Beechcraft Bonanza

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Bonanza
Beech Bonanza Takeoff (5517383917).jpg
Beech S35 Bonanza
General information
TypeCivil utility aircraft
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Beechcraft
StatusIn service
Number built18,542 (at end of 2023) [1] [2] [3]
History
Manufactured1947–present
Introduction date1947 [4]
First flightDecember 22, 1945
Developed into Beechcraft T-34 Mentor
Beechcraft Travel Air
Bay Super V
Fuji KM-2

The Beechcraft Bonanza is an American general aviation aircraft introduced in 1947 by Beech Aircraft Corporation of Wichita, Kansas. The six-seater, single-engined aircraft is still produced by Beechcraft and has been in continuous production longer than any other aircraft in history. [5] [6] More than 17,000 Bonanzas of all variants have been built, [7] [8] produced in both distinctive V-tail and conventional tail configurations; early conventional-tail versions were marketed as the Debonair. [8] [9]

Contents

Design and development

A 1947 advertisement for the first Model 35 Bonanza

At the end of World War II, two all-metal light aircraft emerged, the Model 35 Bonanza and the Cessna 195, that represented very different approaches to the premium end of the postwar civil-aviation market.[ citation needed ] With its high-wing, seven-cylinder radial engine, fixed tailwheel undercarriage, and roll-down side windows, the Cessna 195 was a continuation of prewar technology. The Bonanza, however, featured an easier-to-manage, horizontally opposed, six-cylinder engine, retractable tricycle undercarriage (although the nosewheel initially was not steerable, but castering) [10] [ verification needed ] and low-wing configuration.

Designed by a team led by Ralph Harmon, [3] the model 35 Bonanza was a relatively fast, low-wing, all-aluminum design, at a time when most light aircraft were still made of wood and fabric.[ citation needed ] The Model 35 featured retractable landing gear, and its signature V-tail (equipped with combination elevator-rudders called "ruddervators"). [11] The prototype 35 Bonanza made its first flight on December 22, 1945, with the type receiving an airworthiness certificate on March 25, 1947. [3] Production began that year. [3] The first 30–40 Bonanzas produced had fabric-covered flaps and ailerons, after which those surfaces were covered with magnesium alloy sheet. [12]

The Bonanza family eventually comprised three major variants:

The Model 33 Debonair was introduced in 1960 as a lower-priced model with more austere standard instrumentation, exterior equipment, paint schemes, and interior fabrics and trim than the more prestigious V-tail Bonanza. [9] [15] However, most Bonanza features were available as factory options on the Debonair, and by the mid 1960s, most Debonair buyers were ordering most or all of these options. Realizing this, Beechcraft dropped the Debonair name and most of the basic and seldom-ordered standard features with the introduction of the E33 in 1968. [15]

Despite its name, the Twin Bonanza is a substantially wider and heavier aircraft that is mostly dissimilar to the single-engined Bonanza; the only major shared parts are the front fuselage sides, windows, and main cabin door. [16] However, the Twin Bonanza had trouble competing with the similarly capable but substantially lighter Cessna 310 and Piper PA-23, so Beechcraft used the basic Bonanza fuselage and many other Bonanza parts to create the twin-engined Travel Air, which was later developed into the Baron. [17]

Operational history

The V-tail design gained a reputation as the "forked-tail doctor killer", [18] due to crashes by overconfident wealthy amateur pilots, [19] fatal accidents, and in-flight breakups. [20] "Doctor killer" has sometimes been used to describe the conventional-tailed version, as well. [21] [22] However, a detailed analysis by the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association of accident records for common single-engine retractable-gear airplanes in the United States between 1982 and 1989 found that the Bonanza had a slightly lower accident rate than other types in the study. Pilot error was cited in 73% of V-tail crashes and 83% of conventional-tail crashes, with aircraft-related causes accounting for 15% and 11% of crashes respectively. [23] However, the study noted that the aircraft had an unusually high incidence of gear-up landings and inadvertent landing gear retractions on the ground, which were attributed to a non-standard gear-retraction switch on early models that is easily confused with the switch that operates the flaps. Models starting in 1984 use a more distinctive relocated landing-gear switch, augmented by "squat switches" in the landing gear that prevent its operation while compressed by the aircraft's weight, and a throttle position switch that prevents gear retraction at low engine power settings. [23]

