Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior

Last updated
Model 12 Electra Junior
F-AZLL NR16020 Paris Air Legend 2018 (44600040681).jpg
General information
TypeCivil and military utility aircraft
Manufacturer Lockheed Corporation
Number built130
History
First flightJune 27, 1936
Developed from Lockheed Model 10 Electra

The Lockheed Model 12 Electra Junior, more commonly known as the Lockheed 12 or L-12, is an eight-seat, six-passenger all-metal twin-engine transport aircraft of the late 1930s designed for use by small airlines, companies, and wealthy private individuals. A smaller version of the Lockheed Model 10 Electra, the Lockheed 12 was not popular as an airliner but was widely used as a corporate and government transport. Several were also used for testing new aviation technologies.

Contents

Design and development

Cockpit of a C-40A, a U.S. Army version of the Lockheed 12 Lockheed C-40A cockpit.jpg
Cockpit of a C-40A, a U.S. Army version of the Lockheed 12

After Lockheed had introduced its 10-passenger Model 10 Electra, the company decided to develop a smaller version which would be better suited as a "feeder airliner" or a corporate executive transport. [1] At the same time, the U.S. Bureau of Air Commerce had also sensed the need for a small feeder airliner and announced a design competition for one. In order for a candidate to qualify for the competition, a prototype had to fly by June 30, 1936. [2] [3]

Lockheed based its candidate, which it named the Model 12 Electra Junior, around a scaled down Electra. It would carry only six passengers and two pilots but would use the same 450 hp (340 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior SB radial engines as the main Electra version, the 10A. [2] This made it faster than the Electra, with a top speed of 225 mph (362 km/h) at 5,000 ft (1,500 m). [2] [4] Like the Electra, the Model 12 had an all-metal structure, trailing-edge wing flaps, [4] low-drag NACA engine cowlings, and two-bladed controllable-pitch propellers (later changed to constant-speed propellers). [3] It also had the Electra's twin tail fins and rudders, which were becoming a Lockheed trademark. The landing gear was a conventional tail-dragger arrangement, with the main wheels retracting backwards into the engine nacelles; as was often the case with retractable gear of the period, the wheel bottoms were left exposed in case a wheels-up emergency landing was necessary, or the pilot simply forgot to deploy his novel landing gear. [4]

As in the Electra and the Boeing 247, the Model 12's main wing spar passed through the passenger cabin; small steps were placed on either side of the spar to ease passenger movement. [4] The cabin had a lavatory in the rear. [4] Although the standard cabin layout was for six passengers, Lockheed also offered roomier, more luxurious layouts for corporate or private owners. [2] [4]

The new transport had its first flight on June 27, 1936, [2] [3] three days before the competition deadline, at 12:12 PM local time, a time deliberately chosen for the Model 12's number. [2] As it turned out, the other two competition entries, the Beechcraft Model 18 and the Barkley-Grow T8P-1, weren't ready in time for the deadline, so Lockheed won by default. The "Electra Junior" name did not catch on in the way that the original Electra's name had. Most users simply referred to the aircraft by its model number, as the Lockheed 12. [3]

The original Lockheed 12 version, with Wasp Junior engines, was the Model 12A. [4] Almost every Lockheed 12 built was a 12A or derived from the 12A. There was also a Model 12B, using 440 hp (330 kW) Wright R-975-E3 Whirlwind radials, but only two of this model were built. [3] Although Lockheed had also announced a Model 12F, powered by Wright R-760 Whirlwind seven-cylinder radials, and a Model 12M, powered by 290 hp (220 kW) Menasco six-cylinder inline engines, [5] neither of these versions reached production.

Operational history

NACA's Lockheed 12A used for deicing testing NACA Lockheed 12A 1940.jpeg
NACA's Lockheed 12A used for deicing testing
U.S. Army Air Corps C-40B with fixed tricycle landing gear Lockheed C-40B left side.jpg
U.S. Army Air Corps C-40B with fixed tricycle landing gear
Electra Junior in flight Lockheed 12A Electra Junior in Flight over Houston.jpg
Electra Junior in flight

Even though the Lockheed 12 had won the government's feeder airliner competition, most of the airlines rejected it, and very few Lockheed 12s were used as airliners. [3] [6] One notable airline user was the newly renamed Continental Air Lines, which had a fleet of three Lockheed 12s that ran on its route between Denver, Colorado, and El Paso, Texas, in the late 1930s. [7] [8] [9] Another was British West Indian Airways Ltd., which flew the Lockheed 12 on Caribbean routes in the Lesser Antilles during the mid-1940s. [10] [11] [12]

