Aerial firefighting

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A DC-10 Tanker operated by a private contractor for the U.S. Forest Service demonstrates a water drop during "Thunder Over The Empire Air Fest" at March Air Reserve Base, Calif. (2012) Thunder Over The Empire Airfest 2012 120519-F-EI671-001.jpg
A DC-10 Tanker operated by a private contractor for the U.S. Forest Service demonstrates a water drop during "Thunder Over The Empire Air Fest" at March Air Reserve Base, Calif. (2012)
A Neptune Aviation Lockheed P2V drops fire retardant at Pine Mountain, Oregon. (2014) BLM Firefighting at Pine Mountain, Oregon (14186496134).jpg
A Neptune Aviation Lockheed P2V drops fire retardant at Pine Mountain, Oregon. (2014)

Aerial firefighting, also known as waterbombing, is the use of aircraft and other aerial resources to combat wildfires. The types of aircraft used include fixed-wing aircraft and helicopters. Smokejumpers and rappellers are also classified as aerial firefighters, delivered to the fire by parachute from a variety of fixed-wing aircraft, or rappelling from helicopters. Chemicals used to fight fires may include water, water enhancers such as foams and gels, and specially formulated fire retardants such as Phos-Chek. [1]

Contents

Terminology

The idea of fighting forest fires from the air dates back at least as far as Friedrich Karl von Koenig-Warthausen's observations on seeing a blaze when overflying the Santa Lucia Range, California, in 1929. [2] :142

A wide variety of terminology has been used in the popular media for the aircraft (and methods) used in aerial firefighting. The terms airtanker or air tanker generally refer to fixed-wing aircraft based in the United States; "airtanker" is used in official documentation. [3] The term "waterbomber" is used in some Canadian government documents for the same class of vehicles, [4] [5] though it sometimes has a connotation of amphibians. [6]

Air attack is an industry term used for the actual application of aerial resources, both fixed-wing and rotorcraft, on a fire. Within the industry, though, "air attack" may also refer to the supervisor in the air (usually in a fixed-wing aircraft) who supervises the process of attacking the wildfire from the air, including fixed-wing airtankers, helicopters, and any other aviation resources assigned to the fire. The Air Tactical Group Supervisor (ATGS), often called "air attack", is usually flying at an altitude above other resources assigned to the fire, often in a fixed-wing plane but occasionally (depending on assigned resources or the availability of qualified personnel) in a helicopter.

Depending on the size, location, and assessed potential of the wildfire, the "air attack" or ATGS person may be charged with initial attack (the first response of firefighting assets on fire suppression), or with extended attack, the ongoing response to and management of a major wildfire requiring additional resources including engines, ground crews, and other aviation personnel and aircraft needed to control the fire and establish control lines or firelines ahead of the wildfire. [5]

Equipment

A wide variety of helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft are used for aerial firefighting. In 2003, it was reported that "The U.S. Forest Service and Bureau of Land Management own, lease, or contract for nearly 1,000 aircraft each fire season, with annual expenditures in excess of US$250 million in recent years". [7]

Helicopters

State Emergency Service of Ukraine (DSNS) Mil Mi-8MTV picking up water near Nizhyn State Emergency Service of Ukraine (MChS) Mil Mi-8MTV picking up water near Nezhin.jpg
State Emergency Service of Ukraine (DSNS) Mil Mi-8MTV picking up water near Nizhyn

Helicopters may be fitted with tanks (helitankers) or they may carry buckets. Some helitankers, such as the Erickson AirCrane, are also outfitted with a front-mounted foam cannon. Buckets are usually filled by submerging or dipping them in lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. The most popular of the buckets is the flexible Bambi Bucket. Tanks can be filled on the ground (by water tenders or truck-mounted systems) or water can be siphoned from lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or a portable tank through a hanging snorkel. Popular firefighting helicopters include variants of the Bell UH-1H Super Huey, Bell 204, Bell 205, Bell 212, Boeing Vertol 107, Boeing Vertol 234, Sikorsky S-70 "Firehawk" and the Sikorsky S-64 Aircrane helitanker, which features a snorkel for filling from a natural or man-made water source while in hover. Currently the world's largest helicopter, the Mil Mi-26, uses a Bambi bucket.

