satellite ceased operations on three years later and is now a derelict spacecraft. [7]

Meteor-2

The Meteor-2 series, based on the Meteor-1, was the second generation of Soviet meteorological satellites. They were launched into orbit at first by the Vostok-2M launch vehicle until that was replaced by the Tsyklon-3 launch vehicle in the early 1980s. Between 1975 and 1993, 21 Meteor-2's were launched. They were flown in non-sun-synchronous polar orbits with altitudes between 850 and 950 km and inclinations of 81-82º. They weighed about 1,300 kg and had two solar arrays. [8]

The instruments consisted of three television-type (frame technique) VIS and IR scanners, a five-channel scanning radiometer and a radiometer (RMK-2) for measuring radiation flux densities in the near-Earth space.

In addition to its regular payload, Meteor-2-21 carried a unique Fizeau Retro Reflector Array (RRA) for Satellite Laser Ranging applications.

Several of the satellites have begun to break up and create debris. #16 broke up in 1998 after a propulsion failure. #18 broke up the following year for unknown reasons. #4 broke up in March 2004. #17 broke up in June 2005. [9]

Meteor-2-2

Meteor 2-2 launched on 6 January 1977 by the USSR out of Plesetsk on a Vostok 2-M with 1st Generation Upper Stage. [10] It was an earth science satellite that performed cloud observation and IR temperature/humidity sounding. It ceased operations on 6 July 1978. [11] Since then, the satellite had broken up into several pieces of debris.

Meteor-2-5

Meteor 2-5 launched on 31 October 1979 by the USSR out of Plesetsk on a Vostok 2-M with 1st Generation Upper Stage. [10] It has undergone several breakup events, the first before January 2005 and the last as recently as 2013 or 2014, [12] resulting in 83 known pieces of which 60 were still on-orbit as of 2019. [13]

Meteor-2-6

Meteor 2-6 launched on 9 September 1980 by the USSR out of Plesetsk on a Vostok 2-M with 1st Generation Upper Stage. [10] It was an Earth Science/Weather satellite that gathered meteorological information and data on penetrating radiation fluxes in circumterrestrial space. [14] It has since broken apart into multiple pieces of space debris. [15]

Meteor 2-7

Meteor 2-7 launched on May 14, 1981, by the USSR out of Plesetsk on a Vostok 2-M with 1st Generation Upper Stage. [10] It had a weight of 2,750 kg, and contained the usual suite of communication and orbit control equipment powered by large solar arrays. [16] Its mission was cloud observation and IR temperature/humidity sounding, using a Radiation Measurement Complex (RMk-2), Infrared Sounding Radiometer, Television Camera and Infrared Instrument. [17] It ceased operations on 14 November 1982. In March 2004, it experienced an event, or a series of events, that caused it to break into 8 pieces. The cause of this break-up is unknown. [18]

Meteor 2-8

Meteor 2-8 launched on 25 March 1982 by the USSR out of Plesetsk on a Tsyklon-3 [10] It had a weight of 1,500 kg, and It carried scientific and meteorological instruments, and service systems. [19] Its mission was cloud observation and IR temperature/humidity sounding, using a Radiation Measurement Complex (RMk-2), Infrared Sounding Radiometer, Television Camera and Infrared Instrument. [20] It ceased operations on 25 September 1983. On 29 May 1999, it experienced a break-up event that caused it to break into 53 pieces. The cause of this break-up is unknown. [21]

Meteor-2-21

Meteor-2-21/Fizeau is the twenty-first and last in the Meteor-2 series of Russian meteorological satellites. [22]

ILRS Mission Support Status: Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) tracking support of this satellite was discontinued in October 1998. What makes Meteor-2-21 distinctive from the other meteorological satellites is its unique retroreflector array. The name Fizeau is derived from a French physicist, Armand Fizeau who, in 1851, conducted an experiment which tested for the aether convection coefficient. SLR tracking of this satellite was used for precise orbit determination and the Fizeau experiment. The Fizeau experiment tests the theory of special relativity – that distance events that are simultaneous for one observer will not be simultaneous for another observer who is in motion relative to the first observer.[ citation needed ]

Retroreflector Array (RRA) Characteristics: The retro-reflector array consists of three corner cubes in a linear array with the two outer corner cubes pointing at 45-degree angles relative to the central cube. The central cube is made of fused silica and has a two-lobe Far Field Diffraction Pattern (FFDP) providing nearly equal intensities for compensated and uncompensated velocity aberration. Both outer reflectors have aluminum coating on the reflecting surfaces and near-diffraction-limited FFDPs. One of the end reflectors is made of fused silica with an index of refraction of 1.46 and should provide partial compensation of the velocity aberration. The other end reflector is made of fused glass with an index of refraction of 1.62 and should provide a perfect compensation of the velocity aberration.[ citation needed ]

