Harrison County | |
---|---|
Coordinates: 32°33′N94°22′W / 32.55°N 94.37°W | |
Country | United States |
State | Texas |
Founded | 1842 |
Named for | Jonas Harrison [1] |
Seat | Marshall |
Largest city | Marshall |
Area | |
• Total | 916 sq mi (2,370 km2) |
• Land | 900 sq mi (2,000 km2) |
• Water | 16 sq mi (40 km2) 1.7% |
Population (2020) | |
• Total | 68,839 |
• Density | 75/sq mi (29/km2) |
Time zone | UTC−6 (Central) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC−5 (CDT) |
Congressional district | 1st |
Website | harrisoncountytexas |
Harrison County is a county on the eastern border of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 United States census, its population was 68,839. [2] The county seat is Marshall. [3] The county was created in 1839 and organized in 1842. [4] [5] It is named for Jonas Harrison, a lawyer and Texas revolutionary.
Developed for cotton plantations by planters from the South, this county had the highest number of enslaved African Americans in Texas before the Civil War. They comprised 59% of the population. From 1870 to 1930, Blacks made up 60% of the county's population. In the post-Reconstruction era, whites used lynchings to assert their dominance, in addition to the state's disenfranchisement of Blacks.
From 1940 to 1970, in the second wave of the Great Migration, many Blacks moved to the West Coast to escape Jim Crow and for work in the expanding defense industry. More whites have moved in since the late 20th century as the county's economy has developed beyond the rural, and now comprise the majority.
Harrison County comprises the Marshall micropolitan statistical area, which is also included in the Longview-Marshall combined statistical area. It is located in the Ark-La-Tex region.
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Settlement by immigrants from the United States (US) began during the 1830s in the territory of present-day Harrison County. In 1835, the Mexican authorities granted a dozen land grants to U.S. immigrants. After the Texas Revolution, the Congress of the Texas Republic established Harrison County in 1839, formed from Shelby County. Harrison County was named for Texas revolutionary Jonas Harrison. The county was organized in 1842.
The county's area was reduced in 1846, as territory was taken to establish Panola and Upshur counties. Marshall was founded in 1841, and was designated as the county seat in 1842. [1]
The area was settled predominately by planters from the Southern United States, who developed this area for cotton plantations and brought enslaved African Americans with them for labor, or purchased them at regional markets. The planters repeated much of their culture and society here. East Texas was the location of most of the cotton plantations in the state and, correspondingly, of most of the enslaved African Americans.
Most of the fourteen Black-majority, plantation counties were located in East Texas. By 1850, landowners in Harrison County held more slaves than in any other county in Texas until the end of the Civil War. The census of 1860 counted 8,746 slaves in Harrison County, 59% of the county's total population. [1]
In 1861, the county's voters (who were exclusively white males and mostly upper class) overwhelmingly supported secession from the United States.
Following defeat at the end of the American Civil War, the county was part of an area occupied by Federal troops under Reconstruction. The white minority in the county bitterly resented federal authority and the constitutional amendment granting the franchise to freedmen. A majority in the county, the freedmen elected a bi-racial county government dominated by Republican Party officeholders.
Republican dominance in local offices continued in the county until 1880, but the conservative whites of the Democratic Party regained control of the state government before the official end of Reconstruction. In 1880, the Citizen's Party of Harrison County, amid charges of fraud and coercion, gained control of elected positions in the county government after winning on a technicality, which involved hiding a key ballot box. [1] They retained such control of the county into the 1950s, aided by the state's disenfranchisement of Blacks at the turn of the century by a variety of laws, including those to permit white primaries. [6] In addition, during the post-Reconstruction era, white terrorist violence was directed at Blacks to assert white supremacy. According to records of the Equal Justice Initiative, Harrison County had the third-highest number of lynchings of any county in Texas, from 1877 to 1950.
In the 1870s the county's non-agricultural sector increased when the Texas and Pacific Railway located its headquarters and shops in Marshall. It stimulated other industry and manufacturing in the county, and also aided the transportation to market of the important cotton commodity crop. [1]
But from 1880 to 1930, Harrison County remained primarily agricultural and rural. It had a 60 percent Black majority through 1930. During this period, most of the African Americans worked in agriculture as tenant farmers and sharecroppers.