Water and fire retardant bombers

A Consolidated PBY Catalina amphibious flying boat air tanker PBY Catalina airtanker.jpg
A Consolidated PBY Catalina amphibious flying boat air tanker
An Italian Canadair CL-415 at work I-DPCN at work 03 (4203528315).jpg
An Italian Canadair CL-415 at work
Lockheed P-3A Orion operated by Aero Union Fox-firebase-aero union-N920AU-070904-02-24.jpg
Lockheed P-3A Orion operated by Aero Union
A PZL M-18 Dromader drops water near Mobridge, South Dakota, in the US. PZL M18B Dropping Water.jpg
A PZL M-18 Dromader drops water near Mobridge, South Dakota, in the US.
Beriev Be-200 filling water tanks in the Mediterranean Sea while in operation against the 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire in Israel Beriev Be-200 Israel 5-12-2010.jpg
Beriev Be-200 filling water tanks in the Mediterranean Sea while in operation against the 2010 Mount Carmel forest fire in Israel
An Ilyushin Il-76TD of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps demonstrates aerial firefighting at an air show. Watertanker IL-76D of IRGC.jpg
An Ilyushin Il-76TD of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps demonstrates aerial firefighting at an air show.
An Antonov An-32 of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine dumps water on a forest fire. MNS An-32.jpg
An Antonov An-32 of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine dumps water on a forest fire.

Airtankers or water bombers are fixed-wing aircraft fitted with tanks that can be filled on the ground at an air tanker base or, in the case of flying boats and amphibious aircraft, by skimming water from lakes, reservoirs, or large rivers without needing to land.

Boeing 737-300 operated by Coulson Aviation Coulson Aviation (N137CG) Boeing 737-3H4(WL) at Albury Airport (IMG 4039).jpg
Boeing 737-300 operated by Coulson Aviation

Various aircraft have been used over the years for firefighting. In 1947, the United States Air Force and United States Forest Service experimented with military aircraft dropping water-filled bombs. The bombs were unsuccessful, and the use of internal water tanks was adopted instead. [8]

The Mendocino Air Tanker Squad formed by Joseph Bolles Ely in 1956 was the first such unit in the United States to drop water and retardant on fires. Based at the Willows-Glenn County Airport it soon led the way for other agencies to form similar squads.

Though World War II- and Korean War-era bombers were for a long time the mainstay of the aerial firefighting fleet, [9] newer purpose-built tankers have since come online. The smallest are the Single Engine Air Tankers (SEATs). These are agricultural sprayers that generally drop about 800 US gallons (3,000 L) of water or retardant. Examples include the Air Tractor AT-802, which can deliver around 800 gallons of water or fire retardant solution in each drop, and the Soviet Antonov An-2 biplane. Both of these aircraft can be fitted with floats that scoop water from the surface of a body of water. Similar in configuration to the World War II–era Consolidated PBY Catalina, the Canadair CL-215 and its derivative the CL-415 are designed and built specifically for firefighting. The Croatian Air Force uses six CL-415s as well as six AT 802s for firefighting purposes.

Medium-sized modified aircraft include the Grumman S-2 Tracker (retrofitted with turboprop engines as the S-2T) as used by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), as well as the Conair Firecat version developed and used by Conair Group Inc. of Canada, while the Douglas DC-4, the Douglas DC-7, the Lockheed C-130 Hercules, the Lockheed P-2 Neptune, and the Lockheed P-3 Orion and its commercial equivalent, the L-188 Electra have been used as air tankers. Conair also converted a number of Convair 580 and Fokker F27 Friendship turboprop airliners to air tankers. [10] [11]

The largest aerial firefighter ever used is a Boeing 747 aerial firefighter, known as the Global Supertanker, that can carry 19,600 US gallons (74,200 L) fed by a pressurized drop system. The Supertanker was deployed operationally for the first time in 2009, fighting a fire in Spain. [12] The tanker made its first American operation on August 31, 2009, at the Oak Glen Fire. [13] [14] It has since been replaced by a Boeing 747-400. [15] Another wide body jetliner that is currently being used as an air tanker is the modified McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 operated by the 10 Tanker Air Carrier company as the DC-10 Air Tanker. [16] It can carry up to 12,000 US gallons (45,400 L) of fire fighting retardant.

The Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations operates convertible-to-cargo Ilyushin Il-76 airtankers that have been operating with 11,000-US-gallon (41,600 L) tanking systems, and several Beriev Be-200 jet powered amphibian aircraft. The Be-200 can carry a maximum payload of about 12,000 litres (3,200 US gal) of water, making "scoops" in suitable stretches of water in 14 seconds.

Bombardier's Dash 8 Q Series aircraft are the basis of new, next-generation air tankers. Cascade Aerospace has converted two pre-owned Q400s to act as part-time water bomber and part-time transport aircraft for France's Sécurité Civile, [17] while Neptune Aviation is converting a pre-owned Q300 as a prototype to augment its Lockheed P-2 Neptune aircraft. The Sécurité Civile also operates twelve Canadair CL-415 and nine Conair Turbo Firecat aircraft. Neptune Aviation also currently operates converted British Aerospace 146 jetliners as air tankers. [18] The BAe 146 can carry up to 3,000 gallons of fire fighting retardant. Air Spray USA Ltd. of Chico, California has also converted the BAe 146 jetliner to the role of air tanker. [19] Another modern-era passenger aircraft that has now been converted for aerial firefighting missions in the U.S. is the McDonnell Douglas MD-87 jetliner operated by Erickson Aero Tanker. [20] [21] The MD-87 can carry up to 4,000 gallons of fire fighting retardant. Coulson Aviation unveiled a Boeing 737-300 firefighting conversion in May 2017. Six aircraft have been purchased from Southwest Airlines for the RADS system conversion which was planned to enter service in December 2017. The 737 aircraft is smaller than the C-130Q which allows for a wider range of airfields to be utilized. Britt Coulson further stated the aircraft will be able to retain the current seat and galley configuration for tanker operations. [22] On 22 November 2018, the 737 was used for the first time to fight a fire near Newcastle, Australia. [23]

In July 2022, Airbus tested the aerial firefighting capacity of the A400M using a roll-on/roll-off kit comprising a 20-tonne water tank and piping allowing the load to be expelled from the end of the cargo ramp. [24]

Comparison table of fixed-wing, firefighting tanker airplanes

All links, citations and data sources are listed in the paragraph above. For accident and grounding citations, see paragraph below table.

Make and modelCountry of originCategoryWater/retardant capacity, US gallons (litres)Notes
Air Tractor AT-802F United StatesLight807 US gal (3,050 L)
Air Tractor AT-1002 United StatesMedium1,000 US gal (3,800 L)
AN-32P Firekiller Ukraine Medium2,113 US gal (8,000 L)
BAe 146 United KingdomMedium3,000 US gal (11,000 L)
Beriev Be-200 RussiaMedium3,173 US gal (12,010 L)
Boeing 737-300 United StatesMedium4,000 US gal (15,000 L)
Boeing 747 Supertanker United StatesSuper heavy19,600 US gal (74,000 L)No longer in service
Bombardier Dash 8 Q400-MR CanadaMedium2,600 US gal (9,800 L)
Canadair CL-215 CanadaMedium1,300 US gal (4,900 L)
Canadair CL-415 CanadaMedium1,621 US gal (6,140 L)
De Havilland Canada DHC-515 CanadaMedium1,850 US gal (7,000 L)
Douglas B-26 United StatesMediumNo longer in service
Douglas DC-4 United StatesMediumNo longer in service
Douglas DC-6 United StatesMedium2,800 US gal (11,000 L)
Douglas DC-7 United StatesMedium3,000 US gal (11,000 L)
Embraer C-390 Millennium BrazilMedium3,200 US gal (12,000 L)
Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar United StatesMediumNo longer in service
Grumman S-2 Tracker United StatesMedium1,200 US gal (4,500 L)
Ilyushin Il-76 RussiaHeavy13,000 US gal (49,000 L)
Lockheed C-130 Hercules United StatesMedium3,000 US gal (11,000 L)National Guard MAFFS units
Lockheed C-130Q HerculesUnited StatesMedium3,500 US gal (13,000 L)Coulson RADS-XXL
Lockheed L-188 Electra United StatesMedium3,000 US gal (11,000 L)
Martin Mars United StatesMedium7,200 US gal (27,000 L)No longer in service
McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 United StatesHeavy12,000 US gal (45,000 L)
McDonnell Douglas MD-87 United StatesMedium4,000 US gal (15,000 L)
North American B-25 United StatesMediumNo longer in service
P-2V Neptune United StatesMedium2,362 US gal (8,940 L)No longer in service
P-3 Orion United StatesMedium3,000 US gal (11,000 L)military version of the Lockheed L-188 Electra, No longer in service
PBY Catalina United StatesMedium1,000 US gal (3,800 L) or 1,500 US gal (5,700 L) for the Super model
PZL-Mielec M-18 Dromader Poland Light570 US gal (2,200 L)
ShinMaywa US-2 JapanMedium3,595 US gal (13,610 L) [25]