The Lockheed 12 proved much more popular as a transport for company executives or government officials. [3] Oil and steel companies were among the major users. [3] A number were purchased as military staff transports by the United States Army Air Corps, which designated the type as the C-40, and by the United States Navy, which used the designation JO, or in one peculiar case, R3O-2. With the arrival of World War II, many civilian Lockheed 12s were requisitioned by the U.S. Army and Navy, Britain's Royal Air Force, and the Royal Canadian Air Force. [13]

Two civil Lockheed 12s ordered by British Airways Ltd. were actually intended for covert military reconnaissance flights. [6] Sidney Cotton modified these aircraft for aerial photography and in civilian guise, overflew and surreptitiously photographed many German and Italian military installations during the months preceding World War II. [14] [15] One of these G-AFTL has recently been returned to flight in the UK with its most recent display being at IWM Duxford Flying Days: The Americans on 28 July 2023. [16]

The main military user of the Lockheed 12 was the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force, which bought 36. [6] Sixteen of these were the Model 212, a version created by Lockheed for training bomber crews, which had a .303 in (7.696 mm) caliber machine gun in an unpowered, partly retractable gun turret on top of the fuselage, a second .303-caliber machine gun fixed in the nose, and bomb racks under the wing center section that could hold eight 100 lb (45 kg) bombs. [1] The other 20 aircraft were transport versions. [3]

Several Lockheed 12s were used as technology testbeds. The U.S. National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) bought two, adding a center vertical fin to each of them to test stability improvements. One of the NACA Lockheed 12s was used to test "hot-wing" deicing technology, in which hot exhaust air from the engines was ducted through the wing's leading edge to prevent ice accumulation. [17] [18]

Three other Lockheed 12s were used to test tricycle landing gear. [19] These had their normal landing gear replaced by a non-retracting version with a large nosewheel and with the main wheels shifted further back on the engine nacelles. [19] (The tailwheel from the normal conventional gear was retained. [19] ) The gear was non-retractable because there wasn't room within the structure to stow it in retracted position. [13] Streamlined fairings were placed on the gear to reduce drag. One of the tricycle gear Lockheed 12s went to the U.S. Navy as the XJO-3 and performed carrier landing tests on the USS Lexington to study the suitability of a twin-engined tricycle-gear aircraft for carrier operations. [18] [19] Another went to the U.S. Army as the C-40B, and still another was retained by Lockheed for its own testing; both of these were eventually converted back to the normal landing gear configuration. [18] [19]

Milo Burcham flew a Lockheed 12A in the 1937 Bendix Trophy Race from Burbank, California to Cleveland, Ohio. This 12A had extra fuel tanks in the cabin, allowing it to save time by making the entire 2,043 mi (3,288 km) trip non-stop. [18] The 12A came in fifth at an average speed of 184 mph (296 km/h); this was an impressive performance, since the first and fourth-place winners were both privately owned Seversky P-35 fighters. [18]

Another Lockheed 12A, owned by Republic Oil Company and named The Texan, was modified by aviator Jimmie Mattern for a round-the-world flight attempt. Mattern filled the 12A's cabin with fuel tanks and removed the cabin windows and door; the crew would enter the aircraft via a cockpit hatch. [18] The aircraft was denied a U.S. permit for the flight following the Earhart incident, but was then pressed into action in September 1937 in a long range search effort for Sigizmund Levanevsky, who crashed somewhere between the North pole and Barrow, Alaska. "The Texan" was outfitted as a luxury transport afterward, and lost in a hangar fire in January 1938. [20]

Lockheed built a total of 130 Lockheed 12s, ending production in 1941. With the arrival of World War II, Lockheed concentrated its production efforts on more advanced military aircraft, such as the Hudson bomber and the P-38 Lightning twin-engined fighter. The Lockheed 12's market was left to the Beechcraft Model 18, thousands of which would eventually be produced. [4] [6]

A number of Lockheed 12s have survived to the present day, mostly in private hands. Several of these are still flying. [21]

Variants

Civil models

1937 Lockheed 12A Lockheed 12A Junior Electra (VH-HID) taking off at the 2019 Australian International Airshow.jpg
1937 Lockheed 12A
Model 12A
Powered by two 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior SB radial engines. 70 built. [22] [23]
Model 12B
Like 12A, but powered by two 440 hp (328 kW) Wright R-975-E3 Whirlwind radial engines. [22] [24] This was a normal civil model, but the only two built (serial numbers 1228 and 1249) went to the Argentine Army. [3]
Model 12-25
Last two civilian Model 12's produced (serial numbers 1293 and 1294), same as 12A but with Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior SB3 engines.

