Lockheed L-188 Electra

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L-188 Electra
Varig Lockheed L-188A Electra Groves-1.jpg
The L-188 is a low wing airliner powered by four turboprops.
Role Turboprop airliner
National originUnited States
Manufacturer Lockheed Corporation
First flightDecember 6, 1957
IntroductionJanuary 12, 1959, with Eastern Air Lines
StatusIn service [1]
Primary users Air Spray [2]
Buffalo Airways
Conair Group (Retired)
Eastern Air Lines (Retired)
American Airlines (Retired)
National Airlines (Retired)
Produced1957–1961
Number built170
Developed into Lockheed P-3 Orion

The Lockheed L-188 Electra is an American turboprop airliner built by Lockheed. First flown in 1957, it was the first large turboprop airliner built in the United States. Initial sales were good, but after two fatal crashes that led to expensive modifications to fix a design defect, no more were ordered. With its fairly high power-to-weight ratio, huge propellers and very short wings (resulting in the majority of the wingspan being enveloped in propwash), large Fowler flaps which significantly increased effective wing area when extended, and four-engined design, the airplane had airfield performance capabilities unmatched by many jet transport aircraft even today—particularly on short runways and high altitude airfields.[ citation needed ] Jet airliners soon supplanted turboprops for many purposes, and many Electras were modified as freighters. Some Electras are still being used in various roles into the 21st century. [1] [3] The airframe was also used as the basis for the Lockheed P-3 Orion maritime patrol aircraft.

Contents

Development

By mid-20th century, Lockheed had established a strong position in commercial airliner production with its piston-engined Constellation series. Further development brought turboprop engines to the Constellation airframe with the Lockheed L-1249 Super Constellation.

In 1951, Lockheed was approached by Capital Airlines to develop a new turboprop airliner, which was designated the YC-130, but no other carriers had any interest, so the design was dropped. Subsequently, Capital Airlines went on to order 60 British Vickers Viscounts. [4] In 1954, as a result of American Airlines' interest in developing a twin-engined aircraft, the idea resurfaced and the company offered a twin-engined design now designated the CL-303. This newer design was a high-wing type and would allow for 60 to 70 passengers. This design was also shelved for lack of interest from other carriers. [4]

The following year, American Airlines revised its requirement to a four-engine design for 75 passengers with 2,000 miles (3,200 km) range. [4] Lockheed proposed a new design, the CL-310 with a low wing and four Rolls-Royce Darts or Napier Elands. [4] The CL-310 design met the American Airlines requirements, but failed to meet those of another interested carrier, Eastern Air Lines. Its requirements were for a longer range, a minimum cruising speed of 350 miles per hour (560 km/h), and increased seating capacity to the 85-to-90-passenger level. [4] Lockheed redesigned the CL-310 to use the Allison 501-D13 turboprop engine, a civilian version of the T56 developed for the Lockheed C-130 Hercules military transport. [4] The airframe was stretched to allow for more seats and handle the increased performance. This design was launched as the Model 188 with an order for 35 by American Airlines on June 8, 1955. This was followed by Eastern Air Lines with an order for 40 on September 27, 1955. [4] The first aircraft took 26 months to complete, and by that time Lockheed had orders for 129. The prototype, a Model 188A, first flew on December 6, 1957, two months ahead of schedule. [5] [6] Lockheed was awarded a type certificate by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) on 22 August 1958. The first delivery – to Eastern Air Lines – was on October 8, 1958, but it did not enter service until January 12, 1959. [4] [7]

L188C Electra of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operating a passenger service at Manchester Airport in 1963 Lockheed L188C PH-LLK KLM MAN 23.12.63 edited-2.jpg
L188C Electra of KLM Royal Dutch Airlines operating a passenger service at Manchester Airport in 1963
An L-188CF of Atlantic Airlines in 2004 Atlantic.airlines.electra.g-lofd.arp.jpg
An L-188CF of Atlantic Airlines in 2004
An Electra freighter of NWT Air at Vancouver Airport in August 1983 NWT Air Lockheed Electra at Vancouver Airport in August 1983.jpg
An Electra freighter of NWT Air at Vancouver Airport in August 1983
Lockheed L-188 Electra of TAN Airlines (Transportes Aereos Nacionales S.A.) operating at Las Mercedes Airport, Managua, Nicaragua in 1970 Lockheed L-188 Electra (TAN Airlines 1970).jpg
Lockheed L-188 Electra of TAN Airlines (Transportes Aéreos Nacionales S.A.) operating at Las Mercedes Airport, Managua, Nicaragua in 1970

In 1957, the United States Navy issued a requirement for an advanced maritime patrol aircraft. Lockheed proposed a development of the Electra that was later placed into production as the P-3 Orion, which had much greater success — the Orion has been in continual front-line service for more than 50 years.