In 1982, the production of the V-tail Model 35 ended. [24] In the late 1980s, repeated V-tail structural failures prompted the United States Department of Transportation and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to conduct extensive wind tunnel and flight tests, which proved that the V-tail did not meet type certification standards under certain conditions; the effort culminated with the issuance of an airworthiness directive to strengthen the tail, which significantly reduced the incidence of in-flight breakups. Despite this, Beech has long contended that most V-tail failures involve operations well beyond the aircraft's intended flight envelope. [23] [14] Subsequent analysis of National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident records between 1962 and 2007 revealed an average of three V-tail structural failures per year, while the conventional-tailed Bonanza 33 and 36 suffered only eleven such failures in total during the same 45 years. Most V-tail failures involved flight under visual flight rules into instrument meteorological conditions, flight into thunderstorms, or airframe icing. [25]

In addition to the structural issues, the Bonanza 35 has a relatively narrow center of gravity envelope, and the tail design is intolerant of imbalances caused by damage, improper maintenance, or repainting. Such imbalances may induce dangerous aeroelastic flutter. [23] Due to the anodic properties of the magnesium used for the V-tail ruddervator skins, they tend to corrode, often resulting in permanent grounding of affected aircraft because the problem can only be fixed by complete replacement of the skins or the entire empennage, and the required parts are no longer available. [26] The American Bonanza Society has issued a reward of $500,000 to encourage the development of aftermarket replacement skins under a supplemental type certificate. [26] Despite these issues, many Bonanza 35 owners insist that the aircraft is reasonably safe, and its reputation has resulted in reduced purchase costs for budget-conscious buyers. [25]

The conventional-tail Model 33 continued in production until 1995. [8] [27] Still built today is the Model 36 Bonanza, a longer-bodied, straight-tail variant of the original design, [28] introduced in 1968. [8] [29] No Bonanzas were delivered in 2021, but on April 10, 2022, it was announced that production of the Bonanza G36 had restarted. [30]

In January 2012, the Australian Civil Aviation Safety Authority issued an airworthiness directive grounding all Bonanzas, Twin Bonanzas, and Debonairs equipped with a single pole-style yoke and that have forwarded elevator control cables that are more than 15 years old until they could be inspected. The AD was issued based on two aircraft found to have frayed cables, one of which suffered a cable failure just prior to takeoff, and resulting concerns about the age of the cables in fleet aircraft of this age. At the time of the grounding, some Bonanzas had reached 64 years in service. Aircraft with frayed cables were grounded until the cables were replaced, and those that passed inspection were required to have their cables replaced within 60 days regardless. The AD affected only Australian aircraft and was not adopted by the airworthiness authority responsible for the type certificate, the US Federal Aviation Administration. The FAA instead opted to issue a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin requesting that the elevator control cables be inspected during the annual inspection. [31] [32] [33]

QU-22 Pave Eagle

The QU-22 was a Beech 36/A36 Bonanza modified during the Vietnam War to be an electronic monitoring signal relay aircraft, developed under the project name "Pave Eagle" for the United States Air Force. An AiResearch turbocharged, reduction-geared Continental GTSIO-520-G engine was used to reduce its noise signature, much like the later Army-Lockheed YO-3A.[ citation needed ] These aircraft were intended to be used as unmanned drones to monitor seismic and acoustic sensors dropped along the Ho Chi Minh Trail in Laos and report troop and supply movements. When the project was put into operation in 1968, however, the aircraft were all flown by pilots of the 554th Reconnaissance Squadron Detachment 1, call sign "Vampire". A separate operation "Compass Flag" monitored the General Directorate of Rear Services along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, linking to the 6908th security squadron. [34]

Six YQU-22A prototypes (Model 1074, [35] modifications of the Beech 33 Debonair) were combat-tested in 1968, and two were lost during operations, with a civilian test pilot killed. Twenty-seven QU-22Bs (Model 1079) [35] were modified, 13 in 1969 and 14 in 1970, with six lost in combat. Two Air Force pilots were killed in action. All the losses were due to engine failures or effects of turbulence. [36] A large cowl bump above the spinner was faired-in for an AC current generator, and a higher weight set of Baron wings and spars were used to handle the 236-US-gallon (890 L) fuel load. [34]