Harrison County had a total of 14 lynchings. [7] Most were committed in the early 20th century, particularly in the 1910s when the county suffered economic hard times. Whites "did not lynch in lieu of ineffective courts, but instead demonstrated to the black majority that legal protection and rights were inaccessible to blacks". [8] Blacks accused of violence against law enforcement or who were from outside the county were particularly at risk, but the terrorist lynchings put all Blacks on notice that whites could take action against them essentially at will.
The Texas legislature disenfranchised most Blacks in 1901 by requiring poll taxes and authorizing white primaries (after various iterations, the latter were overturned by a U.S. Supreme Court decision in 1944). This disenfranchisement extended into the late 1960s, until after national civil rights legislation was passed to enforce these citizens' constitutional civil rights. [9]
In 1928, oil was discovered in the county. Its exploitation and processing made a significant contribution to the economy. [1]
The Great Depression of the 1930s hit the county hard, decimating the agricultural sector. Mobilization for World War II brought an end to the depression. As the defense industry built up in major cities and on the West Coast, from 1940 to 1970, a total of more than 4.5 million Blacks migrated from the South, particularly Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi, for work and to escape continuing suppression under Jim Crow laws. They moved to the West Coast in the second wave of the Great Migration, attracted to new jobs in the expanding defense industry.
The population of the county declined until 1980, when the trend reversed. White migration from other areas has resulted in a majority-white population. In the realignment of parties in the South since the late 20th century, white conservative voters in Texas have left the Democratic Party to become overwhelmingly affiliated with the Republican Party. [1]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 916 square miles (2,370 km2), of which 900 square miles (2,300 km2) is land and 16 square miles (41 km2) (1.7%) is water. [10] The northern and eastern parts of the county are drained to the Red River in Louisiana by Little Cypress Creek, Cypress Bayou, and Caddo Lake. The other third of the county is drained by the Sabine River, which forms a part of its southern boundary. [11] These waterways were critical to early transportation in the county.
The TTC-69 component (recommended preferred) of the once-planned Trans-Texas Corridor went through Harrison County. [12] [13]
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1850 | 11,822 | — | |
1860 | 15,001 | 26.9% | |
1870 | 13,241 | −11.7% | |
1880 | 25,177 | 90.1% | |
1890 | 26,721 | 6.1% | |
1900 | 31,878 | 19.3% | |
1910 | 37,243 | 16.8% | |
1920 | 43,565 | 17.0% | |
1930 | 48,937 | 12.3% | |
1940 | 50,900 | 4.0% | |
1950 | 47,745 | −6.2% | |
1960 | 45,594 | −4.5% | |
1970 | 44,841 | −1.7% | |
1980 | 52,265 | 16.6% | |
1990 | 57,483 | 10.0% | |
2000 | 62,110 | 8.0% | |
2010 | 65,631 | 5.7% | |
2020 | 68,839 | 4.9% | |
U.S. Decennial Census [14] 1850–2010 [15] 2010–2020 [16] |
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) | Pop 2000 [17] | Pop 2010 [18] | Pop 2020 [16] | % 2000 | % 2010 | % 2020 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
White alone (NH) | 43,044 | 42,654 | 42,039 | 69.30% | 64.99% | 61.07% |
Black or African American alone (NH) | 14,861 | 14,303 | 13,448 | 23.93% | 21.79% | 19.54% |
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) | 165 | 277 | 294 | 0.27% | 0.42% | 0.43% |
Asian alone (NH) | 186 | 331 | 483 | 0.30% | 0.50% | 0.70% |
Pacific Islander alone (NH) | 21 | 26 | 28 | 0.03% | 0.04% | 0.04% |
Other race alone (NH) | 28 | 52 | 267 | 0.05% | 0.08% | 0.39% |
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) | 489 | 734 | 2,441 | 0.79% | 1.12% | 3.55% |
Hispanic or Latino (any race) | 3,316 | 7,254 | 9,839 | 5.34% | 11.05% | 14.29% |
Total | 62,110 | 65,631 | 68,839 | 100.00% | 100.00% | 100.00% |
In 2000, the 2000 U.S. census reported there were 62,110 people, 23,087 households, and 16,945 families residing in the county. [19] The population density was 69 people per square mile (27 people/km2). There were 26,271 housing units at an average density of 29 units per square mile (11/km2). During July 2018's estimates by the United States Census Bureau, Harrison County had a population of 66,726. [20] At the publication of the 2020 census, its population increased to 68,839. [16]
At the 2000 census, the racial makeup of the county was 71.35% White, 24.03% Black or African American, 0.35% Native American, 0.31% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 2.86% from other races, and 1.06% from two or more races; 5.34% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. In 2018, the racial makeup of Harrison County was 63.2% non-Hispanic white, 21.1% Black or African American, 1.2% American Indian or Alaska Native, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latino Americans of any race made up 13.6% of the populace. In 2020, the racial and ethnic makeup was 61.07% non-Hispanic white, 19.54% Black or African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.70% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.39% some other race, 3.55% multiracial, and 14.29% Hispanic or Latino American of any race; alongside statewide trends, the increase in traditionally minority populations reflected nationwide diversification. [21] [22]
The largest ancestry groups in Harrison County at the 2010 United States census were: English (41%), Black or African American (24%), Irish (8%), German (3%), Scotch-Irish (3%), Scottish (2%), Dutch (1%), Italian (1%), French or French Canadian (except Basque) (1%), Mexican (1%), and Polish (1%).
