De Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter

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DHC-3 Otter
Harbour Air De Havilland Canada DHC-3T Vazar Turbine Otter C-FHAS 3 (cropped).jpg
A DHC-3T Turbine Otter
Role STOL utility transport
Manufacturer de Havilland Canada
First flight12 December 1951
Introduction1953
StatusActive
Produced1951–1967
Number built466
Developed from DHC-2 Beaver
Developed into DHC-6 Twin Otter

The de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter is a single-engined, high-wing, propeller-driven, short take-off and landing (STOL) aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada. It was conceived to be capable of performing the same roles as the earlier and highly successful Beaver, including as a bush plane, but is overall a larger aircraft.

Contents

Design and development

The rugged single-engined, high-wing, propeller-driven DHC-3 Otter was conceived in January 1951 by de Havilland Canada as a larger, more powerful version of its highly successful DHC2 Beaver STOL utility transport. Dubbed the "King Beaver" during design, it would be the veritable "one-ton truck" to the Beaver's "half-ton" role. [1]

The Otter received Canadian certification in November 1952 and entered production shortly thereafter. Using the same overall configuration as the Beaver, the new, much heavier design incorporated a longer fuselage, greater-span wing, and cruciform tail. Seating in the main cabin expanded from six to 10 or 11. Power was supplied by a 450-kW (600 hp) Pratt & Whitney R-1340 geared radial. The version used in the Otter was geared for lower propeller revolutions and consequently lower airspeed. The electrical system was 28 volts D.C.

Like the Beaver, the Otter can be fitted with skis or floats. The Otter served as the basis for the very successful Twin Otter, which features two wing-mounted Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6 turboprops. A total of 466 Otters were manufactured. [2]

Operational use

U.S. Army U-1A, July 1967 Hue Citadel Airfield, Republic of Vietnam US Army U-1A Otter Running up for Takeoff at the Hue Citadel Airfield, Republic of Vietnam July, 1967.jpg
U.S. Army U-1A, July 1967 Hue Citadel Airfield, Republic of Vietnam
Otter on floats, powered by a PZL Kalisz ASz-62IR with four blade propeller PolishOtter.jpg
Otter on floats, powered by a PZL Kalisz ASz-62IR with four blade propeller
F/L Lynn Garrison and crew with UNEF Otter, Sinai, 1962 Lynn Garrison crew with UNEF Otter, Sinai.png
F/L Lynn Garrison and crew with UNEF Otter, Sinai, 1962
Turbo Otter on wheel-skis Turbo Otter on Wheel-Skiis.JPG
Turbo Otter on wheel-skis
U.S. Navy U-1B (UC-1) Otter at NAS Pensacola, Florida, in 2002 DHC U-1B Otter U.S. Navy Pensacola 15.12.02R.jpg
U.S. Navy U-1B (UC-1) Otter at NAS Pensacola, Florida, in 2002
Otter with turbine engine conversion, covered against the cold on Mistassini lake, Mistissini, Quebec DeHavillandOtter C-FDIO WaasheshkunAirways LacMistassini MistissiniQC.jpg
Otter with turbine engine conversion, covered against the cold on Mistassini lake, Mistissini, Quebec

The DHC-3/CC-123/CSR-123 Otter was used until 1980 by the Royal Canadian Air Force and its successor, the Air Command of the Canadian Forces. It was used in Search and Rescue, as the "CSR" denotes Canadian Search (and) Rescue (type 123) and as a light utility transport, "CC" denoting Canadian Cargo. During the Suez Crisis, the Canadian government decided to provide assistance to the United Nations Emergency Force and the Royal Canadian Navy carrier HMCS Magnificent carried 4 Otters from Halifax to Port Said in Egypt early in 1957, with all four flying off unassisted while the ship was at anchor. [3] This was the only occasion when RCAF fixed wing aircraft operated from a Canadian warship. [3] It was also operated on EDO floats on water and skis for winter operations on snow. The EDO floats also had wheels for use on runways (amphibious). It was used as army support dropping supplies by parachute, and also non-parachute low-speed, low-altitude air drops, to support the Canadian Army on manoeuvres. In the end it was operated by the Primary Air Reserve in Montreal, Toronto, Edmonton and Winnipeg, with approximately 10 aircraft at each base, as well as by the RSU (Regular (Forces) Support Units) at those bases. It was usually flown with a single pilot (Commissioned Officer) in the left seat and a Technical Air Crewman (NCO) in the right seat. The Kiowa helicopter replaced it in Air Reserve squadrons.

Although the Otter found ready acceptance in bush airlines, as in a similar scenario to the DHC-2 Beaver, the United States Army soon became the largest operator of the aircraft (184 delivered as the U-1A Otter). Other military users included Australia, Canada, and India, but the primary role of the aircraft as a rugged bush plane continues to this day.

