Learjet 35

Last updated
Learjet 35/36
Learjet 35 (8738280921).jpg
An Air Alliance Learjet 35 landing
General information
Type Business jet
Manufacturer Learjet
StatusOperational
Number built738
History
Manufactured1973–1994
First flight22 August 1973
Developed from Learjet 25

The Learjet Model 35 and Model 36 are a series of American multi-role business jets and military transport aircraft manufactured by Learjet between 1973 and 1993. [1] When used by the United States Air Force, they carry the designation C-21A. Learjet was acquired by Bombardier Aviation in 1990 and is now a subsidiary, so the aircraft is also known as the Bombardier Learjet 35. [1]

Contents

When first released in 1973, the Learjet 35 was among the fastest medium haul jets of its era. As of 2020, more Learjet 35s have been sold than any other Learjet aircraft, with many still in service after 50 years.

The aircraft are powered by two Garrett TFE731-2 turbofan engines. Its cabin can be arranged for six to eight passengers. The longer-range Model 36 has a shortened passenger area to provide more space in the aft fuselage for fuel tanks.

The engines are mounted in nacelles on the sides of the aft fuselage. The wings are equipped with single-slotted flaps. The wingtip fuel tanks distinguish the design from other aircraft having similar functions.

Development

The concept which became the LJ35 began as the Learjet 25BGF (with GF referring to "Garrett Fan"), a Learjet 25 with a then-new TFE731 turbofan engine mounted on the left side in place of the 25's General Electric CJ610 turbojet engine. This testbed aircraft first flew in May, 1971. [2] As a result of the increased power and reduced noise of the new engine, Learjet further improved the design, and instead of being simply a variant of the 25, it became its own model, the 35.

By 2018, 1980s Learjet 35As start at $500,000. [3]

Operational history

When released in 1973, Learjet's marketing claimed that the Learjet 35 was among the fastest business jets in its class. [4] In 1976 American professional golfer Arnold Palmer used a Learjet 36 to establish a new round-the-world class record of 22,894 miles (36990 km) completed in 57 hours 25 minutes 42 seconds. [5]

Because of its speed and long range, leaders of many nations bought the aircraft as their primary or secondary jet. Countries who did this include: Brazil, Chile, Finland, Switzerland and Saudi Arabia among others. [4]

During the Cold War, the Finnish Air Force has used the Learjet 35/36 as a shorter range AWACS aircraft, for monitoring Soviet bombers and fighter jets coming over the Baltic Sea and over the Arctic. [4] Learjet 35s made the bulk of Argentina's Escuadrón Fénix flights during the 1982 Falklands War mainly on diversion and reconnaissance flights.

Production on the 35/36 series ceased in 1994. [6] There are still well over 500 Learjet 35s in service around the world, despite the model being almost 50 years old. [4]

As of January 2018, the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board database [7] lists 25 fatal accidents for the 35/35A, and two for the 36/36A.

Variants

The Learjet 35A. Learjet 35A taxiing.jpg
The Learjet 35A.
Finnish Air Force Learjet 35AS. LJ-3 LJ35 FinAirForce (6777135457).jpg
Finnish Air Force Learjet 35AS.
A C-21A Learjet attached to the North Dakota Air National Guard's (NDANG) 119th Fighter Wing. NDANG C-21A Learjet.JPEG
A C-21A Learjet attached to the North Dakota Air National Guard's (NDANG) 119th Fighter Wing.
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force U-36A. U-36a 03l.jpg
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force U-36A.

Learjet 35

The original Model 35 was powered by two TFE731-2-2A engines and was 13 inches longer than its predecessor, the Model 25. First flight of the prototype Model 35 was on 22 August 1973, and the aircraft was FAA certified in July, 1974. It could carry up to eight passengers. There were 64 base-model 35s built. [6]

Learjet 35A

The Model 35A is an upgraded Model 35 with TFE731-2-2B engines and a range of 2,789 miles, with a fuel capacity of 931 US gallons (3,524 L) with refueling accomplished at ground level through each wingtip tank. It was introduced in 1976, replacing the 35. Over 600 35As were built, with a production line that ended with serial number 677, in 1993. [6]