SLR full-rate data from MOBLAS 4, MOBLAS 7, and Maidanak seem to confirm the presence of the compensating influence of the Fizeau effect. Resur-1, another Russian satellite launched in 1994, has 2 corner cubes reflectors with near diffraction-limited FFDPs, which were specifically designed for the continuation of this experiment. WESTPAC, a future SLR satellite, will verify indisputably the existence or otherwise of the Fizeau effect.[ citation needed ]

Instrumentation: Meteor-2-21/Fizeau had the following instrumentation on board:[ citation needed ]

  1. Scanning telephotometer
  2. Scanning infrared radiometers
  3. Radiation measurement complex
  4. Retroreflector array

Meteor-Priroda

Meteor-Priroda is a series of experimental satellites launched. Internal document of Russian space agency show that it is originally only used to describe Meteor 1-31 at the time, but later extend to all experimental satellites. [5] It is commonly perceived to only include 6 satellites: Meteor 1-18, Meteor 1-25, Meteor 1-28, Meteor 1-29, Meteor 1-30, and Meteor 1-31. [4] [23] Evidence suggest that Kosmos 1484 should also be included. [5] [24]

Meteor-Priroda series is considered to be prototypes for the Resurs O1 satellites.

Meteor-Priroda launches

Meteor-3

Launch of Meteor-3 on a Tsyklon-3 rocket Cyclone-3 rocket launching Meteor-3 satellite.png
Launch of Meteor-3 on a Tsyklon-3 rocket

The Meteor-3 series was launched 7 times between 1984 and 1994 after a difficult and protracted development program that began in 1972. All the satellites were launched on Tsyklon-3 rockets. [26] These satellites provide weather information including data on clouds, ice and snow cover, atmospheric radiation and humidity.[ citation needed ] The Meteor-3 class of satellites orbit in a higher altitude than the Meteor-2 class of satellites thus providing more complete coverage of the Earth's surface. The Meteor-3 has the same payload as the Meteor-2 but also includes an advanced scanning radiometer with better spectral and spatial resolution and a spectrometer for determining total ozone content. Meteorological data is transmitted to four primary sites in the former Soviet Union in conjunction with about 80 other smaller sites.[ citation needed ]

Meteor-3 launches

Meteor-3-5

Meteor-3-5, launched in 1991, is in a slightly higher orbit than Meteor-2-21, and operated until 1994. It transmitted on 137.300  MHz. Mechanically, it is similar to Meteor-2-21. Which satellite was in operation depended on the sun angles and consequently the seasons. Meteor-3-5 was usually the (Northern Hemisphere) "summer" satellite while 2-21 was in operation for approximately the half-year centered on winter. The satellite carried the second Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aloft as the first and the last American-built instrument to fly on a Soviet spacecraft. Launched from the Plesetsk, Russia, facility near the White Sea, on 15 August 1991, Meteor-3 TOMS had a unique orbit that presents special problems for processing data. Meteor-3 TOMS began returning data in August 1991 and stopped in December 1994.

Meteor-3-6/PRARE

The Meteor-3-6/PRARE satellite is the sixth in the Russian Meteor-3 series of meteorological satellites launched in 1994.

ILRS Mission Support Status: Satellite laser ranging and PRARE data was used for precision orbit determination and intercomparison of the two techniques. ILRS tracking support of this satellite was discontinued on 11 November 1995.

Instrumentation: Meteor-3-6 has the following instrumentation on board:

  1. Scanning TV-sensor
  2. Visible light and infrared radiometers
  3. Scanning infrared radiometer
  4. Ozone Mapper
  5. Precise Range and Range-Rate Equipment (PRARE)
  6. Retroreflector array

RetroReflector Array (RRA) Characteristics: The retro-reflector array is a box wing annulus with a diameter of 28 cm and has 24 corner cube reflectors.

Meteor-3M

Meteor-3M satellite Meteor3M.jpg
Meteor-3M satellite

The Meteor-3M series of satellites was to be an advanced series of polar orbiters with one 1.4 km resolution visible channel and a ten-channel radiometer with 3 km resolution. Initially four Meteor-3M satellites were planned, however due to financial difficulties only one was launched. [29]

Meteor-M

The first Meteor-M satellite, Meteor-M No.1, was launched 17 September 2009 at 16:55:07 UTC from Baikonur by a Soyuz-2-1b/Fregat rocket. Its mission ended in 2014. [30]

The second satellite, Meteor-M No.2, was launched 8 July 2014 at 16:58:28 UTC from Baikonur by a Soyuz-2-1b/Fregat rocket. Its mission is scheduled to last 5 years.