Variants

Model 35 Bonanza

35
(1947–1948), initial production version with 165 hp (123 kW) Continental E-185 or E-185-1 engine, five prototypes and 1,500 production aircraft built. [37]
A35
(1949) Model 35 with higher takeoff weight, tubular wing spars and nosewheel steering, 701 built. [13]
B35
(1950) A35 with a Continental E-185-8 engine, 480 built. [13]
C35
(1950-1952) B35 with a 185hp Continental E-185-11 engine, metal propeller, larger tail surfaces, and higher takeoff weight, approved for the Lycoming GO-435-D1 engine, [38] 719 built. [13]
35R
(1951) Remanufactured Model 35 with many of the improvements introduced on the B35 and C35, meant as an alternative to new C35 production as the latter suffered from delays due to the Korean War. 14 Model 35s were modified to this standard, with each having the suffix "R1" through "R14" appended to their original serial numbers. [8] [39]
D35
(1953) C35 with increased takeoff weight and minor changes, approved for the Lycoming GO-435-D1 engine. [38] 298 built. [13]
E35
(1954) Powered by E-185-11 or 225 hp (168 kW) Continental E-225-8 engine, 301 built. [40]
F35
(1955) Powered by E-185-11 or E-225-8 engine. Extra rear window each side, strengthened wing leading edges and tail spar caps. 392 built. [40]
G35
(1956) Powered by Continental E-225-8 engine, thicker windshield. 476 built. [40]
H35
1957 Model H35 at Jackson Hole Airport 1957 Bonanza H35 N5589D.jpg
1957 Model H35 at Jackson Hole Airport
(1957) Powered by a 240 hp (180 kW) Continental O-470-G engine, and with modified structure. 464 built. [40]
J35
(1958) Powered by a 250 hp (190 kW) fuel injected Continental IO-470-C engine. 396 built. [40]
K35
(1959) Increased fuel load, optional fifth seat and increased takeoff weight, 436 built. [40]
M35
(1960) Similar to K35, 400 built. [40]
1965 S35 at Flagstaff Pulliam Airport "The Fastest Model" Bonanza S35.jpg
1965 S35 at Flagstaff Pulliam Airport
1966 V35 BeechV35-g-vtal.jpg
1966 V35
N35
(1961) Powered by a 260 hp (190 kW) Continental IO-470-N engine, increased fuel capacity, increased takeoff weight, and larger rear side windows, [41] 280 built. [40]
O35
(1961) Experimental version fitted with laminar flow airfoil. Only one built. [40]
P35
(1962–1963) New instrument panel. 467 built. [40]
S35
(1964–1966) Powered by Continental IO-520-B engine, higher takeoff weight, longer cabin interior, optional fifth and sixth seat and new rear window, [42] 667 built. [40]
V35
(1966–1967) Fitted with single-piece windshield, powered by IO-520-B or optional 285 hp (213 kW) turbocharged TSIO-520-D engine (as V35-TC). 873 built, including 79 V35-TCs. [43]
V35A
(1968–1969) Fitted with revised windshield, powered by IO-520-B or by optional turbocharged TSIO-520-D engine (as V35A-TC), 470 built, including 46 V35A-TCs. [44]
V35B
(1970–1982) Initially with minor improvements over V35A, but had major internal redesign in 1972, and 24-volt electrical system in 1978. Normally powered by IO-520B, but available with optional TSIO-520-D (as V35TC) until 1971. 1335 built, including 7 V35TCs. [45] [46]

Model 33 Debonair/Bonanza

1987 Bonanza F33A G-JUST-Bonanza1656.jpg
1987 Bonanza F33A
35-33 Debonair
(1959) Based on Bonanza with conventional fin and tailplane, and basic trim and interior, powered by one 225 hp (168 kW) Continental IO-470-J, 233 built. First flown on 14 September 1959. [47] [48]
35-A33 Debonair
(1961) Fitted with improved interior trim, and powered by IO-470J or IO-470K. 154 built. [48]
B33 Debonair
(1961-1965) Further refined version, with new instrument panel, contoured fin leading edge and fuel tank modifications (as per N35 Bonanza). IO-470K engine. 426 built. [48]
C33 Debonair
(1965-1967) Higher gross weight and provision for enlarged rear windows. 304 built. [49]
C33A Debonair
(1966-1967) Powered by 285 hp (213 kW) Continental IO-520-B engine. 179 built. [50]
D33
One S35 modified as a military close-support prototype, with conventional tail assembly and six underwing hardpoints. [50]
E33 Bonanza
(1968-1969) Powered by 225 hp (168 kW) IO-470K. 116 built. [50]
E33A Bonanza
(1968-1969) E33 with a 285 hp Continental IO-520-B engine, 85 built. [50]
E33B Bonanza
E33 with strengthened airframe and certified for aerobatics. Unbuilt. [50]
E33C Bonanza
(1968-1969) E33B with a 285 hp Continental IO-520-B engine, 25 built. [51]
F33 Bonanza
(1970) E33 with modified rear side windows and minor improvements, 20 built [52]
F33A Bonanza
(1970-1994) F33 with a 285 hp Continental IO-520-B engine, later aircraft have a longer S35/V35 cabin and extra seats, 1502 built. [27] [52] [8]
Beechcraft F33C BeechcraftF33C.jpg
Beechcraft F33C
F33C Bonanza
(1970 onwards) F33A certified for aerobatics, 154 built on special order up to 1987 [52] [8]
G33 Bonanza
(1972-1973) F33 with a 260 hp (190 kW) Continental IO-470-N engine and V35B trim, 50 built. [52]

