NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina

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NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Part of the Bosnian War
EA-6B Prowler supporting Joint Endeavor from CVN-73.jpg
A Grumman EA-6B Prowler aircraft flying an I-FOR mission
Date16 July 1992 – 2 December 2004
Location
Result End of the Bosnian War
Belligerents
Flag of the Western European Union.svg Western European Union (1993–1996)
Supported Countries:
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg  Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Flag of Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.svg  Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia
Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg  Republika Srpska
Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg  Republic of Serbian Krajina
Flag of the Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia.svg Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia
Supporting Countries:
Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (1992-2006).svg  FR Yugoslavia
Commanders and leaders
Flag of NATO.svg / Flag of Belgium (civil).svg Willy Claes
Flag of NATO.svg / Flag of Germany.svg Manfred Wörner
Flag of NATO.svg / Flag of the United States.svg Wesley Clark
Flag of NATO.svg / Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg Leighton Smith
Flag of NATO.svg / Flag of the United States.svg Jeremy Boorda
Flag of NATO.svg / Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Stuart Peach
Flag of NATO.svg / Flag of the United States (Pantone).svg Michael E. Ryan
Flag of the United Nations.svg / Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Rupert Smith
Flag of the United Nations.svg / Flag of India.svg Satish Nambiar
Flag of the United Nations.svg / Flag of Sweden.svg Lars-Eric Wahlgren
Flag of the United Nations.svg / Flag of France (lighter variant).svg Bernard Janvier
Flag of the United Nations.svg / Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Dick Applegate
Flag of Croatia.svg Franjo Tuđman
Flag of Croatia.svg Gojko Šušak
Flag of Croatia.svg Janko Bobetko
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg Alija Izetbegović
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg Haris Silajdžić
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg Sefer Halilović
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina (1992-1998).svg Rasim Delić
Flag of Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.svg Mate Boban
Flag of Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.svg Milivoj Petković
Flag of Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia.svg Slobodan Praljak
Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg Radovan Karadžić
Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg Biljana Plavšić
Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg Ratko Mladić
Flag of the Republika Srpska.svg Dragomir Milošević
Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg Milan Martić
Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg Milan Babić
Flag of Serbian Krajina (1991).svg Goran Hadžić
Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg Slobodan Milošević
Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg Vojislav Koštunica
Flag of Yugoslavia (1992-2003); Flag of Serbia and Montenegro (2003-2006).svg Zoran Đinđić
Strength
Flag of NATO.svg 60,000 soldiersFlag of the Republika Srpska.svg 50,000–100,000 soldiers

The NATO intervention in Bosnia and Herzegovina was a series of actions undertaken by NATO whose stated aim was to establish long-term peace during and after the Bosnian War. [1] NATO's intervention began as largely political and symbolic, but gradually expanded to include large-scale air operations and the deployment of approximately 60,000 soldiers of the Implementation Force.

Contents

Early involvement and monitoring

NATO involvement in the Bosnian War and the Yugoslav Wars in general began in February 1992, when the alliance issued a statement urging all the belligerents in the conflict to allow the deployment of United Nations peacekeepers. While primarily symbolic, this statement paved the way for later NATO actions. [2]

On July 10, 1992, at a meeting in Helsinki, NATO foreign ministers agreed to assist the United Nations in monitoring compliance with sanctions established under United Nations Security Council resolutions 713 (1991) and 757 (1992). This led to the commencement of Operation Maritime Monitor off the coast of Montenegro, which was coordinated with the Western European Union Operation Sharp Guard in the Strait of Otranto on July 16. [3] On October 9, 1992, the Security Council passed Resolution 781, establishing a no-fly zone over Bosnia-Herzegovina. In response, on October 16, NATO expanded its mission in the area to include Operation Sky Monitor, which monitored Bosnian airspace for flights from the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. [4]

Enforcing compliance: 1992–1993

On November 16, 1992, the Security Council issued Resolution 787, which called upon member states to "halt all inward and outbound maritime shipping in order to inspect and verify their cargos" to ensure compliance with sanctions. [5] In response to this resolution, NATO deactivated Maritime Monitor on November 22, and replaced it with Operation Maritime Guard, under which NATO forces were authorized to stop ships and inspect their cargos. Unlike Sky Monitor and Maritime Monitor, this was a true enforcement mission, not just a monitoring one. [2]

NATO's air mission also switched from monitoring to enforcement. The Security Council issued Resolution 816, which authorized states to use measures "to ensure compliance" with the no-fly zone over Bosnia. [6] In response, on April 12, 1993, NATO initiated Operation Deny Flight which was tasked with enforcing the no-fly zone, using fighter aircraft based in the region. [7]

Throughout 1993, the role of NATO forces in Bosnia gradually grew. On June 10, 1993, NATO and the UN agreed that aircraft acting under Deny Flight would provide close air support to UNPROFOR at the request of the UN. On June 15, NATO integrated Operation Maritime Guard and Western European Union naval activities in the region into Operation Sharp Guard, and expanded its role to include greater enforcement powers.