On 27 November 2017, the launch of Meteor-M No.2-1 was lost after a programming error; [31] [32] also lost were 18 smaller satellites from other nations.

On 5 July 2019, the replacement satellite for the failed Meteor-M No.2-1 satellite, the Meteor-M No.2-2 (also known as Meteor M2-2) was launched from Vostochny Cosmodrome. [33]

Altitude of Meteor M2-2 showing the December 18th incident 2019-038A altitude (Meteor M2-2).svg
Altitude of Meteor M2-2 showing the December 18th incident

On 18 December 2019, image downlink from Meteor-M No.2-2 ceased. Tracking revealed the craft had suffered degradation in orbit with a 2 km (1.2 mi) decrease in perigee. NORAD was not able to identify any space object involved in a collision. Roscosmos later confirmed that the satellite had suffered a decompression of its thermal control system following what is presumed to be a micrometeoroid impact. Following the incident, the spacecraft was automatically switched into a low-power mode and ground operators worked to restore the satellite's orbit and orientation. By 25 December 2019, the satellite had resumed controlled flight, but the future of its mission remains uncertain. [34] [35]

More Meteor-M satellites are currently being developed. Meteor-M No.2-3 was successfully launched on 27 June 2023, with three more satellites in various stages of development. [36] Meteor-M No.2-4 was successfully launched on 29 February 2024 at 05:43 UTC, [37] while Meteor-M No.2-5 is scheduled to be launched later in 2024, and No.2-6 in 2025. [38]

Meteor-M launches

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Plesetsk Cosmodrome</span> Spaceport in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, northwestern Russia

Plesetsk Cosmodrome is a Russian spaceport located in Mirny, Arkhangelsk Oblast, near the town of Plesetsk, from which it takes its name. As of 2024, it is the only operational orbital spaceport in Europe and the northernmost spaceport in the world. Originally developed as an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) site for the R-7 missile, its strategic location approximately 800 kilometres (500 mi) north of Moscow was key to its selection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weather satellite</span> Type of satellite designed to record the state of the Earths atmosphere

A weather satellite or meteorological satellite is a type of Earth observation satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth. Satellites can be polar orbiting, or geostationary.

Kosmos is a designation given to many satellites operated by the Soviet Union and subsequently Russia. Kosmos 1, the first spacecraft to be given a Kosmos designation, was launched on 16 March 1962.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fengyun</span> Chinese weather satellites

Fēngyún are China's meteorological satellites. Launched since 1988 into polar Sun-synchronous and geosynchronous orbit, each three-axis stabilized Fengyun satellite is built by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST) and operated by the China Meteorological Administration (CMA). To date, China has launched twenty-one Fengyun satellites in four classes. Fengyun 1 and Fengyun 3 satellites are in polar, Sun-synchronous orbit and Low Earth orbit while Fengyun 2 and 4 are geosynchronous orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOAA-17</span>

NOAA-17, also known as NOAA-M before launch, was an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-17 also continued the series of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft begun with the launch of NOAA-8 (NOAA-E) in 1983 but with additional new and improved instrumentation over the NOAA A-L series and a new launch vehicle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOAA-16</span>

NOAA-16, also known as NOAA-L before launch, was an operational, polar orbiting, weather satellite series operated by the National Environmental Satellite Service (NESS) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). NOAA-16 continued the series of Advanced TIROS-N (ATN) spacecraft that began with the launch of NOAA-8 (NOAA-E) in 1983; but it had additional new and improved instrumentation over the NOAA A-K series and a new launch vehicle. It was launched on 21 September 2000 and, following an unknown anomaly, it was decommissioned on 9 June 2014. In November 2015 it broke up in orbit, creating more than 200 pieces of debris.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TIROS-2</span> Former American weather satellite

TIROS-2 was a spin-stabilized meteorological satellite. It was the second in a series of Television Infrared Observation Satellites. It re-entered in May 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOAA-7</span>

NOAA-7, known as NOAA-C before launch, was an American operational weather satellite for use in the National Operational Environmental Satellite System (NOESS) and for the support of the Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP) during 1978-1984. The satellite design provided an economical and stable Sun-synchronous platform for advanced operational instruments to measure the atmosphere of Earth, its surface and cloud cover, and the near-space environment. An earlier launch, NOAA-B, was scheduled to become NOAA-7, however NOAA-B failed to reach its required orbit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vostok-2M</span> Soviet Union space launch vehicle, 1964–1991

The Vostok-2M, GRAU index: 8A92M was an expendable carrier rocket used by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1991. Ninety-three were launched, of which one failed. Another was destroyed before launch. It was originally built as a specialised version of the earlier Vostok-2, for injecting lighter payloads into higher Sun-synchronous orbits. It was a member of the R-7 family of rockets, and the last Vostok.

