Fokker Super Universal

Last updated
Super Universal
Fokker Super Universal (WCAM).jpg
Restored Fokker Super Universal at the Western Canada Aviation Museum in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
RoleAirliner
Manufacturer Fokker-America
Canadian Vickers
First flightMarch 1928
Number builtca. 200
Developed from Fokker Universal
Variants Nakajima Ki-6
Fokker Super Universal airplane docked in a nose hangar, Ontario, [ca. 1925] Fokker Super Universal airplane docked in a nose hangar (I0004307).jpg
Fokker Super Universal airplane docked in a nose hangar, Ontario, [ca. 1925]
Fokker Super Universal of the Bryd Antarctic expedition of 1929 Fokker Universal Byrd Expedition Antarctica 1929.jpg
Fokker Super Universal of the Bryd Antarctic expedition of 1929
Fokker Super Universal in Alberta, Canada 1935. The person is famous Canadian aviator Leigh Brintnell Leigh Brintnell outside his Fokker Super-Universal airplane (27017701320).jpg
Fokker Super Universal in Alberta, Canada 1935. The person is famous Canadian aviator Leigh Brintnell

The Fokker Super Universal was an airliner produced in the United States in the late 1920s by Fokker America, an enlarged and improved version of the Fokker Universal, fitted with cantilever wings and an enclosed cockpit. It was also called the Model 8. It was subsequently also manufactured under license in Canada, and in Japan as the Nakajima-Fokker Super Universal and for the IJAAF as the Nakajima Ki-6 and later in the puppet state of Manchukuo as the Manshū Super Universal. It was used on the Byrd Antarctic expedition and was one of the most produced of the Fokker America models.

Contents

Design and development

The Super Universal was a conventional, high-wing cantilever monoplane with a fully enclosed flight deck and cabin and a fixed undercarriage. Improvements over its forerunner included an enclosed cockpit and a new wing that eliminated the requirement for struts, bringing it in line with the rest of Fokker's designs. The preceding Fokker Universal was built with an open cockpit but many were converted. [1]

Construction was as per standard Fokker practice, with the wing being made almost entirely of wood with two main spars and light ribs covered in thin sheets of plywood. The fuselage was built up from welded steel tubes, largely cross-braced with wires. Fairings, the floor and an internal bulkhead separating the pilot from the cabin were wood. A triangular-shaped door gave the pilot access to the cabin. The tail was also built up from steel tubing but used no internal bracing. The main structural members were larger diameter tubes, while smaller tubes gave the structure a small degree of camber. The standard undercarriage consisted of a tailskid with divided main gear legs sprung with bungee cords and attached to the wings and the fuselage, but floats or skis could also be fitted. (see also floatplane)

It was also called the Fokker Model 8. [2]

Operational history

The first Fokker Model 8 Super Universal, was used on the Byrd expedition to the Antarctic, and called the Virginia. It arrived was but was destroyed by a freak wind gust that blew it over a mile/kilometer. The wreck was found frozen in the ice in 1988. [2]

The Super Universal was received enthusiastically in the marketplace, selling better than any other of Fokker-America's designs (some 80 aircraft), and required the company to expand its factory space to meet demand. [1]

A further 15 aircraft were built by Canadian Vickers, and around 100 were built by Nakajima with some of these Japanese aircraft seeing military service as the Ki-6. The United States Navy also evaluated the Super Universal for military service, under the designation XJA-1, but decided not to purchase the type (the JA designation was later reused for the Noorduyn Norseman). The Fokker Universal was popular as a bush plane and many found their way into the Canadian north.

The first production Super Universal was named the Virginia by Richard E. Byrd and taken to the Antarctic in 1928. This aircraft was damaged after being ripped from its tiedowns and thrown backwards over one kilometre in winds estimated to have been at least 150 mph, and was abandoned, although Byrd subsequently revisited it to salvage useful parts.

For the operational history of the versions used by Japan and Manchukuo, see the Nakajima Ki-6 article.

The Fokker Super Universal which made up TWA fleet of airplanes were dealt a big blow, when one another Fokker design, the Fokker F-10, crashed near Bazaar, Kansas on March 31, 1931, with Knute Rockne, famous Notre Dame Football coach while en route to participate in the production of the film The Spirit of Notre Dame. Both pilots and all six passengers were killed. A long, thorough and well-publicized investigation concluded that the Fokker, operated by a company of the newly-formed TWA, broke up due to fatigue cracks in its famous cantilever stressed plywood wing, around where one of the engine mounting struts joined. However, questions about the crash due the exact weather conditions (it had actually turned back to due to conditions) and other aspects have led to discussions about what happened. (see also 1931 Transcontinental & Western Air Fokker F-10 crash)

The Fokker Super Universal fleet was inspected and grounded after similar cracks were found in many examples, ruining the manufacturer's American reputation (the Dutch designer Anthony Fokker was then in business in Hasbrouck Heights, New Jersey). This resulted in a complete overhaul of standards for new transport aircraft and led to the use of all-metal construction in commercial aircraft such as the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2

Surviving aircraft

The last Fokker Super Universal, at a museum Fokker Super Universal.jpg
The last Fokker Super Universal, at a museum

In 1998, a Super Universal originally used for mineral exploration in Canada's north was restored to airworthy condition in Alberta and after being flown for a few years was placed on display at the Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada in 2005. [3] Byrd's Fokker Universal was rediscovered by a New Zealand expedition in 1987 and the Antarctic Aviation Preservation Society intends to salvage and restore it.