At the 2018 American Community Survey, the median household income was $51,202 and 14.7% of the population were below the poverty line. The median gross rent in the county was $779 from 2014 to 2018, and the median house monthly owner costs without mortgage were $403. The median with a mortgage was $1,266. [20]
The following school districts serve Harrison County: [23]
Panola College is the assigned community college for the majority of Harrison County, according to the Texas Education Code. The portion in Hallsville ISD is instead zoned to Kilgore Junior College. [24]
The county is represented in the Texas House of Representatives by Republican Chris Paddie, a former mayor of Marshall.
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party(ies) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2024 | 22,658 | 74.92% | 7,369 | 24.37% | 216 | 0.71% |
2020 | 21,466 | 72.23% | 7,908 | 26.61% | 343 | 1.15% |
2016 | 18,749 | 70.62% | 7,151 | 26.94% | 648 | 2.44% |
2012 | 17,512 | 66.92% | 8,456 | 32.31% | 202 | 0.77% |
2008 | 17,103 | 65.38% | 8,887 | 33.97% | 168 | 0.64% |
2004 | 16,473 | 62.82% | 9,642 | 36.77% | 108 | 0.41% |
2000 | 13,834 | 60.23% | 8,878 | 38.65% | 258 | 1.12% |
1996 | 9,835 | 45.42% | 10,307 | 47.60% | 1,513 | 6.99% |
1992 | 8,733 | 38.50% | 9,538 | 42.05% | 4,412 | 19.45% |
1988 | 11,957 | 56.18% | 8,974 | 42.16% | 354 | 1.66% |
1984 | 12,618 | 61.52% | 7,773 | 37.90% | 118 | 0.58% |
1980 | 9,328 | 53.32% | 7,746 | 44.28% | 419 | 2.40% |
1976 | 7,787 | 49.79% | 7,796 | 49.85% | 56 | 0.36% |
1972 | 9,600 | 68.28% | 4,333 | 30.82% | 127 | 0.90% |
1968 | 3,668 | 26.29% | 4,959 | 35.55% | 5,324 | 38.16% |
1964 | 5,568 | 46.67% | 6,351 | 53.24% | 11 | 0.09% |
1960 | 4,613 | 46.39% | 5,108 | 51.36% | 224 | 2.25% |
1956 | 5,048 | 64.76% | 2,668 | 34.23% | 79 | 1.01% |
1952 | 4,708 | 51.01% | 4,516 | 48.93% | 5 | 0.05% |
1948 | 946 | 16.93% | 2,504 | 44.81% | 2,138 | 38.26% |
1944 | 619 | 12.36% | 3,588 | 71.63% | 802 | 16.01% |
1940 | 681 | 13.11% | 4,515 | 86.89% | 0 | 0.00% |
1936 | 302 | 8.14% | 3,400 | 91.69% | 6 | 0.16% |
1932 | 528 | 11.47% | 4,057 | 88.12% | 19 | 0.41% |
1928 | 1,776 | 46.69% | 2,023 | 53.18% | 5 | 0.13% |
1924 | 463 | 14.19% | 2,573 | 78.88% | 226 | 6.93% |
1920 | 377 | 11.85% | 2,134 | 67.09% | 670 | 21.06% |
1916 | 172 | 10.64% | 1,374 | 85.02% | 70 | 4.33% |
1912 | 140 | 9.70% | 1,140 | 79.00% | 163 | 11.30% |
Upshur County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, the population was 40,892. The county seat is Gilmer. The county is named for Abel P. Upshur, who was U.S. Secretary of State during President John Tyler's administration.
Titus County is a county located in the northeastern region of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 31,247. Its county seat is Mount Pleasant. The county is named for Andrew Jackson Titus, an early settler. Titus County comprises the Mount Pleasant micropolitan statistical area.
