Death flights

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Death flights (Spanish: vuelos de la muerte) are a form of extrajudicial killing in which the victims are dropped to their death from airplanes or helicopters into oceans, large rivers or even mountains. Death flights have been carried out in a number of internal conflicts, including by France during the 1947 Malagasy Uprising and the 1957 Battle of Algiers, and by the junta dictatorship during the Argentine Dirty War between 1976 and 1983. During the Bougainville conflict PNGDF helicopters were used to dispose of corpses that had died under torture, and in some cases, still-living victims. [1]

Contents

Countries

Pinochet de Civil.jpg
Jorge Rafael Videla (cropped).png
Operation Condor dictators Augusto Pinochet (left) and Jorge Rafael Videla (right) were both known for using death flights to kill dissidents.

Argentina

During the 1976–1983 Argentine Dirty War, many thousands of people disappeared, clandestinely kidnapped by groups acting for the dictatorship. According to the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons 8,961 persons disappeared between 1976 to 1983. Human rights groups in Argentina often cite a figure of 30,000 disappeared; Amnesty International estimates 20,000. [2] Many were killed in death flights, a practice initiated by Admiral Luis María Mendía, usually after detention and torture. Typically they were drugged into a stupor, loaded into aircraft, stripped, and dropped into the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean. [3] [4]

According to the testimony of Adolfo Scilingo, a former Argentine naval officer convicted in Spain in 2005 for crimes against humanity under the doctrine of universal jurisdiction, there were 180–200 death flights during 1977 and 1978. Scilingo confessed to participating in two such flights, during which 13 and 17 people were killed, respectively. [5] Scilingo estimated that the Argentine Navy conducted the flights every Wednesday for two years, 1977 and 1978, killing 1,500 to 2,000 people. [6]

Victims were sometimes made to dance for joy in celebration of the freedom they were told awaited them. In an earlier 1996 interview, Scilingo said, "They were played lively music and made to dance for joy, because they were going to be transferred to the south. ... After that, they were told they had to be vaccinated due to the transfer, and they were injected with Pentothal. And shortly after, they became really drowsy, and from there we loaded them onto trucks and headed off for the airfield." [7] At the time, Scilingo said that the Argentine Navy was "still hiding what happened during the Dirty War". [8]

In May 2010, Spain extradited pilot Julio Alberto Poch to Argentina. Born in 1952, Poch had been arrested in Valencia, Spain, on September 23, 2009, and was wanted in Argentina for his alleged participation as a pilot on the death flights. [9] At his trial in February 2013, Poch denied that he had participated in the death flights, claiming everything he knew about them came from what he had read. [10] After spending eight years in an Argentine jail, Poch was found not guilty by a court in Buenos Aires. [11]

In April 2015, further arrests were made. It was reported that the death flights had started before 1976, and continued until 1983. To carry out the flights, a military unit, Batallón de Aviación del Ejército 601 (Army Air Battalion 601), was set up, with a commander, sub-commander, chief of staff, and officers from five companies. Soldiers who refused to take part, as well as others who acted as airfield guards and runway cleaners, testified they had seen live people and corpses loaded onto aircraft; after taking off, the planes returned empty. [12]

On 12 March 2016, Interpol, through the National Police of Colombia, arrested Juan Carlos Francisco Bossi in the city of Medellín. [13] Also known as El doctor, Bossi was accused of activating the death flights during the Dirty War and was wanted by Argentine authorities for taking part in death flights and forced disappearances of over 30,000 people. [14] After his arrest, Bossi confessed to the Colombian authorities to being responsible for the deaths of 6,000 individuals. [15]

A five-year trial (nicknamed the "ESMA mega-trial" or "Death Flights trial") of 54 former Argentine officials accused of running death flights and other crimes against humanity (lesa humanidad) heard 830 witnesses and investigated the death of 789 victims. A verdict was reached on 29 November 2017: 29 defendants were sentenced to life in prison, six were acquitted, and the nineteen remaining defendants were sentenced to prison terms ranging from eight to 25 years. [16] [17]

One of the aircraft involved in the death flights, a Short SC.7 Skyvan, was located in Fort Lauderdale, Florida in 2023. It is planned to return it to Argentina for display in the Memorial Museum (Former ESMA) in Buenos Aires. [18]

The Skyvan used for "death flights" during the Argentine military dictatorship at ESMA Death Flight airplane.jpg
The Skyvan used for "death flights" during the Argentine military dictatorship at ESMA

Chile

Oregier Benavente, Augusto Pinochet's former personal helicopter pilot, has admitted that on numerous occasions he threw prisoners into the ocean or into the high peaks of the Andes. [19]

Flights were also used to make bodies of already murdered dissidents disappear. One person's testimony described the procedure: corpses were put in gunny sacks; each sack was attached to a piece of rail using wire, and a second gunny sack put around both. The sacks were carried by pickup truck to helicopters that flew them to the coast of the Valparaíso region, [20] where the bodies were thrown into the ocean. Secret police agent Osvaldo Romo confessed in a 1995 interview to having participated in death flights. Showing no remorse, he added, "Now, would it not be better throwing bodies into a volcano?" [21]