Variants

The first Fokker Super Universal, the Virginia that was sent and lost in Antarctica in 1929 Franz Schell Album Image (34195457871).jpg
The first Fokker Super Universal, the Virginia that was sent and lost in Antarctica in 1929
Western Canada Airways Fokker Super Universal, floatplane version Western Canada Airways Fokker Super Universal G-CASQ.jpg
Western Canada Airways Fokker Super Universal, floatplane version
Postcard featuring the Nakajima Ki-6 Nakajima Ki-6.jpg
Postcard featuring the Nakajima Ki-6
XJA-1
A Super Universal evaluated by the United States Navy
Nakajima Super Universal
Civilian transport
Ki-6 (Army Type 95 Training Aircraft)
Military transport for the IJAAF
Nakajima-Fokker Super Universal
Nakajima-Fokker Ambulance Aircraft
Nakajima Navy Fokker Reconnaissance Aircraft
Short designation C2N1 and C2N2
C2N1 (Navy land-based reconnaissance aircraft)
Land-based recon and military transport for the IJN
C2N2 (Navy reconnaissance seaplane)
Land-based recon and military transport for the IJN
Manshū Super Universal
Civil and military transport built in Manchukuo (Manchuria)

Operators

Civil

Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of Manchukuo.svg  Manchukuo
Flag of the United States (23px).png  United States
Coastal Air Freight Fokker Super Universal FokkerSupUnivCAF (4533345043).jpg
Coastal Air Freight Fokker Super Universal
Flag of South Africa (1928-1982).svg  South Africa

Military

Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina
Canadian Red Ensign (1921-1957).svg  Canada
Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg China-Nanjing
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan
Flag of the United States.svg  United States

Specifications

Fokker Super Universal 3-view drawing from L'Aerophile August,1928 Fokker Super Universal 3-view L'Aerophile August,1928.png
Fokker Super Universal 3-view drawing from L'Aérophile August,1928

Data fromPioneering in Canadian Air Transport [1]

General characteristics

Performance

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nakajima Ki-44</span> 1940 fighter aircraft family by Nakajima

The Nakajima Ki-44 Shoki was a single-seat fighter-interceptor which was developed by the Nakajima Aircraft Company and operated by the Imperial Japanese Army from 1942 to 1945 during World War II. Its official designation was Army Type 2 Single-Seat Fighter (二式単座戦闘機) and its Allied reporting name was Tojo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kawasaki Ki-45</span> Japanese WW2 heavy fighter

The Kawasaki Ki-45 Toryu was a two-seat, twin-engine heavy fighter used by the Imperial Japanese Army in World War II. The army gave it the designation "Type 2 Two-Seat Fighter"; the Allied reporting name was "Nick". Originally serving as a long-range escort-fighter, the design — as with most heavy fighters of the period — fell prey to smaller, lighter, more agile single-engine fighters. As such, the Ki-45 instead served as a day and nighttime interceptor and strike fighter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kawasaki Ki-10</span> Japanese fighter

The Kawasaki Ki-10 was the last biplane fighter used by the Imperial Japanese Army, entering service in 1935. Built by Kawasaki Kōkūki Kōgyō K.K. for the Imperial Japanese Army, it saw combat service in Manchukuo and in North China during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Its reporting name given by the Allies was "Perry".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manchuria Aviation Company</span>

Manchuria Aviation Company was the national airline of Manchukuo.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Imperial Japanese Airways</span> National airline of the Empire of Japan during World War 2

Japan Airways Co.Ltd was the national airline of the Empire of Japan during World War II.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company</span> Aircraft company in Manchukuo in the 1930s and 1940s

The Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company was an aircraft company in Manchukuo in the 1930s and 1940s, producing a variety of mostly military aircraft and aircraft components. It was named Manshū or Mansyuu in short.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nakajima Ki-27</span> Japanese fighter aircraft

The Nakajima Ki-27 was the main fighter aircraft used by the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service up until 1940. Its Allied nickname was "Nate", although it was called "Abdul" in the "China Burma India" (CBI) theater by many post-war sources; Allied Intelligence had reserved that name for the nonexistent Mitsubishi Navy Type 97 fighter, expected to be the successor to the carrier-borne Type 96 with retractable landing gear and an enclosed cockpit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitsubishi Ki-57</span> Japanese transport aircraft