Category legend: Light: under 1,000 US gallons (3,800 L), Medium: under 10,000 US gallons (38,000 L), Heavy: under 20,000 US gallons (76,000 L), Super heavy: over 20,000 US gallons (76,000 L) – currently only used for the B747 Supertanker.

Other former military aircraft utilized as firefighting air tankers in the U.S. in the past included the B-17 and the PB4Y-2, a version of the B-24.

Leadplanes

The Lead Plane function directs the activities of the airtankers by both verbal target descriptions and by physically leading the airtankers on the drop run. The leadplane is typically referred to as a "Bird Dog" in Canada or "Supervision" aircraft in Australia. The O-2 Skymaster, Cessna 310 and OV-10 Bronco have been used as spotter and lead plane platforms. The Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources has also used the Cessna 337. The Beechcraft Baron was long used as a leadplane or air attack ship, but most were retired in 2003; more common now is the Beechcraft King Air and the Twin Commander 690. A Cessna Citation 500 jet owned by Air Spray (1967) LTd. was used by the British Columbia Ministry of Forests beginning in 1995 and used for two fire seasons to lead the very fast Electra L188 air tanker to the fires. This was the first time a jet aircraft was used as a lead plane or "bird dog". The Department of Parks and Wildlife in Western Australia operates a fleet of nine American Champion Scouts 8GCBC during the summer months as spotter aircraft and Air Attack platforms. The Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia and the Yukon Territories contract to supply Twin Commander 690 as bird dog aircraft for their air tanker fleets. Air Spray owns 9 Twin Commander 690 for use as bird dog aircraft.

Fleet grounding

In the United States, most of these aircraft are privately owned and contracted to government agencies, and the National Guard and the U.S. Marines also maintain fleets of firefighting aircraft. On May 10, 2004, The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) and the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) announced that they were cancelling contracts with operators of 33 heavy airtankers. They cited liability concerns and an inability to safely manage the fleet after the wing failure and resulting crash of a C-130A Hercules in California and a PB4Y-2 in Colorado during the summer of 2002. Both aged aircraft broke up in flight due to catastrophic fatigue cracks at the wing roots. After subsequent third-party examination and extensive testing of all USFS contracted heavy airtankers, three companies were awarded contracts and now maintain a combined fleet of 23 aircraft.

Fire retardant

A MAFFS-equipped Air National Guard C-130 Hercules drops fire retardant on wildfires in southern California Hercules C130 bombardier d eau Californie.jpg
A MAFFS-equipped Air National Guard C-130 Hercules drops fire retardant on wildfires in southern California

Borate salts used in the past to fight wildfires have been found to sterilize the soil and be toxic to animals so are now prohibited. [26] Newer retardants use ammonium sulfate or ammonium polyphosphate with attapulgite clay thickener or diammonium phosphate with a guar gum derivative thickener. Fire retardants often contain wetting agents, preservatives and rust inhibitors and are colored red with ferric oxide or fugitive color to mark where they have been dropped. Brand names of fire retardants for aerial application include Fortress and Phos-Chek.