In 2001, Chilean President Ricardo Lagos told the nation that during Pinochet's rule, 120 civilians had been tossed from helicopters into "the ocean, the lakes and the rivers of Chile". [22]

Colombia

During the Violencia (1948–1958), the Colombian military had dissenters thrown from airplanes above areas under the control of guerillas. [23]

Guatemala

The method was allegedly used during the Guatemalan genocide. [ citation needed ] In one instance on 7 July 1975 – one month to the date after the assassination of José Luis Arenas – a contingent of uniformed army paratroopers arrived in Ixcán Grande and abducted 30 men. [24]

France

French Algeria

Death flights victims during the Algerian War were known as crevettes Bigeard ("Bigeard's shrimp"), after French General Marcel Bigeard (pictured) General Marcel Bigeard, 80, October 1996, before photo of him 40 years ago.jpg
Death flights victims during the Algerian War were known as crevettes Bigeard ("Bigeard's shrimp"), after French General Marcel Bigeard (pictured)

Death flights were used during the Algerian War by French paratroopers of the 10th Parachute Division under Jacques Massu during the Battle of Algiers (1957). After it was discovered that corpses sometimes resurfaced after being disposed in this manner, the executioners began attaching concrete blocks to their victims' feet. These victims came to be known as "Bigeard's shrimp" (crevettes Bigeard), after one of the paratrooper commanders, Marcel Bigeard. [25] [26] [27]

French Madagascar

During the Malagasy Uprising of 1947 hundreds of Malagasy in Mananjary were killed, including 18 women and a group of prisoners thrown from aircraft. [28]

Indonesian occupation of East Timor

During its occupation of East Timor, Indonesian forces are alleged to have thrown suspected guerrillas and independence supporters from helicopters, many into lake Tasitolu, just west of the capital Dili. [29] Other locations where detainees were thrown from aircraft include the rocky mountains between Dili and Aileu, in Dili Bay, and in the sea around Jaco Island near the eastern tip of the island. Security forces developed various euphemisms to refer to these flights including mandi laut ("taking a bath in the sea") referring to the practice of weighting the bodies of suspects with rocks and dumping them from a helicopter into the sea, piknik ke Builico ("going for a picnic to Builico") a.k.a. being dumped in the Sarei River ravine near Builico, and dipanggil ke Quelicai ("called to Quelicai"). [30] One of the most prominent victims was Venâncio Gomes da Silva, a former FRETILIN central committee member. According to Amnesty International, on July 14, 1980, he was put on a helicopter and flown south-east in the direction of Remexio; the helicopter returned without him 15 minutes later. [31]

Papua New Guinea

During the Bougainville conflict which was fought in 1988–1998, the Papua New Guinea Defence Force used the death flight method to dispose of the bodies of tortured rebels who died in Bougainville region. Some among the disposed victims were found out to be still alive when their bodies were disposed. [1]

South Africa

By the late 1970s, the South African apartheid government started implementing death flight executions of rebel group fighters. To do this, the government created a special branch of the South African Defence Force called the Delta 40. Hundreds of ANC-, PAC-, and SWAPO-affiliated activists and guerilla fighters were thrown into the Atlantic Ocean off the Namibian coast during the height of the South African Border War. [32]

Aircraft were also used to dispose of the bodies of prisoners killed by other means beforehand, in one example, five members of a RENAMO rebel faction who assassinated Orlando Christina, the group's secretary general in April 1983. The suspects were first flown to the Caprivi strip where they were tried by the RENAMO war council, and shot. Their bodies were then wrapped in tarps, weighted, and dropped over the Atlantic, with a false flight plan drawn up. [33]

Zaire

During the Mobutu era, an unknown number of people were extrajudicially executed by being dropped from helicopters into the Zaire River, the Kinsuka Rapids or Lake Kapolowe in the Shaba region. [34]