Growing role of air power: 1994

On February 28, 1994, the scope of NATO involvement in Bosnia increased dramatically. In an incident near Banja Luka, NATO fighters from the USAF, operating under Deny Flight, shot down four Serb jets. This was the first combat operation in the history of NATO and opened the door for a steadily growing NATO presence in Bosnia. [8] In April, the presence of NATO airpower continued to grow during a Serb attack on Goražde. In response, NATO launched its first close air support mission on April 10, 1994, bombing several Serb targets at the request of UN commanders. [9]

Operations in 1995 and Operation Deliberate Force

NATO continued its air operations over Bosnia in the first half of 1995. During this period, American pilot Scott O'Grady was shot down over Bosnia by a surface-to-air missile fired by Bosnian Serb soldiers. He was eventually rescued safely, but his downing caused concern in the United States and other NATO countries about NATO air superiority in Bosnia and prompted some calls for more aggressive NATO action to eliminate Serb anti-air capabilities.

Srebrenica and the London Conference

In July 1995, the Bosnian Serbs launched an attack on the Bosnian town of Srebrenica, ending with the deaths of approximately 8,000 civilians in the Srebrenica massacre. After the events at Srebrenica, 16 nations met at the London Conference, beginning on July 21, 1995, to consider new options for Bosnia. As a result of the conference, UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali gave General Bernard Janvier, the UN military commander, the authority to request NATO airstrikes without consulting civilian UN officials, as a way to streamline the process. [10] As a result of the conference, the North Atlantic Council and the UN also agreed to use NATO air strikes in response to attacks on any of the other safe areas in Bosnia. The participants at the conference also agreed in principle to the use of large-scale NATO air strikes in response to future acts of aggression by Serbs. [11]

Operation Deliberate Force

After the London Conference, NATO planned an aggressive new air campaign against the Bosnian Serbs. On August 28, 1995, Serb forces launched a mortar shell at the Sarajevo marketplace killing 37 people. Admiral Leighton Smith, the NATO commander recommended that NATO launch retaliatory air strikes under Operation Deliberate Force. [12] On August 30, 1995, NATO officially launched Operation Deliberate Force with large-scale bombing of Serb targets. The airstrikes lasted until September 20, 1995 and involved attacks on 338 individual targets.

Dayton Accords and IFOR

Largely as a result of the bombing under Operation Deliberate Force and changes in the battlefield situation, the belligerents in the Bosnian War met in Dayton, Ohio in November 1995, and signed the Dayton Accords, a peace treaty. As part of the accords, NATO agreed to provide 60,000 troops to deploy to the region, as part of the Implementation Force (IFOR), U.S. designation Operation Joint Endeavor. These forces remained deployed until December 1996, when those remaining in the region were transferred to the Stabilization Force (SFOR). SFOR peacekeepers remained in Bosnia until 2004.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> Former peacekeeping force of the NATO

The Stabilisation Force (SFOR) was a NATO-led multinational peacekeeping force deployed to Bosnia and Herzegovina after the Bosnian War. Although SFOR was led by NATO, several non-NATO countries contributed troops. It was replaced by EUFOR Althea in December 2004.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">No-fly zone</span> Militarily-enforced area prohibiting certain aircraft

A no-fly zone, also known as a no-flight zone (NFZ), or air exclusion zone (AEZ), is a territory or area established by a military power over which certain aircraft are not permitted to fly. Such zones are usually set up in an enemy power's territory during a conflict for humanitarian or military reasons without consent of the enemy state, similar in concept to an aerial demilitarized zone, and usually intend to prohibit the enemy's military aircraft from operating in the region. Military action is employed by the enforcing state and, depending on the terms of the NFZ, may include preemptive attacks to prevent potential violations, reactive force targeted at violating aircraft, or surveillance with no use of force. Air exclusion zones and anti-aircraft defences are sometimes set up in a civilian context, for example to protect sensitive locations, or events such as the 2012 London Olympic Games, against terrorist air attack. A no-fly zone is generally not considered a form of aerial blockade due to its more limited scope compared to an aerial blockade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Protection Force</span> Military unit