Model 36 Bonanza

A36 Bonanza Ifta-a36-N812AD-071115-01-16.jpg
A36 Bonanza
A36AT Bonanza of KLM Flight Academy with exhaust baffles under the nose. Beech A36 Bonanza 36, KLM Luchtvaartschool AN0197146.jpg
A36AT Bonanza of KLM Flight Academy with exhaust baffles under the nose.
36
(1968–1969) Revised utility aircraft with similar tail to Model 33 with a 10 in (25 cm) fuselage stretch, four cabin windows each side, starboard rear double doors and seats for six, one 285 hp Continental IO-520-B engine, 184 built. [53] [54]
A36
(1970–2005) Model 36 with improved deluxe interior, a new fuel system, higher takeoff weight, from 1984 fitted with a Continental IO-550-BB engine and redesigned instrument panel and controls, 2128 built [29] [55]
A36AT
Model A36 "Airline Trainer" with reduced-diameter propeller, exhaust baffles, and reduced RPM to reduce noise for flight schools. [56]
A36TC
(1979–1981) Model 36 with a three-bladed propeller and a 300 hp turbocharged Continental TSIO-520-UB engine, 280 built
T36TC
(1979) A36 fitted with T-tail and a 325 hp Continental TSIO-520 engine, one built
B36TC
(1982–2002) A36TC with longer span wing, increased range, redesigned instrument panel and controls, higher takeoff weight, 116 built [57]
G36
(2006–present) – glass cockpit update of the A36 with the Garmin G1000 system [7] [58]

QU-22

A 3-view line drawing of a QU-22B Beechcraft QU-22B 3-view line drawing.png
A 3-view line drawing of a QU-22B
YQU-22A (Model 1074)
USAF military designation for a prototype intelligence-gathering drone version of the Bonanza 36, six built
YAU-22A (Model PD.249)
Prototype low-cost close-support version using Bonanza A36 fuselage and Baron B55 wings, one built
QU-22B (Model 1079)
Production drone model for the USAF operation Pave Eagle, 27 built, modified with turbocharging, three-bladed propeller, and tip-tanks [59]

Modifications

Beechcraft A36 Bonanza modified with the Tradewind Turbine's turboprop conversion Beechcraft-A36-Soloy-KBFL-070207.jpg
Beechcraft A36 Bonanza modified with the Tradewind Turbine's turboprop conversion
Allison Turbine Bonanza
Allison, in conjunction with Soloy Aviation Solutions, certified a conversion of Beech A36 Bonanza aircraft to be powered by an Allison 250-B17C turboprop engine. [60]
Continental Voyager Bonanza (A36)
Standard aircraft with a liquid-cooled Continental Motors TSIOL-550-B engine. [61] [62]
Propjet Bonanza (A36)
Standard aircraft modified by Tradewind Turbines with an Allison 250-B17F/2 turboprop engine (Original STC # 3523NM by Soloy). [63]
TurbineAir Bonanza (B36TC)
Modification by Rocket Engineering subsidiary West Pacific Air, LLC with a 500 hp Pratt & Whitney PT6A-21 turboprop engine and 124 U.S. gallons (470 L; 103 imp gal) fuel capacity. [64] [65] [66] [67]
Whirlwind System II Turbonormalized Bonanza (36, A36, G36)
Standard aircraft modified by Tornado Alley Turbo with a Tornado Alley Turbonormalizing (keeps power up to 20,000ft) [68] system and approved for a 4000 lb MTOW
Whirlwind TCP Bonanza (A36TC or B36TC)
Standard aircraft modified by Tornado Alley Turbo with a TCM IO-550B engine and Tornado Alley Turbonormalizing system, this airframe is approved for a 4042 lb MTOW.
Bay Super V
A multi-engine conversion of the C35 Bonanza.
Model 40
The Beechcraft Model 40 was an experimental twin-engined aircraft based on the Bonanza. Only one prototype was built in 1948. It featured a unique over/under arrangement of two 180-hp Franklin engines mounted with one on top of the other and driving a single propeller. The plane had a different engine cowl from a standard Bonanza, and the nose gear could not fully retract, but otherwise it greatly resembled the production Bonanzas of the time. Certification rules demanded a firewall be fitted between the two engines, however, thus stopping development. [69] [70] The FAA registration of the Model 40 was canceled on January 26, 1951. [71]
Parastu 14
Reverse engineered derivative of F33A by Defense Industries Organization of Iran, fitted with winglets. First flown April 5, 1988. Approximately 14 in service by 2001. [72] [73] [ failed verification ]