Extraordinary rendition

Scholars have compared the practicalities of the Argentine death flights to the US-led procedure of extraordinary rendition during the War on Terror, noting in particular how the two practices converge in many of their material and technological resources. [3]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Snow, Deborah. "Blood on the Bougainvillea". Australian Broadcast Corporation.
  2. ↑ DuBois, Lindsay (1 October 2017). The Politics of the Past in an Argentine Working-Class Neighbourhood. University of Toronto Press. ISBN   9780802096357 . Retrieved 1 October 2017– via Google Books.
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  4. ↑ Murphy, Jeanie; Rivero, Elizabeth G. (2018). The Image of the River in Latin/o American Literature. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. p. 37. ISBN   9781498547307.
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  6. ↑ Sims, Calvin (13 March 1995). "Argentine Tells of Dumping 'Dirty War' Captives Into Sea". The New York Times.
  7. ↑ Mann, Jonathan (23 March 1996). "Macabre new details emerge about Argentina's 'dirty war'". CNN. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
  8. ↑ "'Death flight' captain says Argentine navy is hiding horrors". The Scotsman. Edinburgh. 19 January 2005. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007.
  9. ↑ "Pilots charged with Argentina dirty war 'death flights'". CNN . October 5, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2022.
  10. ↑ Espacio Memoria y Derechos Humanos (ex ESMA) – Poch: "I have nothing to repent", 18 February 2013 Archived 10 July 2015 at the Wayback Machine (in Spanish)
  11. ↑ "Argentine Dutch pilot not guilty of role in junta death flights". DutchNews.nl. 30 November 2017. Retrieved 3 November 2022.
  12. ↑ LaRed21 (Uruguay): Four officers who took part in "death flights" arrested in Argentina, 28 April 2015 (in Spanish)
  13. ↑ "Latin American Herald Tribune - Colombian Police Arrest Man Suspected of Rights Violations in Argentina". Laht.com. Archived from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  14. ↑ "Delitos de Lesa Humanidad - Ministerio de Justicia y Derechos Humanos - Presidencia de la Nación" [Crimes Against Humanity - Ministry of Justice and Human Rights - Presidency of the Nation]. Jus.gob.ar (in Spanish). 8 June 2017. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  15. ↑ NoticiasUnoColombia (12 March 2016). "Argentino considerado criminal de guerra fue capturado en Medellín" [Argentine considered war criminal was captured in Medellín] (in Spanish). YouTube. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 1 October 2017.
  16. ↑ "Trial for crimes against humanity in Argentina reaching its close" (in Spanish). starMedia. 7 July 2015.
  17. ↑ Politi, Daniel; Londoño, Ernesto (29 November 2017). "29 Argentines Sentenced to Life in Prison in 'Death Flights' Trial". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  18. ↑ Goñi, Uki (24 March 2023). "'No one can deny it now': death flight plane to be returned to Argentina". www.theguardian.com. Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved 11 April 2023.
  19. ↑ "Ex piloto de Pinochet reconoció que lanzó cuerpos al mar". Emol.com (in Spanish). January 11, 2001. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  20. ↑ "La brigada más cruel de la DINA" [The cruelest brigade in the DINA]. La Nación (in Spanish). March 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 11, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2017.
  21. ↑ La Tercera , 4/07/07, "La escabrosa entrevista que concedió Romo a Univisión"
  22. ↑ Franklin, Jonathan (9 January 2001). "Chilean army admits 120 thrown into sea". The Guardian . Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  23. ↑ Lartéguy, Jean (1968). Les guérilléros[The guerrillas] (in French). Press Pocket. p. 206.
  24. ↑ Amnesty International (1976). Amnesty International Briefing: Guatemala (PDF) (Report). p. 7. Retrieved 2022-12-16.
  25. ↑ Film testimony Archived 2008-11-28 at the Wayback Machine by Paul Teitgen, Jacques Duquesne and Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc on the INA archive website.
  26. ↑ Des guerres d'Indochine et d'Algérie aux dictatures d'Amérique latine Archived 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine , interview with Marie-Monique Robin by the Ligue des droits de l'homme (LDH, Human Rights League), January 10, 2007
  27. ↑ Prise de tête Marcel Bigeard, un soldat propre ?, L'Humanité , June 24, 2000 (in French)
  28. ↑ Jean Fremigacci, "La vérité sur la grande révolte de Madagascar", L'Histoire , n° 318, March 2007
  29. ↑ O'Leary, Olivia (1992). "In Cold Blood: The Massacre of East Timor". First Tuesday. Yorkshire Television. ITV.
  30. ↑ Aditijondro, George J. (2000). "Ch 6. Ninjas, Nanggalas, Monuments and Mossad Manuals". An Anthropology of Indonesian State Terror in East Timor. University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 162, 179. ISBN   0-8122-1711-X.
  31. ↑ "East Timor Violations of Human Rights: Extrajudicial Executions, Disappearances, Torture, and Political Imprisonment 1979-1984" (PDF). Amnesty International: 37. 1985.
  32. ↑ Schmidt, Michael (3 August 2020). Death Flight: Apartheid's Secret Doctrine of Disappearance. NB Publishers. ISBN   9780624088608.
  33. ↑ "SADF helped Renamo kill five". news24. 22 Nov 2000.
  34. ↑ "Chronologie de la République démocratique du Congo / Zaïre (1960–1997) – Sciences Po Encyclopédie des violences de masse" [Chronology of the Democratic Republic of Congo / Zaire (1960–1997) - Sciences Po Encyclopedia of Mass Violence] (in French). 24 February 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2016.
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  38. ↑ Caffier, Justin (25 January 2017). "Get to Know the Memes of the Alt-Right and Never Miss a Dog-Whistle Again". VICE. Retrieved 5 June 2017.
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  40. ↑ "Augusto Pinochet es un ícono dentro del movimiento de derecha radical que llevó a Donald Trump a la presidencia" [Augusto Pinochet is an icon within the radical right-wing movement that brought Donald Trump to the presidency]. El Desconcierto (in Spanish). 18 August 2017. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
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