The United Nations Protection Force was the first United Nations peacekeeping force in Croatia and in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Yugoslav Wars. The force was formed in February 1992 and its mandate ended in March 1995, with the peacekeeping mission restructuring into three other forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Deliberate Force</span> 1995 campaign by NATO and UN forces against Republika Srpska during the Bosnian War

Operation Deliberate Force was a sustained air campaign conducted by NATO, in concert with the UNPROFOR ground operations, to undermine the military capability of the Army of Republika Srpska, which had threatened and attacked UN-designated "safe areas" in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War with the Srebrenica genocide and Markale massacres, precipitating the intervention. The shelling of the Sarajevo marketplace on 28 August 1995 by the VRS is considered to be the immediate instigating factor behind NATO's decision to launch the operation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Safe Areas</span> Humanitarian corridors in Bosnia and Herzegovina established in 1993

United Nations Safe Areas were humanitarian corridors established in 1993 in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War by several resolutions of the United Nations Security Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia</span> United Nations peacekeeping mission in Croatia

The United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia, commonly abbreviated UNCRO, was a United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mission in Croatia. It was established under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and approved by the UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 981 on 31 March 1995. UNCRO inherited personnel and infrastructure from the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR). Its command was located in Zagreb; the peacekeeping troops were deployed in four sectors named North, South, East, and West. Twenty different countries contributed troops to the mission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Deny Flight</span> 1993–95 NATO operation in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Operation Deny Flight was a North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) operation that began on 12 April 1993 as the enforcement of a United Nations (UN) no-fly zone over Bosnia and Herzegovina. The United Nations and NATO later expanded the mission of the operation to include providing close air support for UN troops in Bosnia and carrying out coercive air strikes against targets in Bosnia. Twelve NATO members contributed forces to the operation and, by its end on 20 December 1995, NATO pilots had flown 100,420 sorties.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Bøllebank</span> 1994 Bosnian War confrontation

The Operation Bøllebank is the name given to the military confrontation between Bosnian Serb military forces and Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish combat units composing the United Nations Protection Force's (UNPROFOR) Nordic Battalion, outside of the city of Tuzla on 29 April 1994.

Operation Mistral 2, officially codenamed Operation Maestral 2, was a Croatian Army (HV) and Croatian Defence Council (HVO) offensive in western Bosnia and Herzegovina on 8–15 September 1995 as part of the Bosnian War. Its objective was to create a security buffer between Croatia and positions held by the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). The operation also spearheaded a Herzeg-Croat led move to compromise the occupation of the largest Bosnian Serb-held city, Banja Luka, by capturing the towns of Jajce, Šipovo and Drvar. Thus jeopardizing the operations capacity of Banja Luka and ultimately leading to its recapture. The combined HV and HVO forces were under the overall command of HV Major General Ante Gotovina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 819</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 1993

United Nations Security Council resolution 819, adopted unanimously on 16 April 1993, after reaffirming resolutions 713 (1991) and all (1992) subsequent resolutions, the Council expressed concern at the actions of Bosnian Serb paramilitary units in towns and villages in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina, including attacks on civilians, the United Nations Protection Force and disruption to humanitarian aid convoys. The resolution marked the UN's first civilian "safe area" being declared; it failed to prevent the Srebrenica massacre.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Operation Sky Monitor</span> NATO mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Operation Sky Monitor was a NATO mission to monitor unauthorized flights in the airspace of Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War. The operation began in response to United Nations Security Council Resolution 781, which established a ban on the use of military aircraft in Bosnian airspace, and requested the aid of member states in monitoring compliance. Beginning on October 16, 1992, NATO monitored violations of the no-fly zone using E-3 Sentry NAEW aircraft based in Germany, Italy, Greece, and the United Kingdom. The operation documented more than 500 violations of the no-fly zone by April 1993. In response to this high volume of unauthorized flights, the Security Council passed Resolution 816, which authorized NATO to enforce the no-fly zone, and engage violators. In response, NATO deactivated Sky Monitor on April 12, 1993, transferring its forces to the newly established Operation Deny Flight.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 781</span> October 1992 resolution establishing a no-fly zone in Bosnia and Herzegovina

United Nations Security Council Resolution 781 was adopted on 9 October 1992. After reaffirming Resolution 713 (1991) and all the subsequent resolutions on the situation in the former Yugoslavia, the Council decided to impose a ban on military flights in the airspace over Bosnia and Herzegovina, acting in accordance with the provisions set out in Resolution 770 (1992).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1174</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 1998

