Thomas Edward Donilon (born May 14,1955) is an American lawyer,business executive,and former government official who served as the 22nd National Security Advisor in the Obama administration from 2010 to 2013.[1][2] Donilon also worked in the Carter and Clinton administrations,including as chief of staff of the U.S. State Department. He is now Chairman of the BlackRock Investment Institute,the firm's global think tank.[3]
Originally from Providence,Rhode Island,Donilon spent his early career in Democratic politics and then in foreign policy and national security. He has advised the presidential campaigns of Jimmy Carter,Walter Mondale,Joe Biden,Michael Dukakis,Bill Clinton,Barack Obama,and Hillary Clinton,designing policy,managing conventions,preparing candidates for debates,and overseeing presidential transitions. In 1992,Donilon was named chief of staff and assistant secretary of state at the U.S. Department of State. During his tenure in the Clinton administration,Donilon played a leading role in NATO's enlargement and the Dayton Peace Accords,and conducted diplomacy in more than 50 countries.
During the Obama transition,Donilon served together with diplomat Wendy Sherman as Agency Review Team Lead for the State Department.[4] and then,early in the Obama administration,as Deputy National Security Advisor. Donilon was named as National Security Advisor on October 8,2010.[5] Donilon tendered his resignation as National Security Adviser on June 5,2013,and was succeeded in office by Susan Rice.[6]
Since leaving government,Donilon has served in an advisory role as chair of the Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity,appointed by Obama;[7] and as vice chairman of the international law firm O'Melveny and Meyers. During Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign,Donilon was co-chair of the Clinton-Kaine Transition Project,as its foreign-policy lead.[8]
After graduating from Catholic University,Donilon began working in the Carter White House as a staffer in the Congressional Relations Office in 1977. At age 24,Donilon managed the 1980 Democratic Convention,at which SenatorEdward Kennedy challenged President Carter for the nomination. A profile from 1980 described him as,"one of those Wunderkinder who spring out of nowhere to become driving forces in politics."[11] Carter successfully defeated Kennedy's challenge for the nomination but lost the general election. In 1981,Donilon temporarily moved to Atlanta,Georgia to assist the former president's transition to private life.[12] He served as a lecturer at his alma mater,Catholic University.[13]
President Barack Obama talks with former President Jimmy Carter who was attending a meeting in National Security Advisor Tom Donilon's office in the White House,November 30,2010. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)
In 1983,Donilon took a leave of absence from law school to work on Walter Mondale's presidential campaign,as the national campaign coordinator and convention director.[11] Donilon helped prepared Mondale for his presidential debates.[14] Donilon met his wife,Catherine Russell,on the Mondale campaign.[15] Both Russell and Donilon then worked on Joe Biden's 1988 presidential campaign. After Michael Dukakis won the Democratic nomination,Donilon prepared him for his debates.
During the first Bush administration,Donilon was recruited to the law firm O'Melveny &Myers by Warren Christopher,the firm's senior partner.
In 1992 Donilon led Bill Clinton's general election debate preparations and served as counsel to the transition directors.[16]
State Department chief of staff and assistant for public affairs
Donilon worked as executive vice president for law and policy at Fannie Mae,the federally chartered mortgage finance company,as a registered lobbyist from 1999 through 2005.[17][18]
Before his appointment to the Obama Administration,Donilon was a partner in the Washington office of the law firm O'Melveny &Myers,where he advised companies and their boards on a range of "sensitive governance,policy,legal and regulatory matters."[19] In addition,he "led the firm's successful effort to revitalize its pro bono commitment."[20]
Out of government,Donilon continued to participate in foreign policy,including as a member of the House and Senate Majority's National Security Advisory Group,under Nancy Pelosi and Harry Reid.[21]
In 2008,David Axelrod recruited Donilon to head Obama's presidential debate preparation team. After the election,Obama's pick for chief of staff,Rahm Emanuel,recommended that James Jones,Obama's pick for National Security Advisor,hire Donilon as his deputy.[15] In October 2010,Donilon replaced Jones as National Security Advisor. According to The New Yorker,he took inspiration for the NSC process from former National Security Adviser Brent Scowcroft.[22]
National Security Advisor (2010–2013)
As National Security Advisor,Donilon "oversaw the U.S. National Security Council staff,chaired the cabinet level National Security Principals Committee,provided the president's daily national security briefing,and was responsible for the coordination and integration of the administration's foreign policy,intelligence,and military efforts." Donilon also "oversaw the White House's international economics,cybersecurity,and international energy efforts" and "served as the President's personal emissary to a number of world leaders,including Chinese leadersHu Jintao and Xi Jinping,President Vladimir Putin,King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia,and Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu."[3]
President Barack Obama walks with National Security Advisor Tom Donilon on the grounds of Lough Erne Resort at the conclusion of the G8 Summit in Enniskillen,Northern Ireland,June 18,2013. (Official White House Photo by Pete Souza)
A profile in Foreign Policy,according to The New York Times,characterized Donilon as "a sharp-elbowed infighter.[6] Another profile,by Jason Horowitz in The Washington Post,defined the "Donilon Doctrine" as one that "envisions a re-balancing of resources and interests away from Afghanistan,the Middle East and Europe and toward Asia,where he sees America building bigger,better relationships with China and India."[23]