Design

The Model 188 Electra is a low-wing cantilever monoplane powered by four wing-mounted Allison 501-D13 turboprops. It has a retractable tricycle landing gear and a conventional tail. It has a cockpit crew of three and can carry 66 to 80 passengers in a mixed-class arrangement, although 98 could be carried in a high-density layout. The first variant was the Model 188A, followed by the longer-range 188C with room for 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L) more fuel and maximum take-off weight 15000 KG / 33069 lbs.

Operational history

Civilian operations

American Airlines was the launch customer. Eastern Air Lines, Braniff Airways, and Northwest Airlines followed. The Electra suffered a troubled start. Passengers of early aircraft complained of noise in the cabin forward of the wings, caused by propeller resonance. [8] Lockheed redesigned the engine nacelles, tilting the engines upwards 3°. [8] [9] The changes were incorporated on the production line by mid-1959 or as modification kits for the aircraft already built, and resulted in improved performance and a better ride for passengers. [9] [10]

Three aircraft were lost in fatal accidents between February 1959 and March 1960. After the third crash, the FAA limited the Electra's speed until the cause could be determined. [8] After an extensive investigation, two of the crashes (in September 1959 and March 1960) were found to be caused by an engine-mount problem. The mounting of the gearbox cracked, and the reduced rigidity enabled a phenomenon called "whirl mode flutter" (analogous to the precession of a child's Spinning Top as it slows down, an interaction of propellers with airflow) that affected the outboard engine nacelles. When the oscillation was transmitted to the wings and the flutter frequency decreased to a point where it was resonant with the outer wing panels (at the same frequency, or harmonically related ones), violent up-and-down oscillation increased until the wings would tear off. [8] [11] [12]

The company implemented an expensive modification program (the Lockheed Electra Achievement Program, LEAP) in which the engine mounts and the wing structures supporting the mounts were strengthened, and some of the wing skins were replaced with thicker material. [8] All Electras were modified by the factory at Lockheed's expense, with the modifications taking 20 days for each aircraft. The changes were incorporated in later aircraft as they were built. [8] However, the damage had been done, and the public lost confidence in the type. This and the smaller jets that were being introduced eventually relegated Electras to the smallest airlines. Production ended in 1961 after 170 had been built. Losses to Lockheed have been estimated as high as $57 million, not counting an additional $55 million in lawsuits. [6] Electras continued to carry passengers into the 1990s, but most now in use are freighters.

Several airlines in the US flew Electras, but the only European airline to order the type from Lockheed was KLM, which used 12 between September 1959 and January 1969 in Europe and east to Saigon and Kuala Lumpur.

Air New Zealand L-188C Electra departing Sydney for Wellington in 1970 on the joint schedule with Qantas Lockheed L-188C ZK-TEA ANZ.QF SYD 21.09.70 edited-3.jpg
Air New Zealand L-188C Electra departing Sydney for Wellington in 1970 on the joint schedule with Qantas

In the South Pacific, Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) and its successor Air New Zealand flew the Electra on trans-Tasman flights. [13] In Australia Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) and Ansett each operated three Electras on trunk routes between the Australian mainland state capital cities, and later to Port Moresby, from 1959 until 1971. [10] Ansett had its three Electras converted to freighters in 1970–71 and continued to fly them until 1984. [14] Qantas also operated four Electras on its routes to Hong Kong and Japan, to New Caledonia, and to New Guinea (until the New Guinea route was handed to Ansett and TAA); then later across the Indian Ocean to South Africa, and across the Tasman in competition with TEAL after that airline became 100% New Zealand-owned. [13] [15] The divestiture of TEAL's 50%-Australian shareholding was itself prompted by the Electra order, as TEAL wanted jet aircraft, but was forced by the Australian government to order Electras in order to standardise with Qantas. [15] [16] [17] Three Qantas Electras were retired in the mid-1960s and the fourth in 1971. [13]