Kosmos 23, also known as Omega No.2, was a satellite which was launched by the Soviet Union in 1963. It was an Omega satellite, derived from the Dnepropetrovsk Sputnik series. It was a 347 kilograms (765 lb) spacecraft, which was built by the Yuzhnoye Design Office, and was used to conduct experiments with the use of gyroscopes to control spacecraft, for VNIIEM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">ADEOS I</span> Derelict Japanese Earth observation satellite

ADEOS I was an Earth observation satellite launched by NASDA in 1996. The mission's Japanese name, Midori means "green". The mission ended in July 1997 after the satellite sustained structural damage to the solar panel. Its successor, ADEOS II, was launched in 2002. Like the first mission, it ended after less than a year, also following solar panel malfunctions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joint Polar Satellite System</span> Constellation of American meteorology satellites

The Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) is the latest generation of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites. JPSS will provide the global environmental data used in numerical weather prediction models for forecasts, and scientific data used for climate monitoring. JPSS will aid in fulfilling the mission of the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), an agency of the Department of Commerce. Data and imagery obtained from the JPSS will increase timeliness and accuracy of public warnings and forecasts of climate and weather events, thus reducing the potential loss of human life and property and advancing the national economy. The JPSS is developed by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), who is responsible for operation of JPSS. Three to five satellites are planned for the JPSS constellation of satellites. JPSS satellites will be flown, and the scientific data from JPSS will be processed, by the JPSS – Common Ground System (JPSS-CGS).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Suomi NPP</span> NASA/NOAA Earth weather satellite (2011–Present)

The Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, previously known as the National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System Preparatory Project (NPP) and NPP-Bridge, is a weather satellite operated by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was launched in 2011 and is currently in operation.

Meteor-1-1 was the Soviet Union's first fully operational weather satellite, and was launched 26 March 1969 on a Vostok rocket. It weighed between 1,200 and 1,400 kilograms, and was originally placed in orbit at an altitude of 650 km. Two solar panels were automatically oriented toward the Sun. It ceased operations in July 1970. Meteor-1-1 was the first of a series of 25 launches of similar spacecraft from 1969 to 1977.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Meteor-3M No.1</span>

Meteor-3M No.1 was the first and only of the Meteor-3M series polar-orbiting weather satellites. It was launched on 10 December 2001 at 17:18:57 UTC from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. The satellite is in a Sun-synchronous orbit with an ascending node time of about 9AM.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kosmos 122</span>

Kosmos 122, launched on 25 June 1966, Meteor No.5L, and was one of eleven weather satellites put into orbit between 1964 and 1969.

Kosmos 144, was launched on 28 February 1967, Meteor No.6L, and was one of eleven weather satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1969. Kosmos 144 was the second announced Russian meteorological satellite and the first interim operational weather satellite in the experimental Kosmos satellite 'Meteor' system. It was also the first launch of the semi-operational weather satellite from the Plesetsk site into a near-polar, near-circular orbit. Unlike U.S. weather satellites, however, the orbit was prograde because, as a result of geographic limitations, a retrograde orbit was not possible. Kosmos 144 was orbited to test, in a semi-operational mode, meteorological instruments designed for obtaining images of cloud cover, snow cover, and ice fields on the day and night sides of the Earth and for measuring fluxes of outgoing radiation reflected and radiated by the Earth-atmosphere system.

Kosmos 156 was a Soviet weather satellite launched on 27 April 1967, one of eleven weather satellites launched by the Soviet Union between 1964 and 1969. It formed part of the experimental "Meteor" weather satellite system. In 1969, the Kosmos satellite series was scrapped for the more modern and updated Meteor satellite.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOAA-21</span> NASA/NOAA weather satellite (2022–Present)

NOAA-21, designated JPSS-2 prior to launch, is the second satellite in National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s latest series of U.S. polar-orbiting, non-geosynchronous, environmental satellites, known as the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS). Launched on November 10, 2022, along with LOFTID, NOAA-21 now operates in the same orbit as NOAA-20 and Suomi NPP. It travels in a polar orbit, crossing the equator approximately 14 times a daily, and provides complete global coverage twice a day.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">NOAA-1</span>

NOAA-1, also known as ITOS-A was a weather satellite operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It was part of a series of satellites called ITOS, or improved TIROS.