An Otter crossed the South Pole in 1957 (see Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition). The Otter is also popular in the skydiving community and can be found in many drop zones throughout the world.

Otters were used by Qantas from 1958 to 1960 in Papua New Guinea. The Qantas aircraft were then transferred to Trans Australian Airlines (TAA), a major Australian domestic airline, which operated the Otters in Papua New Guinea until 1966 when they were withdrawn from use. TAA was merged with Qantas in 1990.

Modifications

The most extensively modified Otter was RCAF Otter 3682. After initial service as a standard Search and Rescue aircraft it was used to explore the aerodynamic aspects of STOL. In 1958, it was fitted with flaps so outsized that, with their 45 degree droop, it became known as the Batwing Otter. In addition, its tail-wheel undercarriage was replaced with a high energy-absorption 4-wheel arrangement and a very high vertical tail. The next modification replaced the flaps with fully retractable flaps suitable for cruising flight and high drag was obtained with reverse thrust from a J85 turbojet installed in the fuselage behind the cockpit. The third configuration looked a lot like the future Twin Otter and was the first twin-PT6 fixed-wing installation to fly in May 1963 (A twin PT6-engined helicopter, the Kaman K-1125, had flown in April 1963). The piston engine in the nose was replaced with wing-mounted engines to blow over the flaps. [4] [5] [6]

Stolairus Aviation of Kelowna, BC, has developed several modifications for the DHC-3 including a STOL Kit, which modifies the wing with a contoured leading edge and drooped wingtips for increased performance. Stolairus has also developed a 180 kilograms (400 lb) "upgross" kit which increases the gross weight of the DHC-3 to 3,795 kilograms (8,367 lb) on floats. [7]

Some aircraft were converted to turbine power using a PT6A, Walter 601 (manufactured in the Czech Republic), or Garrett/Honeywell TPE331-10, by Texas Turbine Conversions. The Walter M601E-11 Turbine Engine conversion is manufactured and installed by Stolairus Aviation.

A Polish PZL radial engine has also been fitted. Re-engined aircraft have been offered since the 1980s by Airtech Canada as the DHC-3/1000 using current-production 1,000 hp (745 kW) PZL ASz-62 IR radials. [8]

Variants

DHC-3 Otter
Single-engined STOL utility transport aircraft.
CSR-123 Otter
STOL utility transport aircraft for the Royal Canadian Air Force.
YU-1 Otter
Six test and evaluation aircraft for the U.S. Army.
U-1A Otter
STOL utility transport aircraft for the U.S. Army.
UC-1 Otter
STOL utility transport aircraft for the United States Navy. Later redesignated U-1B Otter in 1962.
DHC-3-T Turbo-Otter
Otters fitted with either Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 or Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-34 turboprop engine.
Airtech Canada DHC-3/1000 Otter
Conversions powered by PZL Kalisz ASz-62IR engines. [8]
Texas Turbines Super Otter
Turbine conversion powered by a 900 shp (671 kW) Garret TPE331 turboprop engine
Aerotech Industries
Turbine conversion powered by a 900shp Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-140A turboprop engine.

Military operators

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh
Flag of Myanmar.svg  Burma
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica
Flag of Ethiopia.svg  Ethiopia
Flag of Ghana.svg  Ghana
Flag of India.svg  India
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of the Khmer Republic.svg  Khmer Republic
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua
Flag of Nigeria.svg  Nigeria
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Flag of Tanzania.svg  Tanzania
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States

Civil operators

DHC-3-T Turbo Otter on Lake Union, Seattle, WA Kenmore Air Lake Union.jpg
DHC-3-T Turbo Otter on Lake Union, Seattle, WA
Flag of Australia (converted).svg  Australia
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
Flag of Fiji.svg  Fiji
Flag of New Zealand.svg  New Zealand

Accidents

As of June 2019, there have been 119 incidents and accidents involving the DHC-3 resulting in 242 deaths. [12] Listed below are a select few of the most notable ones.

Specifications (landplane)

3-view line drawing of the de Havilland Canada U-1A Otter De Havilland Canada U-1A Otter 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the de Havilland Canada U-1A Otter

Data from Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958–59, [30] Jane's Civil and Military Aircraft Upgrades 1994–95 [31]

General characteristics

  • seaplane 15 ft 0 in (5 m)
  • seaplane 4,620 lb (2,096 kg)
  • fixed skis 4,361 lb (1,978 kg)
  • wheel/ski 4,475 lb (2,030 kg)
  • seaplane 7,967 lb (3,614 kg)
or -S3H1-G (lower supercharger gearing)