Some water-dropping aircraft carry tanks of a guar gum derivative to thicken the water and reduce runoff.

Tactics and capabilities

A helicopter dips its bucket into a river to drop water on a wildfire in California. Sikorsky S-70A-27 Picking Up Water.jpg
A helicopter dips its bucket into a river to drop water on a wildfire in California.

Helicopters can hover over the fire and drop water or retardant. The S-64 Helitanker has microprocessor-controlled doors on its tank. The doors are controlled based on the area to be covered and wind conditions. Fixed-wing aircraft must make a pass and drop water or retardant like a bomber. Spotter (Air Tactical Group Supervisor) aircraft often orbit the fire at a higher altitude to coordinate the efforts of the smoke jumper, helicopter, media, and retardant-dropping aircraft, while lead planes fly low-level ahead of the airtankers to mark the trajectory for the drop, and ensure overall safety for both ground-based and aerial firefighters.

Film showing Waterbombers from the California Air National Guard dropping substances used to fight fires

Water is not usually dropped directly on flames because its effect is short-lived. Fire retardants are not typically used to extinguish the fire, but instead are used to contain the fire, or slow it down to allow ground crews to contain it. Because of this, retardants are usually dropped in front of or around a moving fire, rather than directly on it, creating a firebreak.

Aerial firefighting is most effectively used in conjunction with ground-based efforts, as aircraft are only one weapon in the firefighting arsenal. However, there have been cases of aircraft extinguishing fires long before ground crews were able to reach them. [27]

Some firefighting aircraft can refill their tanks in mid-flight, by flying down to skim the surface of large bodies of water. One example is the Bombardier CL-415. This is particularly useful in rural areas where flying back to an airbase for refills may take too much time. In 2002 an Ontario CL-415 crew was able to refill 100 times within a 4-hour mission, delivering 162,000 US gallons (613,240 L) or 1,350,000 pounds (612 t) of water on a fire near Dryden, Ontario [28] (June 1, 2002 Dryden fire # 10 Tanker #271 civil ident C-GOGE).