Military models

U.S. Army Air Corps C-40 Lockheed C-40 left side.jpg
U.S. Army Air Corps C-40

All of these were based on the Model 12A and used the same engines.

C-40
U.S. Army Air Corps five-passenger transport; prototype (serial 1247) converted from company owned 12A, two others built, redesignated UC-40 in January 1943. [22] [25]
C-40A
U.S. Army Air Corps transport with mixed passenger/cargo interior; 10 built, plus one converted from C-40B, redesignated UC-40A in January 1943. [22] [26]
C-40B
U.S. Army Air Corps testbed for testing fixed tricycle landing gear; one built, converted to a normal C-40A in 1940. [22] [27]
C-40D
Eleven civil Model 12As impressed by the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1942, with standard six-passenger interior. Redesignated UC-40D in January 1943. [22] [28]
JO-1
U.S. Navy five-passenger transport; one built. [22] [29]
JO-2
U.S. Navy and Marine Corps six-passenger transport; five built. [22] [29]
XJO-3
U.S. Navy testbed with fixed tricycle gear, used for carrier landing tests and airborne radar trials; one built. [22] [29]
R3O-2
One civil Model 12A impressed by the U.S. Navy in 1941. (This was an anomalous designation, since the Navy had already used R3O for the Model 10 Electra.) [29] [30]
Model 212
Bomber trainer with bomb racks and gun turret atop aft fuselage; prototype (serial 1243, reserialed 212-13) converted from company owned 12A, 16 others built, one prototype and 16 for the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force. [22]
Model 12-26
Military transport version of the Model 212; 20 built for the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force. [3]

Operators

Civilian

Lockheed 12A Electra Junior taxiing at Houston Hobby Airport, 1940. This aircraft belonged to the Continental Oil Company. In the foreground is a Braniff Lockheed Model 10 Electra. Braniff Airline Pilots Watching a Lockheed 12A Electra Junior.jpg
Lockheed 12A Electra Junior taxiing at Houston Hobby Airport, 1940. This aircraft belonged to the Continental Oil Company. In the foreground is a Braniff Lockheed Model 10 Electra.

Military

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba [33]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Dutch East Indies
Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  South Africa
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States

Flightworthy Survivors and Aircraft on Display

Model 12A at Canada Aviation and Space Museum Lockheed Electra Junior L12A CASM 2012.jpg
Model 12A at Canada Aviation and Space Museum

Specifications (Model 12A)

3-view line drawing of the Lockheed 12A Electra Junior Lockheed 12A Electra Junior 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Lockheed 12A Electra Junior

Data from Lockheed Aircraft since 1913 [42]

General characteristics

Performance

Notable appearances in media

A Lockheed 12 appeared as the French airliner in the climactic final scene from the 1942 film Casablanca . [44] (The aircraft carries the Air France seahorse logo, [45] although Air France did not actually operate the type 12A). A "cut-out" stood in for a real Lockheed 12 in many shots. No real aircraft appeared in the movie. Half and quarter scale models were used instead. [44] [N 1]

Lockheed 12s have also appeared in movies as stand-ins for the Electra 10E used by Amelia Earhart in her round-the-world flight attempt. Two played this role in the NBC 1976 TV miniseries Amelia Earhart , [44] and another did so in the 2009 movie Amelia . [46]

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Corporation</span> 1926–1995 aerospace manufacturer in the United States

The Lockheed Corporation was an American aerospace manufacturer. Lockheed was founded in 1926 and merged in 1995 with Martin Marietta to form Lockheed Martin. Its founder, Allan Lockheed, had earlier founded the similarly named but otherwise-unrelated Loughead Aircraft Manufacturing Company, which was operational from 1912 to 1920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Constellation</span> Family of US airliners with 4 piston engines, 1943