The Mitsubishi Ki-57 was a Japanese passenger transport aircraft, developed from the Ki-21 bomber, during the early 1940s.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kawasaki Ki-32</span> Japanese light bomber

The Kawasaki Ki-32 was a Japanese light bomber aircraft of World War II. It was a single-engine, two-seat, mid-wing, cantilever monoplane with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage. An internal bomb bay accommodated a 300 kg (660 lb) offensive load, supplemented by 150 kg (330 lb) of bombs on external racks. During the war, it was known by the Allies by the name Mary. It was, however, mistakenly identified by the British as the Kawasaki Army KB-97 Mary.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitsubishi Ki-21</span> Japanese heavy bomber

The Mitsubishi Ki-21, formal designation "Type 97 Heavy Bomber" was a Japanese heavy bomber during World War II. It began operations during the Second Sino-Japanese War participating in the Nomonhan Incident, and in the first stages of the Pacific War, including the Malayan, Burmese, Dutch East Indies and New Guinea Campaigns. It was also used to attack targets as far-flung as western China, India and northern Australia. The Allies designated it under the reporting names "Sally" /"Gwen".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Japan Air Transport</span>

Japan Air Transport Corporation was the national airline of the Empire of Japan from 1928 to 1938.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nakajima Ki-49</span> Type of aircraft

The Nakajima Ki-49Donryu was a twin-engine Japanese World War II heavy bomber. It was designed to carry out daylight bombing missions, without the protection of escort fighters. Consequently, while its official designation, Army Type 100 Heavy Bomber, was accurate in regard to its formidable defensive armament and armor, these features restricted the Ki-49 to payloads comparable to those of lighter medium bombers – the initial production variant could carry only 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) of bombs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitsubishi Ki-30</span> Type of aircraft

The Mitsubishi Ki-30 was a Japanese light bomber of World War II. It was a single-engine, mid-wing, cantilever monoplane of stressed-skin construction with a fixed tailwheel undercarriage and a long transparent cockpit canopy. The type had significance in being the first Japanese aircraft to be powered by a modern two-row radial engine. During the war, it was known by the Allies by the name Ann. It was mistakenly identified by the British as the Mitsubishi Army 97 Ann.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nakajima Ki-34</span> Japanese military transport aircraft

The Nakajima Ki-34 was a Japanese light transport of World War II. It was a twin-engine, low-wing monoplane; the undercarriage was of tailwheel type with retractable main units. During the Pacific War, the Allies assigned the type the reporting name Thora.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manchukuo Imperial Air Force</span> Military unit

The Manchukuo Imperial Air Force was the air force of Manchukuo, a puppet state of Imperial Japan. The air force's predecessor was the Manchukuo Air Transport Company, a paramilitary airline formed in 1931, which undertook transport and reconnaissance missions for the Japanese military.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nakajima Ki-4</span> Type of aircraft

The Nakajima Ki-4Kyūyon-shiki teisatsuki (九四式偵察機) was the last biplane reconnaissance aircraft of the Japanese Imperial Army. It saw combat service in Manchukuo and in north China during the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kokusai Ki-59</span> Japanese light transport aircraft

The Kokusai Ki-59 was an early 1940s light transport monoplane built by Nippon Kokusai Koku Kogyo K.K for the Imperial Japanese Army as a development of the Teradako-ken TK-3 which had first flown in 1938.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nakajima Ki-6</span> Japanese transport aircraft

The Nakajima Ki-6 was a licensed-produced version of the Fokker Super Universal transport built by Nakajima Aircraft Company in the 1930s. Initially used as an airliner, the militarized version was used by the Imperial Japanese Army in a variety of roles, ranging from medical evacuation to transport and training aircraft. It was used extensively in combat zones in Manchukuo and in China during the Second Sino-Japanese War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mitsubishi K3M</span> Japanese trainer aircraft

The Mitsubishi K3M was a trainer built by Mitsubishi which was used by the Imperial Japanese Navy in an extremely wide variety of roles, including light transport, liaison aircraft, utility aircraft and occasionally light bomber. Its Allied reporting name was Pine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Manshū Hayabusa</span> Japanese airliner

The Manshū MT-1 Hayabusa was an airliner produced by the Japanese Manchuria Airplane Manufacturing Company in Manchukuo in the late 1930s. It was a conventional, low-wing cantilever monoplane with fixed tailwheel undercarriage. The flight deck was fully enclosed and separate from the passenger cabin, which could seat six people. The type equipped Manchukuo National Airways.

References

Notes
  1. 1 2 3 Molson 1974, p. 271.
  2. 1 2 "Fokker Super Universal (U.S.)". www.dutch-aviation.nl. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  3. "Fokker Super Universal, CF-AAM". Royal Aviation Museum of Western Canada. 7 June 2013. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
Bibliography