Smith County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 233,479. Its county seat is Tyler. Smith County is named for James Smith, a general during the Texas Revolution. Smith County is part of the Tyler metropolitan statistical area and the Tyler–Jacksonville combined statistical area.
Shelby County is a county located in the far eastern portion of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 24,022. Its county seat is Center. The county was established in 1835 as a municipality of Mexico and organized as a county in 1837. It is named for Isaac Shelby, a soldier in the American Revolution who became the first governor of Kentucky.
Rusk County is a county located in Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 52,214. Its county seat is Henderson. The county is named for Thomas Jefferson Rusk, a secretary of war of the Republic of Texas.
Panola County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 22,491, with its county seat in Carthage. Located in East Texas and originally developed for cotton plantations, the county's name is derived from a Choctaw word for cotton.
Morris County is a county located near the eastern border of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 11,973. Its county seat is Daingerfield. Morris County is probably named for William Wright Morris, an early judge and planter from Henderson, also in northeast Texas. As of 2016, Morris County is no longer one of six entirely dry, prohibition counties in the state of Texas. Morris County is "partially wet."
Marion County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 9,725. Its county seat is Jefferson. Marion County is in East Texas and is named for Francis Marion, the Revolutionary War general from South Carolina who was nicknamed the "Swamp Fox".
Lamar County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas, in the Northeast Texas region. As of the 2020 census, its population was 50,088. Its county seat is Paris. The county was formed by the Congress of the Republic of Texas on December 17, 1840, and organized the next year. It is named for Mirabeau B. Lamar, the second president of the Republic of Texas. Lamar County comprises the Paris, TX micropolitan statistical area.
Gregg County is a county located in the eastern part of the U.S. state of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 124,239. Its county seat is Longview. The county is named after John Gregg, a Confederate general killed in action during the American Civil War.
The Longview–Marshall Combined Statistical Area covered four counties in Northeast Texas. The statistical area consists of the Longview Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Marshall Micropolitan Statistical Area. Prior to 2003, the area was known as the Longview–Marshall Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consisted of Gregg, Harrison, Rusk, and Upshur counties. As of the 2000 census, the CSA had a population of 256,152. In 2023, the Marshall micropolitan area was removed, and Harrison County was combined into the Longview metropolitan area.
Camp County is a county in the eastern part of Texas. As of the 2020 census, its population was 12,464. Its seat is Pittsburg. The county was founded in 1874 and is named for John Lafayette Camp, a Texas politician.
Hallsville is a city in Harrison County, Texas, United States, located 13 miles (21 km) west of the county seat, Marshall, on U.S. Highway 80. The population was 3,577 at the 2010 census, up from 2,772 at the 2000 census. The 2020 census revealed that Hallsville's population was 4,277.
Marshall is a city in the U.S. state of Texas. It is the county seat of Harrison County and a cultural and educational center of the Ark-La-Tex region. At the 2020 U.S. census, the population of Marshall was 23,392. The population of the Greater Marshall area, comprising all of Harrison County, was 65,631 in 2010 and 66,726 in 2018.
Scottsville is a city in Harrison County, Texas, United States. The population was 376 at the 2010 census, up from 263 at the 2000 census. Scottsville's population in 2020 decreased to 334.
Tatum is a city in Rusk and Panola counties in Texas, United States. Its population was 1,342 at the 2020 census.
The Longview–Marshall Combined Statistical Area covered four counties in Northeast Texas. The statistical area consists of the Longview Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Marshall Micropolitan Statistical Area. Prior to 2003, the area was known as the Longview–Marshall Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consisted of Gregg, Harrison, Rusk, and Upshur counties. As of the 2000 census, the CSA had a population of 256,152. In 2023, the Marshall micropolitan area was removed, and Harrison County was combined into the Longview metropolitan area.
Caddo Parish is a parish located in the northwestern corner of the U.S. state of Louisiana. According to the 2020 U.S. census, the parish had a population of 237,848. The parish seat and largest city is Shreveport, which developed along the Red River.
The Longview metropolitan statistical area is a metropolitan area in Northeast Texas that covers four counties—Gregg, Harrison, Rusk, and Upshur. As of the 2010 census the MSA had a population of 280,000. Before 2023, it was also part of the larger Longview–Marshall combined statistical area. In 2023, the Marshall micropolitan area was disestablished and its sole county, Harrison County, was made part of the Longview metropolitan area.
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