United Nations Security Council resolution 1174, adopted unanimously on 15 June 1998, after recalling resolutions 1031 (1995), 1035 (1995), 1088 (1996), 1103 (1997), 1107 (1997), 1144 (1997) and 1168 (1998), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) for a period terminating on 21 June 1999 and authorised states participating in the NATO led Stabilisation Force (SFOR) to continue to do so for a further twelve months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1639</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2005

United Nations Security Council resolution 1639, adopted unanimously on 21 November 2005, after recalling previous resolutions on the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, including resolutions 1031 (1995), 1088 (1996), 1423 (2002), 1491 (2003), 1551 (2004) and 1575 (2004), the Council extended the mandate of EUFOR Althea in Bosnia and Herzegovina as a legal successor to the Stabilisation Force (SFOR) for a further twelve months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Vrbanja Bridge</span> 1995 Bosnian War confrontation

The Battle of Vrbanja Bridge was an armed confrontation which took place on 27 May 1995, between United Nations (UN) peacekeepers from the French Army and elements of the Bosnian Serb Army of Republika Srpska (VRS). The fighting occurred at the Vrbanja Bridge crossing of the Miljacka river in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, during the Bosnian War. The VRS seized the French-manned United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) observation posts on both ends of the bridge, taking hostage 12 French peacekeepers. Ten were taken away, and two were kept at the bridge as human shields.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 Pale air strikes</span> NATO air strikes on Army of Republika Srpska in May 1995

On 25 and 26 May 1995, NATO conducted air strikes against positions of the Army of Republika Srpska (VRS) at Pale, as part of Operation Deny Flight, during the Bosnian War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Airstrike on Udbina Air Base</span>

On 21 November 1994, NATO aircraft taking part of Operation Deny Flight carried out an airstrike on the airbase of Udbina, Croatia, then part of the self-proclaimed Serbian Republic of Krajina. The Serbian Army of Krajina, through its 105th Aviation Brigade, had been launching air attacks on neighbour Bosnia and Herzegovina from the base in support of allied Serbian forces there, especially during the siege of Bihać. NATO forces intervened in order to deter further attacks. Two anti-aircraft SA-2 missile sites that the Serbs had used to attack Bihac in the ground-to-ground mode and to engage NATO aircraft were also destroyed in the following days. The bombing of Udbina was the largest air combat operation in Europe since World War II, and the largest combat operation in NATO's history up to that time.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Siege of Žepa</span> 1992 – 1995 siege during the Bosnian War

The Siege of Žepa was a three-year long siege of the small Bosnian town of Žepa which had lasted from the summer of 1992 – July 1995 during the Bosnian War. It was initially besieged by the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) until it switched to the VRS. Throughout the siege, Žepa was part of the Srebrenica–Žepa link in eastern Bosnia. From April 1992 – February 1993, the ARBiH and the civilians of Žepa successfully resisted the Bosnian Serb army due to applying to guerrilla warfare.

References

  1. Kay, Sean (1998-01-01). NATO and the Future of European Security. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 87. ISBN   9780847690015.
  2. 1 2 "JFC Naples/AFSOUTH, 1951-2009: OVER FIFTY YEARS WORKING FOR PEACE AND STABILITY". Allied Joint Forces Command Naples. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27.
  3. "Operation Maritime Monitor". GlobalSecurity.org.
  4. "United Nations Resolution 757 (1992)". May 30, 1992. 6.a.
  5. "Resolution 787" (PDF).
  6. "Resolution 816" (PDF). United Nations Security Council Resolutions. UN Security Council. Retrieved 2009-02-17.
  7. Beale, Michael. Bombs over Bosnia: The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Air University Press, 1997. p. 19
  8. Beale, Michael. Bombs over Bosnia: The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Air University Press, 1997. p. 2-3
  9. Gordon, Michael (April 11, 1994). "Conflict in the Balkans: NATO; Modest Air Operation in Bosnia Crosses a Major Political Frontier". The New York Times. Retrieved 17 February 2009.
  10. Beale, Michael. Bombs over Bosnia: The Role of Airpower in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Air University Press, 1997. p. 34
  11. Bucknam, Mark. Responsibility of Command. Air University Press, 2003. ISBN   1-58566-115-5 p. 253
  12. Davis, Bradley. "The Planning Background". Deliberate Force. Air University Press, 2000. ISBN   1-58566-076-0

Further reading