On February 12, 1996, a Learjet 35A, N10BD, [8] owned by Cable Television Founder Bill Daniels and piloted by Mark E. Calkins, Charles Conrad, Jr., Paul Thayer, and D. Miller completed an around-the-world flight in a record 49 hrs, 21 min, and 8 sec. The record remains standing as of 2015. [9] This aircraft is now on display in Terminal C of Denver International Airport. [10]

Learjet 36
The Model 36 is essentially identical to the 35, except that it has a larger fuselage fuel tank, giving it 500 miles longer range, but reducing the passenger area's length by 18 inches (0.46 m). It was certified, along with the 35, in July, 1974.
Learjet 36A
Like the 35A, the Model 36A has upgraded engines and a higher maximum gross weight. It was introduced in 1976, replacing the 36. [6]

Military variants

C-21A
The C-21A is a United States military designation for an "off the shelf" variant of the Learjet 35A for the United States Air Force, with room for eight passengers and 42 ft3 (1.26 m3) of cargo. In addition to its normal role, the aircraft is capable of transporting litters during medical evacuations. Delivery of the C-21A fleet began in April 1984 and was completed in October 1985.
There are 38 Air Force active duty aircraft, and 18 Air National Guard aircraft in the C-21A fleet. On 1 April 1997, all continental U.S.-based C-21As were realigned under Air Mobility Command, with the 375th Airlift Wing at Scott Air Force Base, Illinois, as the lead command. C-21As stationed outside the continental United States are assigned to the theater commanders. [11]
U-36A
A Japanese military designation (not a U.S. military designation). Utility transport, training version of the Learjet 36A. Equipped with a missile seeker simulator in addition to a radar, avionics, firing training assessment devices, an ejector pylon, a special communications system, a target towing system and a jammer system. Six were built for the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force.

Success and popularity

When first released in 1973, the Learjet 35 was among the fastest medium haul jets of its era. As of 2020, more Learjet 35s have been sold than any other Learjet aircraft. [4]

As a private jet the Learjet 35 was popular because of its good range (it can fly 2,056 miles nonstop), takeoff and landing performance (its Honeywell engines provide 3,500 pounds of thrust and can land on short runways at regional airports), fast cruise capabilities (it can cruise at speeds as high as 451 knots true airspeed (KTAS), or 424 KTAS with four passengers), good handling characteristics, a low fuel burn, and comfortable cabins. [12] [1] [13] Together with the Learjet 25, the Learjet 35 was a favorite among celebrities. [14] [12]

The Learjet 35 is one of Bombardier's most successful light jets and remains one of the fastest in its category on the private jet charter market. [1]

The Learjet 35 has been used to film aerial sequences for movies. A camera-equipped Learjet 35 was used to film some of the aerial sequences for the 1980 film The Final Countdown .

The Learjet 35 also appeared in the movies Between the Lines (Ep. 3.05, 1994), A Wing and a Prayer (1998 TV Movie), Free Fall (1999), Prison Break (season 4) (Ep. 4.18, 2008), The Bourne Legacy, Fast & Furious 6 (2013), and many others. [12]

A 2018 survey by Corporate Jet Investor found 14.9% of Americans recognized the Learjet brand compared with 12.5% for Boeing. [15]

Notable accidents and incidents

Operators

Civilian operators

The Learjet 35 is operated by private, corporate and air taxi operators.

Military operators

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Flag of Namibia.svg  Namibia
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru
Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg  Saudi Arabia
Flag of Switzerland (Pantone).svg   Switzerland
Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg  United Arab Emirates
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand

Specifications (Learjet 36A)

3-view line drawing of the Bombardier C-21A Bombardier C-21A 3-view line drawing.png
3-view line drawing of the Bombardier C-21A

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1980–81 [44]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related lists