In June 2013,when Donilon announced he was leaving the White House,Obama said,"Tom's that rare combination of the strategic and the tactical. He has a strategic sense of where we need to go,and he has a tactical sense of how to get there."[6] Joe Biden said in a statement,"I've worked with eight different administrations and even more national security advisers,and I've never met anyone with more talent and with greater strategic judgment."[6]
David Rothkopf wrote of Donilon's legacy:
"Donilon's greatest contribution was his strategic mindset,leading to a conscious shift away from the issues that preoccupied the NSC under George W. Bush in Iraq,Afghanistan,and the broader post-9/11 "Global War on Terror" to one that centered on next generation issues:China,cyber issues,the strategic consequences of America's energy revolution,introducing new economic initiatives in the Atlantic and Pacific that have broad geopolitical consequences,moving to a next generation Mideast strategy focused on regional stability,along with new partnerships with regional and global players and addressing emerging threats in places like Africa."[24]
Asia
United States President Barack Obama,left,with Samantha Power,former Senior Director for Multilateral Affairs and Human Rights;National Security Advisor Tom Donilon;and Ambassador Susan Rice,U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations,in the Oval Office on 5 June 2013.
Donilon was a prominent advocate of the Obama administration's "pivot" or rebalance to Asia.[25] Donilon described the policy in a speech at the Asia Society in 2013:"The United States is implementing a comprehensive,multidimensional strategy:strengthening alliances;deepening partnerships with emerging powers;building a stable,productive,and constructive relationship with China;empowering regional institutions;and helping to build a regional economic architecture that can sustain shared prosperity."[26]
In July 2012,Donilon met with then Chinese leader Hu Jintao and Dai Bingguo. The next year he traveled to China again and met with Xi Jinping;during his visit,Donilon called for a "healthy,stable,and reliable military-to-military relationship" between the United States and China.[27]
Donilon was also critical of China at times. He was the first American official to publicly admonish China for its cyber espionage.[28] In 2013,in a speech to the Asia Society,Donilon said "Increasingly,U.S. businesses are speaking out about their serious concerns about sophisticated,targeted theft of confidential business information and proprietary technologies through cyber-intrusions on an unprecedented scale." Donilon said China must recognize the risk such activities pose to the reputation of Chinese industry,to bilateral relations,and to international trade. Beijing,he said,must also "take serious steps to investigate" allegations of hacking.[29]
Before leaving the Obama Administration,Donilon coordinated a two-day informal summit between Chinese leader Xi Jinping and Obama held in Sunnylands,California,in June 2013.[30]
Donilon supported the Trans-Pacific Partnership,which he called "the most important trade negotiation under way in the world today and the economic centerpiece of the rebalance" to Asia.[31] At the same time,he advocated the importance of building trade ties between trans-Atlantic allies,through the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (T-TIP).[31]
Human rights
Ahead of President Obama's trip to Myanmar,Donilon called on the Philippines and Myanmar to uphold human rights amid their democratic transitions.[32]
Obama charged Donilon with setting up the interagency standing Atrocities Prevention Board,which would define mass atrocity prevention as a "core national security interest and a core moral responsibility in the United States of America."[33]
Russia
Donilon helped negotiate the New START Treaty in 2011.[34] He traveled to Moscow for an hours-long discussion with Russian President Vladimir Putin shortly after his election in 2012.[35] Donilon told Putin that Russia should "help ease [Bashar] al-Assad out and let a democratic government take his place because otherwise an extended civil war would open the door to the very radicalism [Putin] feared."[36]
Middle East
Donilon developed a strong relationship with the Israeli government,traveling for a five-hour meeting with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu in 2012 without visiting any other countries in the region—a first for a national security adviser,according to Dennis Ross. As Ross wrote of Donilon's tenure,"It was not that [Donilon] agreed with everything he heard or in any way held back in conveying what was important to President Obama—quite the contrary. Rather,he gave Netanyahu the sense that Israel got a 'fair hearing' and his views were taken into account when U.S. actions were considered."[37]Robert D. Blackwill and Philip H. Gordon echoed the sentiment in a report for the Council on Foreign Relations,writing that the U.S.-Israel Consultative Group,a channel for national security dialogue between the two countries,"functioned effectively at times during the Obama administration,particularly from 2010 to 2013 under national security advisers Thomas Donilon in the United States and Yaakov Amidror in Israel."[38]
In preparation to advise the president on Afghanistan and Pakistan,Donilon commissioned evaluations of the decision-making processes underpinning both the Vietnam War and the Iraq War,which showed,according to Newsweek,"an astonishing historical truth:neither the Vietnam War nor the Iraq War featured any key meetings where all the issues and assumptions were discussed by policymakers. In both cases the United States was sucked into war inch by inch."[39] Donilon was opposed to further intervention in Afghanistan. He worked with Biden to manage the withdrawal of troops from Iraq by the end of 2011.