Some Electras were sold to South American airlines, where the Electra had highly successful operations, such as those of Lloyd Aéreo Boliviano and Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas; [18] in both cases, the Electra ensured the airlines' international operations before they started using jets. Most notably, Brazilian flag carrier airline Varig operated flawlessly a fleet of 14 Electras on the extremely busy Rio de Janeiro-São Paulo shuttle service (the so-called Ponte Aérea - or "Air Bridge" in Portuguese) for 30 years, completing over half a million flights on the route before the type was replaced by Boeing 737-300 and Fokker 100 jets in 1992. [19] The Electra became so iconic on that route that its retirement caused a commotion in Brazil, with extensive press coverage and many special tributes. [20]

During the mid-1970s, several secondhand Electras were bought by travel clubs, including Nomads, Adventurers and Shillelaghs. Others were retired from passenger service into air-cargo use, 40 being modified by a subsidiary of Lockheed from 1968 with one or two large doors in the left side of the fuselage and a reinforced cabin floor. [8] Air California and Pacific Southwest Airlines (PSA) were still operating Electras for scheduled passenger service during the late 1970s primarily into the Lake Tahoe Airport located in the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, as this airfield had banned scheduled jet aircraft flights at the time. [21]

Military use

In 1973, the Argentine Navy bought three Electras equipped with cargo doors. These were used during the "Dirty War" to toss political prisoners into the Rio de La Plata in the infamous death flights. [22] The Electras were also used for transport duties during the Falklands War in 1982.

In 1983, after the retirement of its last SP-2H Neptune, the Argentine Navy bought further civilian Electra airframes, modified several for maritime patrol, [23] and widely used them until their replacement by P-3s in 1994. [24] One of the Argentine Navy's Electras, known locally as L-188E Electron, is preserved at the Argentine Naval Aviation Museum (Museo de la Aviación Naval) at Bahía Blanca. [25]

Variants

L-188A
Initial production version
L-188AF (All Freight version)
Unofficial designation for freighter conversions of L-188A carried out under a supplementary type certificate.
L-188PF (Passenger-Freight version)
Unofficial designation for freighter conversions of L-188A carried out under a supplementary type certificate.
L-188C
Long-range version with increased fuel capacity (6,940 US gallons (26,300 L) fuel capacity from 5,450 US gallons (20,600 L) on L-188A) and a higher operating gross weight (Maximum takeoff weight is 116,000 lb (53,000 kg) compared to 113,000 lb (51,000 kg) of the "A" version).
L-188CF
Unofficial designation for freighter conversion of L-188C carried out under a supplementary type certificate.
YP-3A Orion
One Orion aerodynamic test bed, fuselage shortened by 7 feet (2 m).

Operators

Current operators

As of July 2018, only two Electras remain in active airliner service. [26] Other aircraft are in service as air tankers and cargo aircraft as follows:

Canada

Former civilian operators

Military operators

Argentina
Bolivia
Ecuador
Honduras
Mexico
Panama

Orders

Model 188A
Model 188C

Aircraft on display

Accidents and incidents

Of the total of 170 Electras built, as of June 2011, 58 have been written off because of crashes and other accidents. [71]

Specifications (Model 188A)

Data from Lockheed Aircraft since 1913 [100]

