Convair XC-99

Last updated
XC-99
Convair XC-99 in flight c1948.jpg
The sole prototype XC-99 off La Jolla in its early days of operation, before fitment of a nose radome and four-wheel main gear bogies
General information
TypeHeavy transport
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Convair
StatusCanceled
Primary user United States Air Force
Number built1
Serial 43-52436
Total hours7,400 hours
History
Introduction date26 May 1949
First flight24 November 1947 [1]
Retired1957
Developed from Convair B-36 Peacemaker
Preserved at National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio

The Convair XC-99, AF Ser. No. 43-52436, is a prototype heavy cargo aircraft built by Convair for the United States Air Force. It was the largest piston-engined land-based transport aircraft ever built, and was developed from the Convair B-36 Peacemaker bomber, sharing the wings and some other structures with it. The first flight was on 24 November 1947 in San Diego, California, and after testing it was delivered to the Air Force on 26 May 1949. [2] The Convair Model 37 was a planned civil passenger variant based on the XC-99 but was not built.

Contents

Design and development

Design capacity of the XC-99 was 100,000 lb (45,000 kg) of cargo or 400 fully equipped soldiers on its double cargo decks. A cargo lift was installed for easier loading. The engines face rearward in a pusher configuration.

Planned civil passenger variant

The Convair Model 37 was a large civil passenger design derived from the XC-99 but was never built. The Model 37 was to be of similar proportions to the XC-99; 182 ft 6 in (55.63 m) length, 230 ft (70 m) wingspan, and a high-capacity, double-deck fuselage. The projected passenger load was to be 204, with an effective range of 4,200 mi (6,800 km).

Fifteen aircraft were ordered by Pan American Airways for transatlantic service. However, the fuel and oil consumption of the six 3,500 hp (2,600 kW) Wasp Major radials powering the XC-99 and B-36 meant that the design was not economically viable, and the hoped-for turboprop powerplants did not materialize fast enough. The low number of orders was not sufficient to initiate production, and the project was abandoned.

Operational history

The XC-99 in flight with a B-36B Convair XC-99 and B-36B in flight c1949.jpg
The XC-99 in flight with a B-36B
The XC-99 landing during flight test trial XC-99.png
The XC-99 landing during flight test trial

In July 1950, the XC-99 flew its first cargo mission, "Operation Elephant." It transported 101,266 pounds (45,933 kg) of cargo, including engines and propellers for the B-36, from San Diego to Kelly Air Force Base in San Antonio, Texas, a record it would later break when it lifted 104,000 lb (47,200 kg) from an airfield at 5,000 ft (1,500 m) elevation. In 1951, the aircraft was retrofitted with 3,800hp Pratt & Whitney R-4360-53 engines, landing gear was strengthened and a cargo-loading system installed, including an internal elevator. Bins were developed to enable quick loading of the aircraft - it was estimated the aircraft could be loaded in as little as 30 minutes. [3]

In August 1953, the XC-99 would make its longest flight, 12,000 mi (19,000 km), to Rhein-Main Air Base, Germany, by way of Kindley Air Force Base, Bermuda and Lajes Field in the Azores. It carried more than 60,000 lb (27,000 kg) each way. It attracted much attention everywhere it flew. The US Air Force determined that it had no need for such a large, long-range transport at that time, and no more were ordered. The sole XC-99 served until 1957, including much use during the Korean War. It made twice weekly trips from Kelly AFB to the aircraft depot at McClellan Air Force Base, California, transporting supplies and parts for the B-36 bomber while returning by way of other bases or depots making pick-ups and deliveries along the way. During its operational life, the XC-99 logged over 7,400 hours total time, and transported more than 60 million pounds (27,000 metric tons) of cargo. The aircraft made its last flight on 19 March 1957, landing at Kelly Air Force Base, where it would remain for the next 47 years. The then-United States Air Force Museum at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base near Dayton, Ohio, requested that the aircraft be flown there for display, but the Air Force refused due to the $7,400 cost of the flight.[ citation needed ]

Retirement and preservation

XC-99 at Kelly AFB, Texas while attached to the Military Air Transport Service 1700th Air Transport Group, 1954. Note San Antonio Air Materiel Area (SAAMA) tail marking, indicating the aircraft was assigned to the Air Materiel Command. 1700 ATG Convair XC-99 1954.jpg
XC-99 at Kelly AFB, Texas while attached to the Military Air Transport Service 1700th Air Transport Group, 1954. Note San Antonio Air Materiel Area (SAAMA) tail marking, indicating the aircraft was assigned to the Air Materiel Command.