The Lockheed Constellation ("Connie") is a propeller-driven, four-engined airliner built by Lockheed Corporation starting in 1943. The Constellation series was the first civil airliner family to enter widespread use equipped with a pressurized cabin, enabling it to fly well above most bad weather, thus significantly improving the general safety and ease of commercial passenger air travel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas C-54 Skymaster</span> Military transport aircraft derived from DC-4

The Douglas C-54 Skymaster is a four-engined transport aircraft used by the United States Army Air Forces in World War II and the Korean War. Like the Douglas C-47 Skytrain derived from the DC-3, the C-54 Skymaster was derived from a civilian airliner, the Douglas DC-4. Besides transport of cargo, the C-54 also carried presidents, prime ministers, and military staff. Dozens of variants of the C-54 were employed in a wide variety of non-combat roles such as air-sea rescue, scientific and military research, and missile tracking and recovery. During the Berlin Airlift it hauled coal and food supplies to West Berlin. After the Korean War it continued to be used for military and civilian uses by more than 30 countries. It was one of the first aircraft to carry the President of the United States, the first being President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Boeing 247</span> Airliner family by Boeing

The Boeing Model 247 is an early American airliner, and one of the first such aircraft to incorporate advances such as all-metal semimonocoque construction, a fully cantilevered wing, and retractable landing gear. Other advanced features included control surface trim tabs, an autopilot and de-icing boots for the wings and tailplane. The 247 first flew on February 8, 1933, and entered service later that year.

The Lockheed Model 10 Electra is an American twin-engined, all-metal monoplane airliner developed by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, which was produced primarily in the 1930s to compete with the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2. The type gained considerable fame as one was flown by Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan on their ill-fated around-the-world expedition in 1937.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed L-188 Electra</span> American turboprop airliner by Lockheed, built 1957–1961

The Lockheed L-188 Electra is an American turboprop airliner built by Lockheed. First flown in 1957, it was the first large turboprop airliner built in the United States. With its fairly high power-to-weight ratio, huge propellers and very short wings, large Fowler flaps which significantly increased effective wing area when extended, and four-engined design, the airplane had airfield performance capabilities unmatched by many jet transport aircraft even today—particularly on short runways and high altitude airfields. Initial sales were good, but after two fatal crashes that led to expensive modifications to fix a design defect, no more were ordered. Jet airliners soon supplanted turboprops for many purposes, and many Electras were modified as freighters. Some Electras are still being used in various roles into the 21st century. The airframe was also used as the basis for the Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Hudson</span> Family of transport and patrol bomber aircraft

The Lockheed Hudson is a light bomber and coastal reconnaissance aircraft built by the American Lockheed Aircraft Corporation. It was initially put into service by the Royal Air Force shortly before the outbreak of the Second World War and primarily operated by it thereafter. The Hudson was a military conversion of the Model 14 Super Electra airliner, and was the first significant aircraft construction contract for Lockheed — the initial RAF order for 200 Hudsons far surpassed any previous order the company had received.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar</span> American passenger transport aircraft of the World War II era

The Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar is an American passenger transport aircraft of the World War II era, developed as part of the Model 10 Electra family, specifically from the Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SAHSA</span>

Servicio Aéreo de Honduras S.A. otherwise known as SAHSA Airlines was the national flag carrier airline of Honduras from October 22, 1945, to January 14, 1994. The airline was a subsidiary of Pan American Airways and merged with Transportes Aéreos Nacionales (TAN) to form TAN-SAHSA in November 1991.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonov An-12</span> Soviet medium-range transport aircraft

The Antonov An-12 is a four-engined turboprop transport aircraft designed in the Soviet Union. It is the military version of the Antonov An-10 and has many variants. For more than three decades the An-12 was the standard medium-range cargo and paratroop transport aircraft of the Soviet air forces. A total of 1,248 aircraft were built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra</span> 1930s American family of airliners

The Lockheed Model 14 Super Electra was an American civil passenger and cargo aircraft built by the Lockheed Aircraft Corporation during the late 1930s. An outgrowth of the earlier Model 10 Electra, the Model 14 was also developed into larger, more capable civil and military versions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed R6V Constitution</span> Transport aircraft