Operators

Civil

Astronaut Gordon Cooper, of Gemini V, poses on the wing of his personal Beechcraft Bonanza in 1963. Astronaut L. Gordon Cooper Jr. Boards Bonanza.jpg
Astronaut Gordon Cooper, of Gemini V, poses on the wing of his personal Beechcraft Bonanza in 1963.

The Bonanza is popular with air charter companies, and is operated by private individuals and companies.

In 1949, Turner Airlines (later renamed Lake Central Airlines) commenced operations using three V-tail Bonanzas. [74] That same year, Central Airlines began operations using eight Bonanzas, [75] later adding three more to the fleet before starting to phase them out in 1950 in favor of the Douglas DC-3. [76]

Military

Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti
Haitian Air Corps – 1 x Bonanza F33 [77]
Flag of Indonesia.svg  Indonesia
Indonesian Naval Aviation – 4 x Bonanza G36 [78]
State Flag of Iran (1964).svg  Iran
Imperial Iranian Air Force – 10 x Bonanza F33A and 39 x Bonanza F33C [79]
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel
Israeli Air Force - Bonanza A36 [80] called Hofit. [81]
Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg  Ivory Coast
Ivory Coast Air Force – 1 x Bonanza F33C [82]
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico
Mexican Air Force – 10 x Bonanza F33C [83]
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands
Netherlands Government Flying School – 16 x Bonanza F33C [84]
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua
National Guard – 1 x Bonanaza A35 [85]
Flag of Portugal.svg  Portugal
Portuguese Air Force – 1 × Bonanza A35 operated 1949–55. [86]
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain
Spanish Air Force – 29 x Bonanza F33C and 25 x Bonanza F33A [87]
Flag of Thailand.svg  Thailand
Royal Thai Navy – 3 x Beech 35 Bonanza [88]
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
United States Air Force - QU-22Bs. [89]

Notable flights

Accidents and incidents

Specifications (2011 model G36)

Beechcraft Bonanza V35B 3-view drawing Beechcraft Bonanza V35B.svg
Beechcraft Bonanza V35B 3-view drawing

Data from Hawker Beechcraft [106] [107]

General characteristics

Performance

Avionics

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

Related Research Articles

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References

Notes
  1. ↑ "Beechcraft and Hawker Serialization List: 1945 thru 2023" (PDF). Textron Aviation . 2024.
  2. ↑ Simpson, R.W. (1995). Airlife's General Aviation: A guide to Postwar General Aviation Manufacturers and their aircraft (2nd ed.). Airlife Publishing. pp. 75–77. ISBN   1-85310-577-5.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Pelletier 1995, p. 89.
  4. ↑ Potts, Mike (July 2007). "Beech Bonanza: Celebrating 60 years of continuous production, and still going strong" (PDF). www.AvBuyer.com. World Aircraft Sales Magazine. p. 109. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 25, 2009.
  5. ↑ Anders Clark (June 25, 2015). "The Beechcraft A36 Bonanza". Disciples of Flight. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
  6. ↑ Scott Perdue (May 1, 2007). "The Bonanza Hits 60 Strong and Fast!". PlaneAndPilotMag.com. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. Retrieved August 12, 2015.
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