General characteristics

Performance

See also

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

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References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "The Air Spray fleet". Air Spray. Archived from the original on 2012-03-09. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
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  3. ↑ Flight International 2011, p. 22.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Francillon 1982, pp. 396–397.
  5. ↑ Francillon 1982, p. 398.
  6. 1 2 Rumerman, Judy. "Lockheed in Mid-Century." Archived 2014-02-04 at the Wayback Machine centennialofflight.net, 2003. Retrieved: July 17, 2010.
  7. ↑ "Issue 21 - Lockheed Martin: Airliner to submarine hunter - Aviation Classics Magazine". www.aviationclassics.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2016-03-23. Retrieved 2016-03-17.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Allen 1995, p. 155.
  9. 1 2 Allen 1995, p. 159.
  10. 1 2 Allen 1995, p. 161.
  11. ↑ Lee, Stuart. "Lockheed Electra: Killer Airliner (Part 2)." Archived 2011-09-26 at the Wayback Machine cs.clemson.edu. Retrieved: 17 July 2010.
  12. ↑ "Lessons of a turboprop inquest." Archived 2012-11-04 at the Wayback Machine Flight 17 February 1961, p. 225.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Allen 1995, p. 162.
  14. ↑ Allen 1995, pp. 161–162.
  15. 1 2 Brimson 1984, pp. 190–193.
  16. ↑ Allen 1995, p. 158.
  17. ↑ Brimson 1984, pp. 160–165.
  18. ↑ "LAP - Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas" (in Portuguese). 2009-09-15. Archived from the original on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-22.
  19. ↑ Sousa, Joselito (2010-02-26). "As aventuras com o Electra na África – "Causos" Parte 2" [Adventures with the Electra in Africa - Stories, Part 2] (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-22.
  20. ↑ Beting, Gianfranco. "Electra II". Arquivo Jetsite (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2014-12-22. Retrieved 2014-12-22.
  21. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2021-08-10. Retrieved 2021-08-10.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  22. ↑ Martinez, Diego. "Aviones de la muerte (In Spanish)". Archived 2010-01-14 at the Wayback Machine Pagina 12 , September 6, 2009. Retrieved on 6 March 2010.
  23. ↑ "Official site picture (Notice all the windows compared to the P-3 Orion). Archived 2010-12-06 at the Wayback Machine Aviones de Exploración, Amarda Argentina. Retrieved: March 6, 2010.
  24. ↑ Gaggero, Pablo J. "La Armada renueva su flota aérea para el control del mar (In Spanish)." Archived 2011-06-05 at the Wayback Machine La Nación , January 25, 1999. Retrieved: March 6, 2010.
  25. 1 2 3 "Museo de la Aviación Naval". ara.mil.ar (in Spanish). Estado Mayor General de la Armada. Archived from the original on 17 August 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "World Airline Census 2018". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2018-08-26.
  27. ↑ "Two air tankers recently certified". Archived from the original on 2016-10-12. Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 Sherlock 1977, p. 15.
  29. 1 2 Sherlock 1977, p. 22.
  30. 1 2 3 4 5 Sherlock 1977, p. 19.
  31. ↑ Endres 1979, pp. 333–334.
  32. ↑ https://aerialfiremag.com/2023/01/03/the-last-mission/
  33. ↑ Sherlock 1977, pp. 17, 19.
  34. ↑ Endres 1979, pp. 40–41.
  35. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 38.
  36. ↑ CF-NAY and C-http://www.airliners.net/search?airline=21089&display=detail
  37. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 154.
  38. 1 2 3 Sherlock 1977, p. 14.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 Sherlock 1977, p. 16.
  40. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 152.
  41. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Sherlock 1977, p. 17.
  42. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 163.
  43. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 164.
  44. 1 2 3 Sherlock 1977, p. 20.
  45. ↑ http://www.timetableimages.com Archived 2017-09-12 at the Wayback Machine , April 1, 1991 ALM system timetable
  46. 1 2 Hagby 1998, p. 55.
  47. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 162.
  48. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 416.
  49. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 192.
  50. ↑ Flight International, 10 April 1969, p.557
  51. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 230.
  52. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 238.
  53. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 239.
  54. ↑ Sherlock 1977, pp. 20–21.
  55. 1 2 Sherlock 1977, p. 21.
  56. ↑ NCAR Electra specs Retrieved 20 October 2012
  57. ↑ Sherlock 1977.
  58. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 256.
  59. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 264.
  60. ↑ "Renown Aviation". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved May 6, 2019.
  61. ↑ Sherlock 1977, pp. 22–23.
  62. ↑ "Shillelagh Travel Club: L188C N125US." Airliners.net. Retrieved: July 17, 2010.
  63. ↑ Endres 1979, pp. 280–281.
  64. ↑ Endres 1979, p. 298.
  65. ↑ Siegrist 1987, pp. 174–175.
  66. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Eastwood 1990, pp. 313–324.
  67. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2016-02-24.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) retrieved 24 February 2016