The Lockheed R6V Constitution was a large, propeller-driven, double-decker transport aircraft developed in the 1940s by Lockheed as a long-range, high-capacity transport and airliner for the U.S. Navy and Pan American Airways. Only two of the aircraft were ever built, both prototypes. Although these two planes went into service with the Navy, the Constitution design ultimately proved underpowered and too large for practical airline use at the time. Although the Martin JRM Mars flying boat had a slightly longer wingspan, the Constitution remains the largest fixed-wing aircraft type ever operated by the U.S. Navy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">McDonnell 119</span> Four-engined US business jet prototype, 1959

The McDonnell 119/220 is a business jet developed and unsuccessfully marketed by McDonnell Aircraft in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Its configuration is unique for this type of aircraft, with four podded engines underneath a low wing. It is the only airplane built by McDonnell Aircraft to be marketed to civil buyers prior to the company's merger with Douglas Aircraft to form McDonnell Douglas. The jet could be outfitted for 10 passengers in a luxury executive configuration and could carry as many as 29.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bréguet 941</span> French STOL transport aircraft with 4 turboprop engines, 1959

The Breguet 941 is a French four-engine turboprop short takeoff and landing (STOL) transport aircraft developed by Breguet in the 1960s. Although widely promoted, both by Breguet in France and by McDonnell Aircraft and McDonnell Douglas in the United States, it was not built in large numbers; only one prototype and four production aircraft were built.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed XC-35</span> Type of aircraft

The Lockheed XC-35 is a twin-engine, experimental pressurized airplane. It was the second American aircraft to feature cabin pressurization. It was initially described as a "supercharged cabins" by the Army. The XC-35 was a development of the Lockheed Model 10 Electra that was designed to meet a 1935 request by the United States Army Air Corps for an aircraft with a pressurized cabin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northrop Delta</span> Type of aircraft

The Northrop Delta was an American single-engined passenger transport aircraft of the 1930s. Closely related to Northrop's Gamma mail plane, 13 were produced by the Northrop Corporation, followed by 19 aircraft built under license by Canadian Vickers Limited.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kelly Johnson (engineer)</span> American aerospace engineer (1910–1990)

Clarence Leonard "Kelly" Johnson was an American aeronautical and systems engineer. He is recognized for his contributions to a series of important aircraft designs, most notably the Lockheed U-2 and SR-71 Blackbird. Besides the first production aircraft to exceed Mach 3, he also produced the first fighter capable of Mach 2, the United States' first operational jet fighter, as well as the first fighter to exceed 400 mph, and many other contributions to various aircraft.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Douglas DC-2</span> Two engined airliner

The Douglas DC-2 is a 14-passenger, twin-engined airliner that was produced by the American company Douglas Aircraft Company starting in 1934. It competed with the Boeing 247. In 1935, Douglas produced a larger version called the DC-3, which became one of the most successful aircraft in history.

<i>Flight Angels</i> 1940 American film

Flight Angels is a 1940 commercial aviation film from Warner Bros. Pictures, produced by Edmund Grainger and directed by Lewis Seiler, from an original story by Jerry Wald and Richard Macaulay. The film stars Virginia Bruce, Dennis Morgan, Wayne Morris, and Ralph Bellamy as airline employees, flying Douglas DST airliners.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lockheed L-049 Constellation</span> US airliner with 4 piston engines, 1943

The Lockheed L-049 Constellation was the first model of the Lockheed Constellation aircraft line. It entered service as the C-69 military transport aircraft during World War II for the United States Army Air Forces and was the first civilian version after the war. When production ended in 1946 it was replaced by the improved L-649 and L-749 Constellation.

References

Notes

  1. ↑ The real aircraft operating from Casablanca to Lisbon in 1942 was actually a Lockheed Model 18 Lodestar, operated by Portuguese company, Aeroportuguesa, the only airline from a neutral country allowed to fly the route.