Accidents and incidents

See also

Notes

  1. "USDA Forest Service Wildland Fire Chemicals" . Retrieved 2008-11-13.
  2. von Koenig-Warthausen, Baron F K (1930). Wings Around the World.
  3. "FindLaw's United States Ninth Circuit case and opinions" . Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  4. "Aviation Services - Aviation, Forest Fire and Emergency Services". Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources. Archived from the original on 2014-04-10.
  5. 1 2 "Interagency Standards for Fire and Aviation Operations 2007, Chapter 17" (PDF). National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-08-31. The popular media also frequently use the terms water bomber, fire bomber or borate bomber. Helicopters often are used to drop retardant or water on a wildfire, whether they're functioning as helitankers (a heavy helicopter outfitted with a belly tank for dropping water or retardant on a fire), or medium- or light-weight helicopters equipped with buckets for smaller drops on fires). Some helicopters are used on fires for cargo (helitack) delivering supplies to firefighters, usually with netted cargo slung under a helicopter, and other helicopters are certified for and used for personnel transport -- ferrying wildland firefighters to remote locations where ground transport is either difficult or impossible.
  6. "Wildfire Fighting: Provincial & Territorial Approaches to Air Tankers". Canadian American Strategic Review. May 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-06-11.
  7. "Statement of Larry Hamilton National Director, Office of Fire and Aviation, Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, National Interagency Fire Center Oversight Hearing". Blue Ribbon Panel Report and Aerial Firefighting Safety Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee Subcommittee on Public Lands and Forests. March 26, 2003. Retrieved 2007-09-27.
  8. Hearst Magazines (October 1947). "Water Bombs for Forest Fires". Popular Mechanics. Hearst Magazines. p. 126.
  9. "AT&T - Page Not Available" . Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  10. "Photos of Convair 580". Airliners.net . Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  11. "Photos of Fokker F-27". Airliners.net . Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  12. "ABC - El 'superavión' bombero no fue efectivo en incendio Serranía de Cuenca" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 2014-10-06.
  13. "Incident Report". Rimoftheworld.Net. Archived from the original on 2009-09-02. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  14. "InciWeb the Incident Information System: Oak Glen". Inciweb.org. 2009-08-30. Archived from the original on 2016-09-17. Retrieved 2010-05-28.
  15. "Like the phoenix, the SuperTanker to rise again". Fire Aviation. 12 August 2015. Retrieved 2016-11-22.
  16. "10 Tanker LLC" . Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  17. Q400 Airtanker Conversion
  18. "Operations". neptuneaviation.com. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  19. Gabbert, Bill (2 October 2012). "Air Spray moves into California, will convert the BAe 146 jet into air tanker". Wildfire Today. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  20. "Erickson Aero Tanker places its first McDonnell Douglas DC-9-87 into fire tanker operations". worldairlinenews.com. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  21. "Air tankers could mean more jobs in Madras". Archived from the original on 2013-05-01. Retrieved 2013-07-24.
  22. "Coulson to convert 737s into air tankers". Fire Aviation. Retrieved 2017-10-02.
  23. "Coulson 737 waterbomber used for the first time". ABC News. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
  24. Hoyle, Craig (26 July 2022). "A400M tests aerial firefighting adaptation with Spanish support". Flight Global.
  25. "Infinite Possibilities of the US-2; Firefighting Amphibians". ShinMaywa . Archived from the original on January 29, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  26. "UDSA Forest Service Specification 5100-304c Long-Term Retardant, Wildland Firefighting" (PDF). June 1, 2007. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 November 2008. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
  27. Christopher, Ben (21 July 2016). "Does Using Airplanes to Put out Forest Fires Actually Work?". Priceonomics. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  28. "Deceased identified after Dinorwic fire". Dryden Now. 7 November 2020.
  29. "WARBIRDS OF GLORY B-25J SANDBAR MITCHELL RECOVERY & RESTORATION" . Retrieved 27 November 2013.
  30. "Accident Canadair CL-215-1A10 1042, Thursday 26 May 1977". asn.flightsafety.org. Retrieved 2024-06-27.
  31. "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Accident Number: LAX94FA323". National Transportation Safety Board . December 19, 1995. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  32. "27 Deaths in Air Tanker Crashes Since 1991". KOLO-TV. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  33. "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Accident Number: LAX95GA219A". National Transportation Safety Board . June 25, 1996. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  34. "National Transportation Safety Board Aviation Accident Final Report Accident Number: LAX95GA219B". National Transportation Safety Board . June 25, 1996. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  35. "Air tanker pilots killed in B.C. crash identified". CTV News Vancouver . May 18, 2012. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  36. "Firefighting helicopter crash in Slave Lake, one fatality". wildfiretoday.com. 21 May 2011. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  37. "Pilot dies in helicopter crash near Slave Lake". cbc.ca. Retrieved 25 June 2012.
  38. Whitfield, Bethany (14 June 2012). "NTSB Issues Preliminary Air Tanker Crash Report". Flying . Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  39. Carver, Lt. Col. Robert (3 July 2012). "ANG announces C-130 crash victims". US Air Force . Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  40. Bailey, David (2 July 2012). "Air Force C-130 crashes fighting South Dakota wildfire". Reuters . Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  41. "Investigation: AO-2013-187 - In-flight breakup involving PZL Mielec M18A Dromader aircraft, VH-TZJ, 37 km west of Ulladulla, NSW on 24 October 2013". Australian Transport Safety Bureau. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
  42. Welch, William M. (8 October 2014). "Pilot of crashed plane near Yosemite fire dies". USA Today . Retrieved 26 July 2017.
  43. Passifiume, Bryan (2015-05-22). "Pilot dead after water bomber battling wildfire near Cold Lake crashes Friday afternoon". Calgary Sun . Retrieved 2017-07-26.
  44. Gabbert, Bill. "Air tanker crashes in British Columbia lake". Fire Aviation. Retrieved 2015-10-01.
  45. Pilot dies in waterbombing helicopter crash on NSW south coast, ABC News Online, 2018-08-17
  46. Bungard, Matt; Mellis, Eilidh (23 January 2020). "Three dead as air tanker fighting bushfires crashes near Snowy Mountains". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  47. Russia says all 8 die in water-bomber plane crash in Turkey, The Moscow Times, 2021-08-14
  48. Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-215-6B11 (CL-415) I-DPCN Linguaglossa, Sicily". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2022-10-28.
  49. "Two pilots in hospital after water bomber crashes fighting bushfire in regional WA". ABC News. 2023-02-06. Retrieved 2023-02-06.
  50. Pitsakis, John (25 July 2023). "BREAKING: Hellenic Air Force CL-215 Scooper Crashes in Greece". Aerial Fire Magazine.