References

  1. ↑ Soviet Weather Satellite Falls in Antarctica, RIA Novosti on SpaceDaily.com, 28 March 2012
  2. ↑ Hendrickx, Bart; Day, Dwayne A. (2 January 2024). "The Space Review: Diamonds and DORIANS: The Soviet Union's Almaz and the United States' Manned Orbiting Laboratory military space stations (part 3)". The Space Review. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  3. 1 2 "Meteor-1". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "Meteor - eoPortal Directory - Satellite Missions". directory.eoportal.org. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "П. А. Румянцев. Космическая система Метеор". epizodsspace.airbase.ru. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  6. ↑ "Meteor 1-25 - Satellite Information". Heaven's Above. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  7. ↑ "Satellite: Meteor-P2" . Retrieved 24 January 2023.
  8. ↑ "Meteor-2 (11F632)" . Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  9. ↑ Gates, D.; Anz-meador, P. "An 82o Inclination Debris Cloud Revealed by Radar" (PDF). Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 "Meteor-2" . Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  11. ↑ "Satellite: Meteor 2-2". OSCAR. Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  12. ↑ "HISTORY OF ON-ORBIT SATELLITE FRAGMENTATIONS" (PDF). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  13. ↑ "An 82o Inclination Debris Cloud Revealed by Radar" (PDF). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  14. ↑ "Meteor 2-6" . Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  15. ↑ "Launches of September 1980" . Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  16. ↑ "Meteor 2-7" . Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  17. ↑ "Satellite: Meteor-2-7" . Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  18. ↑ Anz-Meador, Phillip D.; Opiela, John N.; Shoots, Debra (4 July 2018). HISTORY OF ON-ORBIT SATELLITE FRAGMENTATIONS (PDF). Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  19. ↑ "Meteor 2-7" . Retrieved 1 January 2023.
  20. ↑ "Satellite: Meteor-2-8" . Retrieved 14 December 2022.
  21. ↑ Gates, D.; Anz-Meador, P. (2019). "An 82o Inclination Debris Cloud Revealed by Radar" (PDF). First International Orbital Debris Conference. 2109: 2. Bibcode:2019LPICo2109.6038G . Retrieved 18 January 2023.
  22. ↑ Meteor-2 Archived 11 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine , Encyclopedia Astronautica, accessed 17 September 2013
  23. ↑ "Satellite Programme: Meteor-Priroda". OSCAR. Retrieved 5 December 2024.
  24. ↑ Pardini, Carmen (1 February 2005). "Survey of past on-orbit fragmentation events". Acta Astronautica. 56 (3): 379–389. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2004.05.065. ISSN   0094-5765.
  25. ↑ "Meteor-Priroda". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  26. 1 2 "Meteor-3". www.astronautix.com. Archived from the original on 26 October 2010. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  27. ↑ "Meteor-3 (17F45)". space.skyrocket.de. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  28. ↑ "Космодром "Плесецк" | Информационный бюллетень №27". www.plesetzk.ru. Retrieved 19 April 2016.
  29. ↑ "Meteor satellite". www.russianspaceweb.com. Archived from the original on 10 April 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2016.
  30. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (15 November 2022). "The Meteor-M series". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  31. ↑ Russian satellite lost after being set to launch from the wrong spaceport: Deputy prime minister admits programmers gave the US$45 million device coordinates for Baikonur rather than Vostochny cosmodrome
  32. ↑ Soyuz 2-1B launch with Meteor-M ends in apparent Fregat-M failure
  33. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (4 August 2022). "Soyuz launches fresh Meteor weather watcher and 32 small satellites". russianspaceweb.com. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  34. ↑ "На Российском спутнике METEOR M2-2 произошла нештатная ситуация | R4UAB". r4uab.ru. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
  35. ↑ "О ситуации с КА "Метеор-М" № 2-2". roscosmos.ru. Retrieved 25 December 2019.
  36. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (27 June 2023). "Soyuz launches a Meteor weather satellite and 42 hitchhikers". RussianSpaceWeb. Retrieved 28 June 2023.
  37. ↑ "Спутник "Метеор-М" запустят на орбиту 29 февраля, сообщил источник" [The Meteor-M satellite will be launched into orbit on February 29, source says]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 20 January 2024. Archived from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.
  38. ↑ "Спектрометр спутника "Метеор-МП" будет давать в два раза больше данных" [Meteor-MP satellite spectrometer will provide twice as much data]. RIA Novosti (in Russian). 19 July 2022. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.