Citations

  1. 1 2 O'Leary 2001, p. 1.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 O'Leary 2001, p. 3.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Bowers, Peter. "History of the Lockheed 12A, p. 2." Flight Journal, April 2000. Retrieved: 15 July 2010.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bowers 2000, p. 1.
  5. ↑ Flight 1936, p. 148.
  6. 1 2 3 4 O'Leary 2001, p. 4.
  7. ↑ "Airline Companies of the World." Flight, Volume XXXIII, Issue 1531, April 28, 1938, p. 418. Retrieved: January 15, 2010.
  8. ↑ "Airline Companies of the World." Flight, Volume XXXV, Issue 1583, April 27, 1939, p. 431. Retrieved: January 15, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Continental Air Lines July 1, 1937 timetable." Continental Airlines. Retrieved: January 15, 2010.
  10. ↑ Wilson, John. "Report on the Progress of Civil Aviation 1939–1945," pp. 213–214, 230, 248. wasc.org.uk. Retrieved: January 24, 2010. Note: This is a transcription of an original report from the library of the United Kingdom's Civil Aviation Authority; it is provided by the West Africa Study Circle philatelic society.
  11. ↑ "British West Indian Airways Limited January 1, 1946 timetable." British West Indian Airways Limited (BWIA). Retrieved: January 24, 2010.
  12. ↑ "West Indies (Transport Services)." Parliament of the United Kingdom . Retrieved: January 24, 2010. Note: The report is a discussion of West Indies air transport from the April 17, 1946 session of the British House of Commons.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 Bowers, Peter. p. 3
  14. ↑ "Sidney's sky spies." Air Classics, December 2001. Retrieved: January 16, 2010.
  15. ↑ Bowers 2000, p. 5.
  16. ↑ "Flying Days: The Americans".
  17. ↑ "Hot wing." Air Classics, December 2001. Retrieved: January 15, 2010.
  18. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Bowers 2000, p. 4.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 "Tri-gear experiments." Air Classics, December 2001. Retrieved: January 16, 2010.
  20. ↑ "The diary of Jimmie Mattern, Pioneer Airman part V." AAHS Journal, Spring 1998, p. 22.
  21. ↑ "Lockheed 10 and 12." Archived 2010-01-23 at the Wayback Machine Another Time. Retrieved: January 17, 2010.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Lockheed 1 to J." Aerofiles. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.
  23. ↑ FAA Type Certificate Data Sheet TC 616.
  24. ↑ FAA Inspection Handbook Part 4, p. 31.
  25. ↑ "Factsheet: Lockheed C-40." Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.
  26. ↑ "Factsheet: Lockheed C-40A." Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.
  27. ↑ "Factsheet: Lockheed C-40B." Archived 2011-01-13 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.
  28. ↑ "Factsheet: Lockheed UC-40D." Archived 2013-10-05 at the Wayback Machine National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.
  29. 1 2 3 4 McKillop, Jack. "Lockheed JO Electra Junior, R2O Electra, R3O Electra and Electra Junior." microworks.net. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.
  30. ↑ "Lockheed K to Lockheed-Martin." Aerofiles. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.
  31. 1 2 "Lockheed L-12A Electra Junior." Archived 2009-08-12 at the Wayback Machine Canada Aviation and Space Museum. Retrieved: January 17, 2010.
  32. ↑ Francillon 1982, p. 128.
  33. 1 2 Francillon 1982, p. 130.
  34. 1 2 Francillon 1982, p. 133.
  35. ↑ "Photos of converted Model 12 for Dutch East Indies Air Force." Popular Science, February 1941, p. 80.
  36. ↑ "Our Collection — East Hangar." Archived 2009-12-08 at the Wayback Machine Yanks Air Museum. Retrieved: January 17, 2010.
  37. ↑ "2 killed after World War II-era plane crashes near California airport: Officials". ABC News. Retrieved 2024-06-16.
  38. ↑ "Lockheed L-12A L2-100, c/n 1306 - Zoeken in de collectie - Nationaal Militair Museum". www.nmm.nl. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04.
  39. ↑ "SE-BXU LOCKHEED 12-26 ELECTRA Jr | FLYGSAMLINGAR ARLANDA".
  40. ↑ "Museum Amerta Dirgantara Mandala Kalijati, Subang". kotasubang.com (in Indonesian). 13 February 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  41. ↑ "EXCLUSIVE: Cotton Electra takes to the skies!". 20 December 2023.
  42. ↑ Francillon 1982, p. 134.
  43. ↑ Francillon 1982, p. 127.
  44. 1 2 3 "'Of all the gin joints...'" Air Classics, December 2001. Retrieved: January 17, 2010.
  45. ↑ "Reaching for the stars." Archived 2011-08-09 at the Wayback Machine Air France via www.airfrancelasaga.com, May 14, 2008. Retrieved: January 17, 2010.
  46. ↑ Collins, Mike. "The 'Amelia' movie's airplane." AOPA Aviation Summit, October 6, 2009. Retrieved: January 8, 2010.

Bibliography

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.