Related Research Articles

This glossary of wildfire terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to wildfires and wildland firefighting. Except where noted, terms have largely been sourced from a 1998 Fireline Handbook transcribed for a Conflict 21 counter-terrorism studies website by the Air National Guard.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadair CL-215</span> Flying boat family by Canadair, later Bombardier

The Canadair CL-215 (Scooper) is the first model in a series of flying boat amphibious aircraft designed and built by Canadian aircraft manufacturer Canadair, and later produced by Bombardier. It is one of only a handful of large amphibious aircraft to have been produced in large numbers during the post-war era, and the first to be developed from the outset as a water bomber.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Canadair CL-415</span> Dedicated aerial fire fighting airplane

The Canadair CL-415 and the De Havilland Canada DHC-515 are a series of amphibious aircraft built originally by Canadair and subsequently by Bombardier and De Havilland Canada. The CL-415 is based on the Canadair CL-215 and is designed specifically for aerial firefighting; it can perform various other roles, such as search and rescue and utility transport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Conair Group</span> Canadian based firefighting airline

Conair Group Inc. of Abbotsford, British Columbia, Canada, formerly known as Conair Aviation, is a company specializing in retrofitting firefighting aircraft, maintaining customer and company-owned aircraft and aerial firefighting. Conair currently employs over 250 staff and has a fleet of aircraft that are broken down into two categories; air attack, and airtankers. Conair specializes in fire management support by providing services and products to forest protection agencies around the world. In 1996 Conair became a Canadian Air Tractor dealer for the AT-802F air tanker. A former Conair Group division; Cascade Aerospace was acquired by the IMP Group of Halifax, Nova Scotia in 2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection</span> Agency in California

The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection is the fire department of the California Natural Resources Agency in the U.S. state of California. It is responsible for fire protection in various areas under state responsibility totaling 31 million acres, as well as the administration of the state's private and public forests. In addition, the department provides varied emergency services in 36 of the state's 58 counties via contracts with local governments. The department's current director is Joe Tyler, who was appointed March 4, 2022, by Governor of California Gavin Newsom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DC-10 Air Tanker</span> Type of aircraft

The DC-10 Air Tanker is a series of American wide-body jet air tankers, which have been in service as an aerial firefighting unit since 2006. The aircraft, operated by the joint technical venture 10 Tanker Air Carrier, are converted wide-body McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30 passenger jetliners, and are primarily used to fight wildfires, typically in rural areas. The turbofan-powered aircraft carry up to 9,400 US gallons of water or fire retardant in an exterior belly-mounted tank, the contents of which can be released in eight seconds. Four air tankers are currently in operation, all DC-10-30 aircraft, with the call-signs Tanker 910, 911, 912 and 914. The original Tanker 910, a DC-10-10, was retired in 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CDF Aviation Management Program</span>

The CAL FIRE Aviation Management Program is a branch of the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection. Due to the frequency and severity of wildfires in California, the state has elected to establish its own aerial firefighting force rather than rely solely on contract or national resources. The Aviation Management Program is based at McClellan Airfield near Sacramento, California.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Modular Airborne FireFighting System</span> Military firefighting equipment

The Modular Airborne FireFighting System (MAFFS) is a self-contained unit used for aerial firefighting that can be loaded onto both military cargo transport Lockheed C-130 Hercules and Embraer C-390 Millennium, which then allows the aircraft to be used as an air tanker against wildfires. This allows the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) to use military aircraft from the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve to serve as an emergency backup resource to the civilian air tanker fleet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2002 United States airtanker crashes</span> Fatal aviation accidents in California and Colorado