During debates within the Obama administration over military intervention in Libya in 2011,Donilon "urge[d] caution in Libya",according to former Secretary of Defense Bob Gates' memoir,alongside Joe Biden,Bill Daley,Michael Mullen,Dennis McDonough,and John Brennan,while Samantha Power,Susan Rice and Ben Rhodes advocated action. Donilon recommended Obama conduct the Osama Bin Laden raid in May 2011,and was part of a small group planning the raid in the preceding months.[40]
In 2011,Donilon gave a speech to the Brookings Institution about the Obama administration's pressure campaign in response to Iran's nuclear program. "If Tehran does not change course,the pressure will continue to grow," Donilon said. That pressure,he said,would include increasing sanctions and shoring up defense of Iran's neighbors. "Iranians," he said,"deserve a government that puts their daily ambitions ahead of its nuclear ambitions."[41] Donilon headed the White House team that worked with State Department officials—Hillary Clinton,secretary of state;Bill Burns,deputy secretary of state;and Jake Sullivan,director of policy planning—to negotiate a backchannel,through Oman,with Iran on its nuclear project.[42]
Post-Obama administration
After leaving government in 2013,Donilon joined the Council on Foreign Relations as a distinguished fellow. At the Council on Foreign Relations,Donilon co-chaired,along with Mitch Daniels,former Governor of Indiana,the organization's first task force on global health. The task force issued its report,"The Emerging Global Health Crisis Noncommunicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries," in December 2014.[43] The same year,Donilon delivered the Landon Lecture at Kansas State University,in which he rejected the notion of American decline. In it,he argued,"No nation can match our comprehensive,multidimensional set of enduring strengths:bountiful resources—both human and material,our global network of alliances,our unmatched military strength,our entrepreneurship and innovation,our liberal political and economic traditions,and our remarkable capacity for self-assessment and rejuvenation." Donilon also outlined challenges for the United States and recommended that the government reduce the budget deficit,improve infrastructure,invest in science research,pass immigration reform that gives a path to citizenship,and invest in primary and secondary education.
Donilon returned to O'Melveny &Myers in 2014 as vice chair of the firm and a member of the firm's global policy committee. Since April 2017,Donilon has been chairman of the BlackRock Investment Institute,the firm's internal think tank.
In April 2016,Obama appointed Donilon as chair of the Commission on Enhancing National Cybersecurity.The commission's report,which was released in December of that year,made recommendations for enhancing cybersecurity in the United States. Donilon presented the findings to Obama,who called them "thoughtful and pragmatic" and asked for them to be presented to the Trump transition team.[44] Ahead of the 2016 election,after the hacking of the Democratic National Convention,Donilon called for FBI investigation of the attack and public condemnation against the perpetrators,saying that Russia's claims that it does not interfere in political processes in cyberspace were "just wrong."[45] In 2017,Donilon wrote an opinion piece in The Washington Post in which he provided recommendations for "hack-proofing" future elections from foreign meddling.[46]
During Hillary Clinton's presidential campaign,Donilon was co-chair of the Clinton-Kaine Transition Project,as its foreign-policy lead.[8] If Clinton had won,Donilon was widely considered a candidate to be Secretary of State[47] or CIA Director.[48]
Donilon has continued to comment on foreign policy and has been publicly critical of the Trump administration. In January 2017,after Trump signed the "Muslim ban," Donilon joined an amicus brief which argued there was "no meaningful evidentiary support for the claimed national security imperative underlying" Trump's executive order.[49] In 2018,he condemned Trump's decision to pull out of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action as "the worst mistake the United States has made in the Middle East since the Iraq War."[50] And in 2019,in an article for Foreign Affairs,he criticized the Trump administration's trade war with China,and instead called for a broader strategy rooted in reinvesting in American science,education,infrastructure,alliances,and talent,including through welcoming immigration.[51]
Ambassador Russell delivering remarks at her swearing-in ceremony to serve at the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues.
Donilon is the brother of Mike Donilon,a lawyer and political consultant who is chief advisor to President Joe Biden. His other brother,Terrence Donilon,is communications director for Roman Catholic Cardinal Sean O'Malley.[53] Donilon's sister,Donna,is a nurse. He is married to Catherine M. Russell,who was chief of staff to Jill Biden,and in March 2013 was named the Ambassador-at-Large for Global Women's Issues at the U.S. State Department. They have two children.[54][55]
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