  68. ↑ "LOCKHEED L188A - Electra II". fab.mil.br/musal/ (in Portuguese). Brazilian Air Force. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
  69. ↑ "Historia del Museo Aeroespacial de la Fuerza Aérea Boliviana – AviaciónBoliviana.Net". aviacionboliviana.net. Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
  70. ↑ "Photo: TAM-69 (CN: 1125) TAM - Transporte Aéreo Militar Lockheed L-188A Electra by Zenon Sanchez Z." Archived from the original on 2016-11-15. Retrieved 2016-11-15.
  71. ↑ "Lockheed Model 188 page." Archived 2011-06-30 at WikiwixAviation Safety Network. Retrieved: June 29, 2011.
  72. ↑ Flight, February 13, 1959, p. 231.
  73. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The February 3, 1959 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N6101A at New York-La Guardia Airport, NY (LGA)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  74. ↑ "Accident Synopsis: 09291959." [usurped] AirDisaster.Com. Retrieved: July 17, 2010.
  75. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The September 29, 1959 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N9705C at Buffalo, TX." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  76. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The March 17, 1960 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra N121US at Cannelton, IN." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  77. ↑ "Electra Airliner Flips at LaGuardia, Burns; 76 Aboard Walk Out". Schenectady Gazette. Schenectady, New York. September 15, 1960. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  78. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-188 Electra N6127A New York-LaGuardia Airport, NY (LGA)". aviation-safety.net. Aviation Safety Network / Flight Safety Foundation. Archived from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
  79. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The October 4, 1960 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N5533 at Boston-Logan International Airport, MA (BOS)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  80. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The June 12, 1961 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra PH-LLM at Cairo International Airport (CAI)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  81. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The September 17, 1961 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra N137US at Chicago-O'Hare International Airport, IL (ORD)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  82. ↑ "Lockheed Electra L-188 crash." Archived 2013-08-13 at the Wayback Machine Tasman Empire Airways Limited, 2001. Retrieved: September 17, 2013.
  83. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The February 16, 1967 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra PK-GLB at Manado-Sam Ratulangi Airport (MDC)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  84. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The May 3, 1968 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N9707C at Dawson, TX." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 16, 2010.
  85. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The August 9, 1970 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra OB-R-939 at Cuzco Airport (CUZ)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  86. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The December 24, 1971 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra OB-R-941 at Puerto Inca." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  87. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-188A Electra HK-777 Bogotá-Eldorado Airport (BOG)". Aviation Safety Network. Archived from the original on 14 October 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  88. ↑ Accident descriptionfor Panarctic Oils Flight 416 at the Aviation Safety Network
  89. ↑ "Inquiry Into the Matter of a Crash of a Panarctic Electra Aircraft at Rea Point, Northwest Territories, October 30, 1974, before His Honour Judge W.A. Stevenson : report" (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2019.
  90. ↑ NTSB report # AAR-77-06.
  91. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The June 4, 1976 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra RP-C1061 at Guam-Agana NAS (NGM)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on June 29, 2011.
  92. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-188A Electra HR-SAW Guatemala City-La Aurora Airport (GUA)".
  93. ↑ Accident descriptionfor Zantop International Airlines Flight 931 at the Aviation Safety Network
  94. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The January 21, 1985 accident of Lockheed L-188A Electra N5532 at Reno/Tahoe International Airport, NV (RNO)." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 16, 2010.
  95. ↑ Accident descriptionfor ICAO Adrep Summary (#26) at the Aviation Safety Network
  96. ↑ Accident descriptionfor ICAO Adrep Summary 5/89 (#41) at the Aviation Safety Network
  97. ↑ Accident descriptionfor "The December 18, 1995 accident of Lockheed L-188C Electra 9Q-CRR at Cahungula." at the Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved on July 17, 2010.
  98. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident Lockheed L-188A Electra 9Q-CDI Kinshasa". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2023-09-18.
  99. ↑ "CADORS report for Air Spray (Tanker #86 C-GFQA)". Transport Canada.
  100. ↑ Francillon 1982, pp. 398, 403.
  101. 1 2 3 4 Taylor 1961, p. 276.

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