In 2002, two large airtankers – a Lockheed C-130 Hercules and a Consolidated PB4Y-2 Privateer – crashed about a month apart while performing aerial firefighting operations. These crashes prompted a review of the maintenance and use of the entire U.S. large airtanker fleet. Ultimately, the whole fleet was grounded, dramatically reducing the resources available to fight major wildfires. Both aircraft were owned by Hawkins & Powers Aviation of Greybull, Wyoming and operated under contract to the United States Forest Service (USFS). The crashes occurred in one of the worst fire seasons in the last half century, one in which 73,000 fires burned 7.2 million acres (29,000 km2) of land.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aero Union</span> Firefighting aircraft operation company

Aero Union Corporation was an aircraft operation and maintenance company based in Chico, California, United States. It was known for operating aerial firefighting aircraft, training crews and making custom designed firefighting systems tailored to specific aircraft requirements. After years of controversies regarding the operation of the company and the safety of its aircraft, the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) canceled its contract, and the company was forced to shut down soon after.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">747 Supertanker</span> 2009 firefighting aircraft modification

The 747 Supertanker is a retired aerial firefighting airtanker derived from various Boeing 747 models. The aircraft is rated to carry up to 19,600 US gallons (74,000 L) of fire retardant or water. It is the largest aerial firefighting aircraft in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sécurité Civile</span> Civil defense agency of the French Government

The Direction générale de la sécurité civile et de la gestion des crises is a civil defense agency of the French Government. It operates for the Ministry of the Interior and employs some 2,500 civilian and military personnel over 60 sites. Known as the Protection Civile until 1976, the Sécurité Civile is split into several branches:

Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel is part of the science of fire fighting focusing on the use of specialized equipment, training and tactics to effectively control, surround and eventually extinguish a natural cover fire. There are several specially designed tools that through their function and user training, perform specialized tasks that are specific to natural cover firefighting. This is used together in conjunction with the general understanding of the behavior of fire to form a viable plan of attack.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air Spray</span> Canadian company specialized in wildfire suppression

Air Spray (1967) Ltd. trading as Air Spray Ltd. of Edmonton, Alberta, Canada and Air Spray USA Inc of Chico, California is a private company specializing in aerial wildfire suppression using air tanker or water bomber aircraft. Air Spray was owned and operated by Canada's Aviation Hall of Fame inductee, Donald T. Hamilton until his death in 2011. The company continued to be owned and operated by his daughter, Lynn Hamilton, of Foothills, Alberta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lake Fire</span> 2015 wildfire in Southern California

The Lake Fire was a wildfire that burned in the San Bernardino National Forest. The fire started on June 17, 2015, and burned over 31,359 acres before it was fully contained on July 21, 2015.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010 Conair CV-580 crash</span>

On 31 July 2010, a Convair CV-580 Airtanker aircraft operated by Conair Aviation crashed while on a firefighting mission near Lytton, British Columbia, Canada. Both crew members, the only people on board, were killed.

Neptune Aviation Services Inc. is an aerial firefighting company based out of Missoula International Airport in Missoula, Montana. It provides aerial support and firefighting to the United States, Canada, Chile and throughout the world. Founded in 1993, Neptune Aviation is known for aerial firefighting, aviation maintenance, fixed-base operator and air charter operations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia</span>

The development of aerial firefighting and forestry in southern Australia ran in parallel with the rapid improvements in aircraft technology over the last century. As more advanced and capable aircraft became available firefighters and foresters quickly sought opportunities to utilise and adapt them.

The Mendocino Air Tanker Squad (MATS) is a flying fire fighting team working to protect the Mendocino National Forest. Joseph Bolles Ely, the Fire Control Officer formed it In 1956.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Coulson Aviation</span> Aviation company based in Canada

Coulson Aviation is an aviation company headquartered in Port Alberni, British Columbia, Canada. The company's fleet specialises in air tankers used for aerial firefighting. It operates in Canada, the United States, Australia and Chile.

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