The aircraft was put on display at Kelly AFB near San Antonio, Texas, in 1957. Deterioration of the airframe due to the high magnesium content was beyond local abilities to address. The aircraft was later moved to a grassy field near the base and in 1993 the USAF moved it back to the Kelly AFB. In 1995, Kelly AFB was identified for closure via BRAC, although some portions would remain under USAF control as the Kelly Field Annex to adjacent Lackland AFB, it was deemed that a new location be identified for the XC-99.

Disassembly of the aircraft began at Kelly Field in April 2004 and the airframe was moved in pieces from Kelly to the National Museum of the United States Air Force (NMUSAF) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base. [4] By the summer of 2008, the transfer was complete and the parts were lying outside the museum. [5] The aircraft had continued to suffer additional corrosion during its years in Texas and was found to be in worse condition than expected, with the restoration task being beyond the resources of the museum in a realistic time scale. Some major components such as the wing spar would need to be completely replaced.

The NMUSAF's plans for the restoration and display of the XC-99 are displayed in a case with a 1:72 scale model made by Lt Col Howard T. Meek, USAF (Ret). [6]

In an effort to preserve the aircraft for future restoration, the XC-99 was later moved incrementally to the 309th Aerospace Maintenance and Regeneration Group (309 AMARG) storage facility at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, in Tucson, Arizona, where it will remain, in an area containing other aircraft belonging to the NMUSAF until the museum is able to restore it. [5] In 2014, Lieutenant General John L. Hudson, USAF (Ret), director of the NMUSAF said that there would be insufficient resources for restoration for the foreseeable future. [7]

Current location of the aircraft

Specifications (XC-99)

3-view line drawing of the Convair XC-99 Convair XC-99 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Convair XC-99

Data fromGeneral Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors [10]

General characteristics

Performance

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

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References

Notes

  1. ↑ Associated Press, "400-Troop Plane Takes First Hop", The Spokesman-Review, Spokane, Washington, Monday 24 November 1947, Volume 65, Number 194, page 1.
  2. ↑ Jacobsen & Wagner 1980, p. 41.
  3. ↑ "Airlift Helps AMC Cut Logistics Knots". Aviation Week. 61 (7): 140. 16 August 1954. ISSN   0005-2175.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  4. ↑ Hill, Bruce R. Jr. "XC-99 begins piece-by-piece trip to Air Force Museum". U.S. Air Force Official Website. Retrieved 21 April 2016.
  5. 1 2 "XC-99 Disassembled." Wikimapia. Retrieved: 2 November 2011.
  6. ↑ "Factsheet: Convair XC-99 Model." National Museum of the United States Air Force. Retrieved: 9 July 2017. (see subsection: Current situation)
  7. ↑ Dorr, "We’ll lose the XC-99 and it won’t be alone"
  8. ↑ Lockett, Brian. "Convair XC-99 and Model 37." Goleta Air and Space Museum via air-and-space.com, 19 February 2011. Retrieved: 2 November 2011.
  9. ↑ Hill, Bruce R. (22 April 2004). "XC-99 begins piece-by-piece trip to Air Force Museum". U.S. Air Force. Retrieved 9 July 2018.
  10. ↑ Wegg 1990, p. 98.
  11. ↑ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography

  • Dorr, Robert F. "Saving the XC-99." Air Force Times, 12 August 1998.
  • Dorr, Robert F. "XC-99 is a treasure." Air Force Times, 10 June 2000.
  • Jacobsen, Meyers K. Convair B-36: A Comprehensive History of America's "Big Stick". Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1997. ISBN   0-7643-0974-9.
  • Jacobsen, Meyers K. Convair B-36: A Photo Chronicle. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1999. ISBN   0-7643-0974-9.
  • Jacobsen, Meyers K and Ray Wagner. B-36 in Action (Aircraft in Action Number 42). Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications Inc., 1980. ISBN   0-89747-101-6.
  • Jenkins, Dennis R. Convair B-36 Peacemaker. St. Paul, Minnesota: Specialty Press Publishers and Wholesalers, 1999. ISBN   1-58007-019-1.
  • Johnsen, Frederick A. Thundering Peacemaker, the B-36 Story in Words and Pictures. Tacoma, Washington: Bomber Books, 1978.
  • Miller, Jay and Roger Cripliver. "B-36: The Ponderous Peacemaker." Aviation Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, 1978.
  • Wegg, John. General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors. London: Putnam, 1990. ISBN   0-85177-833-X.

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