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 aircharterservice.com. "Bombardier Learjet 35" . Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  2. ↑ The Learjet 35, 36 & 31 at Airliners.net
  3. ↑ Mark Huber (December 2018). "For many models, market hitting the apex" (PDF). Aviation International News. pp. 20–21, 24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-12-27. Retrieved 2018-12-27.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 internationalaviationhq.com (7 October 2020). "Learjet 35: Learjet's Most Successful Jet Yet" . Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  5. ↑ "Palmer Insures Proficiency in Cessna Citation X Jet - Arnold Palmer News". Archived from the original on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2012-05-25.
  6. 1 2 3 4 "Learjet 30 Series Information". Spectra Jet. Archived from the original on 11 March 2006. Retrieved 22 September 2024.
  7. ↑ NTSB database query
  8. ↑ "Video of N10BD in flight".
  9. ↑ "General Aviation World Records, Sub-class C-1f, turbojet. Perform a Record Number Search for 3113 by clicking Records Tab, More Records Button, then entering Record Number 3113 in the search". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale.
  10. ↑ "Mounting N10BD in C Concourse of Denver Intl Airport".
  11. ↑ C-21A Learjet at GlobalSecurity.org
  12. 1 2 3 "Category:Learjet 35/3". The Internet Movie Plane Database. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  13. ↑ "Learjet 35A - Description". Jet Advisors. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  14. ↑ Jonathan Glancey (2015-08-13). "The Learjet: The private plane that changed travel". BBC Culture. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  15. ↑ How To Fly A Learjet Like Arnold Palmer, Frank Sinatra And James Brown: How To Fly A Learjet Like Arnold Palmer, Frank Sinatra And James Brown, accessdate: April 21, 2023
  16. ↑ "Spyflight.co.uk Gates Learjet 35". Archived from the original on 2007-03-10. Retrieved 2018-01-06.
  17. ↑ "Malaysia Diving Community". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  18. ↑ "Upali Wijewardena: Memories of the unforgettable tycoon". 2010-02-17.
  19. ↑ "Australia help: Upali Wijewardene - Help.com". Archived from the original on 2009-06-04. Retrieved 2009-07-11.
  20. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A B-98181 Taitung". ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A B-98181 Taitung. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  21. ↑ "Taiwan navy gunners kill crew by accident". Ocala Star-Banner. Sep 18, 1994. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
  22. ↑ DefenseLink news release of C-21 accident
  23. ↑ NTSB accident brief of Ethiopia shoot-down
  24. ↑ Aircraft Accident Brief, N47BA
  25. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Learjet 35A T-21 la Paz-El Alto Airport (LPB)".
  26. ↑ Folha Online - Cotidiano - Queda de avião destrói duas casas e interdita outras duas em SP - 04/11/2007
  27. ↑ "Dr Myles Munroe and His Wife Dead in Plane Crash".
  28. ↑ "Departure From Controlled Flight - Trans-Pacific Air Charter, LLC - Learjet 35A, N452DA - Teterboro, New Jersey - May 15, 2017" (PDF). www.ntsb.gov. National Transportation Safety Board. March 12, 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
  29. ↑ "Small jet plane crashes in neighborhood near El Cajon: authorities". FOX 5 San Diego. 2021-12-28. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  30. ↑ Medina, Fernando (2022-07-01). "Confirmado: Se estrelló un lear jet sanitario y murieron los 4 ocupantes". Resumen Policial (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  31. ↑ "Runway excursion Accident Learjet 35A XA-IRE". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  32. ↑ "Se desploma avioneta en Morelos y mueren cuatro personas". www.elsiglodetorreon.com.mx (in Spanish). 2023-11-01. Retrieved 2024-03-25.
  33. ↑ "Accident Learjet 35 PP-ERR, Tuesday 23 July 2024". asn.flightsafety.org. Retrieved 2024-07-26.
  34. ↑ Villarroel, Rafael (23 July 2024). "Jatinho cai e pega fogo no MT; duas pessoas morreram". CNN Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 26 July 2024.
  35. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 29.
  36. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 31.
  37. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 8–14 December 2015, p. 35.
  38. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 35.
  39. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 39.
  40. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 44.
  41. ↑ Combat Aircraft . Stamford, Lincolnshire, England: Key Publishing Ltd. September 2019. p. 11.
  42. ↑ Hoyle Flight International 6–12 December 2016, p. 52.
  43. ↑ Maruri, Juan. Historia de la Fuerza Aérea Uruguaya (1953 – 2004)[History of the Uruguayan Air Force (1953 – 2004)] (in Spanish). Montevideo, Uruguay. ISBN   978-9974-96-255-2.
  44. ↑ Taylor 1980, pp. 342–343.
  45. ↑ Taylor 1980, pp. 340, 342.
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