Performance

  • seaplane 153 mph (133 kn; 246 km/h) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • skiplane 158 mph (137 kn; 254 km/h) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • seaplane 129 mph (112 kn; 208 km/h) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • skiplane 133 mph (116 kn; 214 km/h) at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • seaplane 863 mi (750 nmi; 1,389 km) full internal fuel at 5,000 ft (1,524 m) seaplane
  • seaplane 8 hours 54 minutes at 5,000 ft (1,524 m)
  • 17,400 ft (5,304 m) S3H1-G engine
  • Seaplane
  • 17,900 ft (5,456 m) seaplane S1H1-G engine
  • 16,400 ft (4,999 m) seaplane S3H1-G engine
  • Skiplane
  • 18,600 ft (5,669 m) skiplane S1H1-G engine
  • 17,100 ft (5,212 m) skiplane S3H1-G engine
  • seaplane 650 ft/min (3.3 m/s) at sea level
  • skiplane 690 ft/min (3.5 m/s) at sea level
  • seaplane 1,980 ft (604 m)
  • seaplane 1,510 ft (460 m)

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

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References

Notes

  1. Rossiter 1998, p. 55.
  2. "The De Havilland DHC-3 Otter; a comprehensive information resource". dhc3otter.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  3. 1 2 "The Otters and the aircraft carrier". lookoutnewspaper.com. 22 July 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  4. https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1963/1963%20-%200073.html?search=january%20stol%20otter [ dead link ]
  5. Power – The Pratt & Whitney Canada Story, Kenneth H. Sullivan and Larry Milberry, CANAV Books 1989, ISBN   0921022018, p. 147
  6. The Universal Airplanes – Otter & Twin Otter, Sean Rossiter 1998, Douglas & McIntyre, ISBN   1550546376, pp. 13–31
  7. "DHC-3 Otter." Stolairus, Retrieved: 2 February 2012.
  8. 1 2 Taylor 1988 p. 17.
  9. Aird, Neil. "Master Index Otter DHC-3". dhc-3archive.com. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  10. PEO (JSF) Integrated Test Facility Public Affairs (24 October 2012). "Photo: A generation of naval aviation. The F-35B Lightning II with the NU-1B Otter". Naval Air Systems Command. United States Navy. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  11. "Key West Seaplane Adventures".
  12. "Accident Archives". Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives. Retrieved 7 June 2019.
  13. Air Crash – The Clues in the Wreckage, Fred Jones 1985, Roobert Hale Ltd., ISBN   0709021615, pp. 104–112
  14. "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Accident Number: ANC94FA070". National Transportation Safety Board . 5 June 1995. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  15. Trimble, Stephen. "EADS executive survives Alaska air crash, but former senator killed." flightglobal.com, 10 August 2010. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.
  16. Bohrer, Becky. "Plane crashes in Alaska kills former Alaska Sen. Ted Stevens, ex-NASA chief survives." Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine The Associated Press. via 680news.com, 10 August 2010. Retrieved: 10 August 2010.
  17. "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Accident Number: ANC11FA107". National Transportation Safety Board . 27 February 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  18. 10 killed in Soldotna plane crash Archived 2013-07-11 at the Wayback Machine , Peninsula Courier, 7 July 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
  19. Aviation Accident Final Report (Report). National Transportation Safety Board. 20 April 2021. DCA13MA121. Retrieved 25 November 2022.
  20. St. Claire, Pat (25 June 2015). "Small plane carrying cruise passengers crashes in Alaska". CNN . Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  21. Morrison, Greg; Payne, Ed (30 June 2015). "Authorities identify 9 people killed in Alaska plane crash". CNN . Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  22. Varandani, Suman (26 June 2015). "Alaska Plane Crash: 9 People Killed After Sightseeing Plane Carrying Cruise Ship Passengers Crashes". International Business Times.
  23. Grady, Mary (25 April 2017). "NTSB Cites "Company Culture" In Fatal Crash". AVweb. Retrieved 26 April 2017.
  24. D'Oro, Rachel (15 September 2015). "Fishing lodge's floatplane crashes in Alaska; 3 dead, 7 hurt". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  25. Aviation Accident Report NTSB/AAR-21/04 PB2021-100915 (PDF) (Report). National Transportation Safety Board. 20 April 2021. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  26. "10 Dead After Floatplane Crashes in Western Washington". KFI AM 640. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  27. "NTSB report points to separated actuator in Mutiny Bay floatplane crash that killed 10". komonews. 24 October 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.
  28. "Aircraft Accident Investigative Update" (PDF). National Transportation Safety Board. 24 October 2022. DCA22MA193. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  29. "DHC-3 Stabilizer Actuator Lock Ring – Special Inspection" (PDF). Viking Air. 25 October 2022. DHC3-SL-27-001. Retrieved 8 November 2022.
  30. Bridgman, Leonard, ed. (1958). Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1958–59. London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft Publishing Co. Ltd. pp. 127–128.
  31. Michell 1994, p. 24.
  32. Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography