List of nicknames of presidents of the United States

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Presidents of the United States have often acquired nicknames, both flattering and unflattering. This list is intended to note those nicknames that were in common use at the time they were in office or shortly thereafter.

George Washington

• The American Cincinnatus : ^[1] Like the famous Roman, he won a war, then became a private citizen instead of seeking power or riches as a reward. He became the first president general of the Society of the Cincinnati, formed by Revolutionary War officers who also "declined offers of power and position to return to his home and plough". ^[2]
• The American Fabius ^[3] for his Fabian military strategy during the Revolutionary War.
• The Father of His Country ^{[a] [9]}
• His Excellency ^[10]
• Sage of Mount Vernon ^[11]

John Adams

• The Colossus of Independence ^{[12] [13] [14]} for his leadership in Congress in 1776.
• The Duke of Braintree ^[15] due to residing in Braintree, Massachusetts and his strong opinions on the use of honorifics for important officers of the government. ^[16]
• Father of American Independence ^[17]
• His Rotundity ^[18] for his girthy bodily figure.
• Old Sink or Swim, for the speech in which he vowed "sink or swim, live or die, survive or perish, I am with my country from this day on." ^[19]

Thomas Jefferson

• The Apostle of Democracy ^[20]
• Father of the Declaration of Independence ^[17]
• Long Tom ^[21]
• The Man of the People ^[22]
• Red Fox ^[23]
• The Sage of Monticello ^[24]

James Madison

• The Father of the Constitution ^{[25] [26]}
• Little Jemmy ^[27] or His Little Majesty: ^[27] at only 5 feet 4 inches (163 cm), the shortest U.S. president. ^[28]

James Monroe

• The Era of Good Feelings President ^[29] for "The Era of Good Feelings", the period following the War of 1812, during which America became less divided politically, to the extent that the only opponents of the ruling Democratic Republicans, the Federalist Party, went out of existence. It was not until resistance to Andrew Jackson's policies produced the Whig Party that oppositional politics resumed in the United States.
• The Last Cocked Hat ^[30] because he was the last U.S. president to wear a tricorne hat according to the old-fashioned style of the 18th century. ^[31]

John Quincy Adams

• The Abolitionist or Old Man Eloquent: famed for routinely bringing up the slavery issue against Congressional rules, and for his role later on in the Amistad case. He is the only American president to be elected to the House of Representatives after his presidency. The nickname gained currency as a result of his campaign against slavery waged as a congressman, and as the attorney in the Amistad case. ^[32]
• Mad Old Man From Massachusetts ^[33]

Andrew Jackson

• Andy, childhood nickname ^[34]
• The Hero of New Orleans ^[35] for his military victory in the Battle of New Orleans.
• Jackass: Andrew Jackson's critics disparaged him as a "Jackass"; however, Jackson embraced the animal, making it the unofficial symbol of the Democratic Party. ^[36]
• King Andrew ^[37] for his supposedly excessive use of the veto power.
• King Mob ^[38]
• Old Hickory, ^[39] allegedly given to him by his soldiers for being as "tough as old hickory".
• People’s President ^[17]
• Sharp Knife, for his fighting tactics ^[40]

Martin Van Buren

• The American Talleyrand ^[41]
• Blue Whiskey Van, a reference to his excessive drinking of whiskey. ^[42]
• The Careful Dutchman: ^[43] Van Buren's first language was Dutch.
• Dandy President, criticizers called him for his fancy expensive outfits ^[44]
• The Enchanter ^[43]
• The Great Manager ^[43]
• The Little Magician, given to him during his time in the state of New York, because of his smooth politics and short stature. ^{[45] [46]}
• Machiavellian Bellshazzar , given to him by detractors ^[47]
• Martin Van Ruin ^[43]
• The Master Spirit ^[43]
• Matty Van from "Tippecanoe Songs of 1840" ^[48]
• The Mistletoe Politician, so called by Joseph Peyton of Tennessee, a Whig opponent, who charged that "Martin Van Buren was a mere political parasite, a branch of mistletoe, that owed its elevation, its growth--nay, its very existence, to the tall trunk of an aged hickory" (i.e. Andrew Jackson). ^[49]
• Old Kinderhook (OK), a reference to his home town. ^[50]
• Red Fox of Kinderhook, a reference to his red hair and home town. ^[51]
• The Sly Fox ^[52]

William Henry Harrison

• General Mum, ^[53] as in the expression, "keep it mum," because of his avoidance of speaking out on controversial issues during his election campaign.
• Old Granny, his opponents called him for he was the oldest person at the time to be president, his age was 68 ^[54]
• Tippecanoe or also Old Tippecanoe, ^[39] a reference to Harrison's victory at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe; used in the campaign song Tippecanoe and Tyler Too during the 1840 presidential election.
• Washington of the West, ^[39] a reference to Harrison's victories at the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe and 1813 Battle of the Thames.

John Tyler

• His Accidency, a nickname given by his opponents; the first president to be elevated to the presidency by the death of his predecessor, William Henry Harrison. ^[55]

James K. Polk

• First Dark Horse President, he was not well known before the 1844 United States presidential election ^[56]
• Napoleon of the Stump, for his short stature and potent oratory skills. ^[57]
• Young Hickory ^[58] because he was a particular protégé of "Old Hickory", Andrew Jackson.

Zachary Taylor

• Old Rough and Ready ^[59]

Millard Fillmore

• The American Louis Philippe ^[60]
• Last of the Whigs ^[61]
• Wool Carder President, when he was 15, he was sent to be an apprentice to a wool carder. ^[62]

Franklin Pierce

• Handsome Frank ^[63]
• Purse ^[64]
• Young Hickory of the Granite Hills: ^[65] "Young Hickory" compared his military deeds (in the Mexican–American War) with those of Andrew Jackson. "The Granite Hills" were his home state of New Hampshire.

James Buchanan

• Bachelor President, ^[66] per his unmarried status.
• Old Buck, from a shortening of his last name, used later in life. ^[66]
• Old Public Functionary, ^[67] used by Buchanan in his December 1859 State of the Union address and adopted by newspapers. ^[66]
• Ten-Cent Jimmy: derogatory, as a reaction to Buchanan's campaign statement that ten cents a day was decent pay for a worker. ^[68]

Abraham Lincoln

• Abe
• Honest Abe ^[69]
• Uncle Abe ^[70] for his avuncularity in his later years.
• The Ancient One, ^[71] a nickname favored by White House insiders because of his "ancient wisdom".
• Grand Wrestler, Abraham was great at wrestling and only had one recorded loss ^[72]
• The Great Emancipator ^[73] and The Liberator ^[74] for the emancipation of the slaves.
• The Rail-Splitter ^[69]
• The Tycoon, ^[75] for the energetic and ambitious conduct of his Civil War administration.

Andrew Johnson

• Sir Veto, because of the large number of legislative vetoes he issued during his presidency; ^[76] 29 in total, (the most at the time). ^[77]
• The Tennessee Tailor, for his career as a tailor before going into politics. ^[78]

Ulysses S. Grant

• The Butcher, Grant's unmatched persistence led him to win several key victories for the Union forces earning him this nickname. ^{[79] [80]}
• The Great Hammerer ^[81]
• Little Beauty, a nickname mocking his good looks. ^[82]
• Ulyss, childhood nickname ^[34]
• U.S. Grant
  • Uncle Sam Grant, a name given to him by his classmates at West Point. ^[83]
  • Unconditional Surrender Grant, a backronym for his uncompromising demand for unconditional surrender during the Battle of Fort Donelson in 1862, which made him a hero. ^[84]
  • United States Grant, his classmates soon began to call after he got his new initials USG ^[85]

Rutherford B. Hayes

• Dark Horse President ^[86]
• His Fraudulency or Rutherfraud, because after the disputed results of the 1876 Election, many Democrats did not consider him legitimately to be president. ^[87]
• Rud, childhood nickname ^[88]

James Garfield

• Boatman Jim, referencing his work on the Ohio canals in his youth. ^[89]
• Canal Boy, also referring to his old job on Ohio canals as a boy ^[90]
• Preacher President ^[91]

Chester A. Arthur

• Chet, shortened version of his name used by publications of that era. ^[92]
• Elegant Arthur, for his style and huge wardrobe of clothes ^{[23] [93]}
• Gentleman Boss, as the dapper leader of New York State's Republican party. ^[92]
• Prince Arthur and The Dude President, for his fancy attire and indulgence in extravagant luxury. ^[94]
• Walrus, because of his magnificent mustache ^[95]

Grover Cleveland

• Big Steve, as his full name was Stephen Grover Cleveland. ^[96]
• Grover the Good, for his honesty and public integrity. ^{[97] [98]}
• His Obstinacy, he vetoed more bills than the first 21 presidents combined. ^[99]
• Uncle Jumbo ^[100]

Benjamin Harrison

• The Front Porch Campaigner; ^[101] during the 1888 election, he gave nearly ninety speeches from his front porch to crowds gathered in the yard of his Indianapolis home; this nickname has been widely but erroneously attributed to William McKinley.
• Grandfather’s Hat, for his grandfather William Henry Harrison was the 9th president of the United States ^[102]
• The Human Iceberg, ^[103] although he could warmly engage a crowd with his speeches, he was cold and detached when speaking with people on an individual basis.
• Kid Gloves Harrison ^[104]
• Little Ben, ^[105] given to him by Democrats of his era because of his stature; this could also be a reference to his being the grandson of former president William Henry Harrison, who had served fifty years before.
• Pious Moonlight Dude, because of his romance ^[106]

William McKinley

• Idol of Ohio ^[17]
• The Major ^[17]
• The Napoleon of Protection, ^[107] referring to high tariffs such as the one he wrote in 1890.
• Wobbly Willie, ^[108] due to flip-flopping on issues such as expansionism.

Theodore Roosevelt

• The Colonel, for his rank in the Spanish–American War. ^[109]
• The Hero of San Juan Hill ^[110] for leading his Rough Riders up San Juan Hill during the Battle of Santiago de Cuba in 1898.
• The Lion ^[111]
• Teddy: Used in The New York Times at least as early as 1900, ^[112] even though he hated the nickname. ^[113]
• Telescope Teddy, because he had all his rifles fitted with a small telescope ^[114]
• Teedie, childhood nickname ^[34]
• TR ^[115] for signing communications this way; perhaps the first president to be known by his initials. ^[116]
• The Trust Buster, so called as a pioneer of busting business trusts. ^[117]

William Howard Taft

• Big Bill, for his large appearance. ^[17]
• Big Chief ^[118]
• Big Lub, ^[119] his boyhood nickname.
• Sleeping Beauty, a nickname his wife Helen Herron Taft called him because he was always falling asleep ^[52]

Woodrow Wilson

• Coiner of Weasel Words, given by former president Theodore Roosevelt in a speech ^[120]
• The Phrasemaker: ^[121] as an acclaimed historian, Wilson had no need of speech-writers to supply his oratorical eloquence.
• Professor, for his job was a college professor ^[23]
• The Schoolmaster: ^[121] a bespectacled academic who lectured his visitors. ^[b]

Warren G. Harding

• Wobbly Warren, ^[122] because of his flip-flopping and closeness to his Cabinet during important events, similar to McKinley.

Calvin Coolidge

• Cal, short for Calvin ^[17]
• Cautious Cal ^[123]
• Cool Cal, ^[124] since his reelection campaign used the slogan, "Keep It Cool With Coolidge".
• Silent Cal ^{[125] [126]}
• Red, because of his hair color ^[17]
• The Sphinx or Sphinx of the Potomac because he was non talkative and a man of few words ^{[127] [128]}

Herbert Hoover

• The Chief, ^[129] a nickname picked up at the age of 23 as a geologist surveying in the Australian Outback, that stuck for the rest of his life.
• The Great Engineer and the Great Humanitarian: ^[130] He was a civil engineer of some distinction and when the Mississippi burst its banks in 1927, engulfing thousands of acres of agricultural land, he volunteered his services and did extensive flood control work. The latter nickname would later be used facetiously in reference to his perceived indifference to the hardships faced by his constituents during the Great Depression. However, the nickname dates back to 1921, when the ARA under Hoover saved millions of Russians suffering from famine. "It was such considerations that Walter Lippmann took into account when he wrote of Hoover's Russian undertaking in the New York World in May 1922: 'probably no other living man could have done nearly so much.". ^[131]

Franklin D. Roosevelt

• FDR, ^[132] abbreviation of his full name.
• Feather-duster, ^[133] boys at Groton School called him because they thought he was snobbish and a bit of a sissy.
• Sphinx, ^[134] in reference to his initial silence on whether or not he would run for a third term. Later visually depicted in a caricature sculpture commissioned by Secretary James D. Preston of the National Archives.
• That Man in the White House, ^[135] used by those who disliked Roosevelt so much that they outright avoided saying his name.

Harry S. Truman

• Give 'Em Hell Harry (also a campaign slogan). ^{[136] [137]}
• Haberdasher Harry ^[138]
• Man From Independence ^[23]
• The Senator From Pendergast, for his connection with political boss Tom Pendergast ^[23]

Dwight D. Eisenhower

• Ike, ^[139] known for being in his campaign slogan "I like Ike".

John F. Kennedy

• The American Erlander, ^[140] as he was known in Sweden, due to his friendship with Prime Minister Tage Erlander and their shared interest in social welfare.

• Jack, ^[141] Kennedy was usually referred to as either "John F. Kennedy" or "Jack Kennedy". See also Senator, you're no Jack Kennedy .
• JFK, ^[141] most prominent nickname and abbreviation of his full name.
• Little Boy Blue, he was called by his predecessor Dwight D. Eisenhower ^[142]
• Rat Face, kids at his school called him for his skinny appearance ^[143]

Lyndon B. Johnson

• Bull Johnson ^[144] for his reputation for boasting at Southwest Texas State Teachers College.
• Landslide Lyndon, ^[145] ironic reference to the Box 13 scandal, a hotly disputed 87-vote win that put him into the Senate in 1948, which became more appropriate in his supporters' eyes following his victory in the 1964 presidential election.
• Rufus Cornpone ^[146] used as an attack on his rural accent by members of the Kennedy Administration at dinner parties.
• LBJ; ^{[147] [148]} he liked to be known by his initials, which was used in the campaign slogan, "All the way with LBJ"; later it would be used in the Anti-Vietnam War political slogan "Hey, hey, LBJ, how many kids did you kill today?".
• Light-Bulb Lyndon, ^[149] because he hated wasting electricity, and would often storm around the White House shutting off unnecessary lights.

Richard Nixon

• Tricky Dick, ^[150] from a Democratic Party ad leading up to the 1950 U.S. Senate election in California saying "Look at 'Tricky Dick' Nixon's Republican Record".

Gerald Ford

• Jerry ^[151]
• Junie, childhood nickname ^[34]
• Mr. Nice Guy ^{[152] [153]} for his clean-cut and non-partisan image. ^[154]

Jimmy Carter

• Hot, short for Hot Shot, which was a childhood nickname. ^[23]
• Jimmy, the first president to use his nickname in an official capacity, rather than his first name James. ^[155]
• Jimmy Cardigan, got the nickname after he wore a sweater instead of a suit one day ^[17]
• The Peanut Farmer, ^[156] he owned a peanut farm and fostered this image in his early campaigns, as a contrast to elite Washington insiders.

Ronald Reagan

• Dutch: shortly after his birth, his father said he looked like a "fat little Dutchman"; reinforced when he wore a Dutch boy haircut (see pageboy) as a youngster. ^{[157] [158] [159]}
• The Gipper, after his role as George "The Gipper" Gipp in the film Knute Rockne, All American . Gipp exhorted his teammates to "Win one for the Gipper". ^[160]
• The Great Communicator ^[161] for his ability to communicate. ^[162]
• The Teflon President, ^[163] coined by Rep. Patricia Schroeder because nothing negative "stuck to" him (like a Teflon skillet); he remained blame-free in the eyes of the American people. ^[162]
• Bonzo: from the name of the chimp in Bedtime for Bonzo, a film that Reagan starred in as well as his mental ability. ^[164]

George H. W. Bush

• 41, ^[165] Papa Bush, ^[166] Bush 41, Bush Sr., Senior, and similar names that were used after his son George W. Bush became the 43rd president, to differentiate between the two
• Little Pop, because he was named after a grandfather ^[167]
• Poppy, a nickname used from childhood on. ^{[168] [169]}

Bill Clinton

• Bubba, ^[170] common nickname for males in the Southern U.S.
• The Comeback Kid, coined by press after strong second place showing in 1992 New Hampshire primary, following polling slump. ^[171]
• Slick Willie, ^[172] a term originally coined when he was Governor of Arkansas and popularized by newspaper Pine Bluff Commercial, whose staff disagreed with his political views. ^[173]

George W. Bush

• 43, ^[166] Bush Jr., Junior, Bush 43, and similar names, used to differentiate him from his father.
• Dubya, ^[174] based on a Texas pronunciation of "W". ^[175]
• Shrub, nickname his high school classmate Molly Ivins gave to him ^[176]

Barack Obama

• Barry, short for Barack ^[23]
• Barry O’Bomber, teammates in High School called him because he was great at scoring baskets in basketball ^[93]
• Nobama, primarily by Republicans and South African protestors. ^{[177] [178]}
• No Drama Obama, ^{[179] [180]} for his cautious and meticulous presidential campaign in 2007–2008 ^[181] and for his patient, relaxed demeanor. ^[182]

Donald Trump

See also: Pseudonyms used by Donald Trump

"List of Donald Trump nicknames" redirects here. For nicknames he uses for other people, see List of nicknames used by Donald Trump about other people.

• 45, the 45, ^[183] and similar names, referencing his being the 45th president, and his penchant for wearing monogrammed "45" apparel. ^[184]
• The Donald, ^[185] since his first wife Ivana Trump referred to him as such in a 1989 Spy magazine cover story. ^{[185] [186]}
• Mr. Drumpf, from the ancestral German spelling of his surname, considered humorous by modern American standards. ^[187] When exactly Drumpf was Anglicized as Trump in his family is unknown, but appears to have happened sometime during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). ^[188] The nickname was adopted by detractors of Trump after comedian and political commentator John Oliver highlighted the etymology in a segment on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver and encouraged his audience to "Make Donald Drumpf Again". ^{[189] [190]}
• The Former Guy, coined by President Biden to avoid using Trump's name. ^[191] (Biden also uses "my predecessor" to refer to Trump)
• Orange Man, in reference to his prominent skin tan. Especially used in the phrase "Orange man bad", an ad hominem of poor grammar meant to mock his detractors. ^[192]
• President Snowflake and Snowflake-in-Chief, ^{[193] [194] [195]} using the term "Snowflake", for his poor reactions to criticism, particularly on Twitter and regarding the Mueller probe and related investigations.

Joe Biden

• Amtrak Joe, from his association with Amtrak trains, which he would use to commute to Washington, D.C. ^{[196] [197]}
• Brandon, or Joe Brandon, and derivatives such as Dark Brandon , based on the anti-Biden political slogan "Let's Go Brandon" which is a coded way of saying "Fuck Joe Biden". ^{[198] [199] [200]}
• Beijing Biden, a nickname used by critics of Biden who perceive him as lenient in foreign policy towards China. ^{[201] [202]}
• Creepy Joe, a nickname used by Biden's opponents referring to his perceived creepy interactions with women. ^[203]
• Crooked Joe, nickname used by Biden's opponent Donald Trump and his supporters in the 2024 presidential election. ^[204]
• Genocide Joe, due to his support of Israel during the Israel–Hamas war amidst ongoing humanitarian crisis in Gaza and rising allegations of genocide. ^[205]
• Scranton Joe, from his birthplace of Scranton, Pennsylvania and association with blue-collar politics. ^{[206] [207]}
• Sleepy Joe , nickname used by Biden's opponent Donald Trump and his supporters, most prominently in the 2020 presidential election, to attack Biden as 'mentally slow'. ^{[208] [209] [210] [211]}

See also

• United States portal
• Lists portal

• Secret Service code name § Presidents and their families
• List of nicknames of prime ministers of Australia
• List of nicknames of prime ministers of India
• List of nicknames of prime ministers of Italy
• List of nicknames of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
• List of nicknames used by George W. Bush
• List of nicknames used by Donald Trump

Notes

1. He has gained fame around the world as a quintessential example of a benevolent national founder. Gordon Wood concludes that the greatest act in his life was his resignation as commander of the armies—an act that stunned aristocratic Europe. ^{[4] [5] [6] [7]} The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as such is on the cover of the circa 1778 Pennsylvania German almanac (Lancaster: Gedruckt bey Francis Bailey). ^[8]
2. Compare to Italian prime minister (and former president of the European Commission) Romano Prodi's nickname Il Professore (the professor/schoolteacher)

References

1. "Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus: The Perfect Leader". Parcon Research. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. "It's easy to see why history sometimes refers to George Washington as "the American Cincinnatus". Washington too did great things then went back to his farm".
2. "Anderson House History". Societyofthecincinnati.org. Archived from the original on September 29, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
3. Ford, Paul Leicester (1896). The True George Washington: Soldier: Strategy. J.B. Lippincott. "His great caution in respect to the enemy, acquired him the name of the American Fabius." (Timothy Pickering)
4. Wood, Gordon (March 2, 1993). The Radicalism of the American Revolution (Reprint). Vintage. pp. 105–106. ISBN   978-0679736882.
5. Morgan, Edmund S. (1980). The Genius of George Washington. W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 12–13. ISBN   9780393000603.
6. Purcell, Sarah J. (March 25, 2010). Sealed With Blood: War, Sacrifice, and Memory in Revolutionary America. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 97. ISBN   978-0812221091.
7. Higginbotham, Don (2004). George Washington and the American Military Tradition. Mercer University Lamar Memorial Lectures Series.^{[ citation needed ]}
8. Stoltzfus, Lee J. "Francis Bailey: Lancaster's Favorite Hot-Headed Printer". The Black Art: A History of Printing in Lancaster County, PA. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
9. "Introduction". PBS: Rediscovering George Washington. 2002. Archived from the original on February 16, 2013.
10. Edwards, Roberta. Who Was George Washington?.
11. "President's Nicknames".
12. Jefferson, Thomas; Bergh, Albert Ellery; Lipscomb, Andrew Adgate (August 31, 2012). The writings of Thomas Jefferson Volume 13. Ulan Press. p. xxiv.
13. Latham, Edward (1904). A Dictionary of Names Nicknames and Surnames of Persons Places and Things. London: George Routledge & Sons LTD. p.  63 . Retrieved July 11, 2013. A surname given to John Adams ... in allusion to his earnest and persevering efforts towards colonial independence in the Continental Congress. Sometimes also called the Colossus of the Revolution.
14. Freeman, A (1828). The Principles and Acts of Mr. Adams' Administration. Concord, New Hampshire: New Hampshire Journal Office. p. 5. Retrieved July 11, 2013. Yes, John Adams, whom Jefferson pronounced the 'Colossus of Independence,' and who died with the motto 'Independence forever!' on his lips, 'probably desired independence.' So say William Badger and Francis N. Fisk. Shall we believe them? We will — not withstanding the doubt which their expression implies.
15. Brooks, Noah (1895). Short Studies in Party Politics. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 47. ISBN   9780722275214.
16. Alexander, James (2008). "Off to a bad start: John Adams's tussle over titles". Vanderbilt Undergraduate Research Journal. 4 (1). doi: 10.15695/vurj.v4i0.2786 . Retrieved May 5, 2023.
17. Bausum, Ann (2021). Our Country's Presidents A Complete Encyclopedia Of The U.S. Presidency. National Geographic Society. ISBN   978-1-4263-7199-8.
18. French, Daniel Chester. "Biography of John Adams". United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 12, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2012. ... the folds of material at the bottom of the vest suggest the girth that led Adams to be dubbed 'His Rotundity.'
19. Andrew Delahunty (2003). Oxford dictionary of nicknames. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-860539-3 – via Internet Archive.
20. Green, Thomas Marshall (1889). Historic Families of Kentucky. Cincinnati: Robert Clarke & Co. p.  73.
21. "19 Amusing Presidential Nicknames". YouTube .
22. "1743-1826 Thomas Jefferson". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 18, 2018.
23. Rubel, David. Encyclopedia Of The Presidents And Their Times.
24. Dumas Malone (1981). The Sage of Monticello. Jefferson and His Time. Vol. 6. Little, Brown. ISBN   0-316-54463-9.
25. "The LOC.GOV Wise Guide : Who's the Father of the Constitution?". Library of Congress . Retrieved December 27, 2016.
26. Sheehan, Colleen (April 8, 2013). "James Madison: Father of the Constitution". The Heritage Foundation. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
27. Brant, Irving (November 3, 1961). "Mr. Madison's War". Time. Archived from the original on November 13, 2007. The enemies of the fourth President of the U.S. called him 'little Jemmy,' or 'his little majesty,' or 'withered little apple-John.'
28. Kane, Joseph (1994). Facts about the Presidents: A Compilation of Biographical and Historical Information. New York: H. W. Wilson. pp.  344–45. ISBN   0-8242-0845-5.
29. "1758-1831 James Monroe". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. Archived from the original on January 3, 2018. Era-of-Good-Feelings President
30. "Presidents of the United States (POTUS)". Ipl.org. Archived from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
31. Digital History, Steven Mintz. "Digital History". Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on July 23, 2010. Retrieved April 20, 2010.
32. Skidmore, Max J. (2004). After the White House : former presidents as private citizens. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 39. ISBN   9780312295592.
33. "Mad Old Man From Massachusetts". Americanheritage.com.
34. Stabler, David. Kid Presidents True Tales Of Childhood From America's Presidents.
35. Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1984). Presidential Campaigns. New York: Oxford University Press. p.  45. ISBN   0-19-503420-1.
36. Stamp, Jimmy. "Political Animals: Republican Elephants and Democratic Donkeys". Smithsonian . Retrieved July 9, 2018.
37. "King Andrew the First". www.loc.gov. September 16, 1833. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
38. Gordon, John Steele (January 20, 2009). "An Inauguration for the People". The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 18, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2009.
39. Latham, Edward (1904). A Dictionary of Names, Nicknames and Surnames, of Persons, Places and Things. G. Routledge & Sons. p. 220. OCLC   1038938.
40. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
41. Boller, Paul F. Jr. (2007). Presidential Diversions. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 63. ISBN   978-0151006120.
42. "Today in history: The death of 'Blue Whiskey Van'". The Week . July 24, 2014.
43. Widmer, Ted; Widmer, Edward L. (2005). Martin Van Buren: The American Presidents Series. Macmillan. p. 4.
44. Rubel, David (2005). Encyclopedia Of The Presidents And Their Times. Scholastic Reference. ISBN   0-439-28323-X.
45. "Life Portrait of Martin Van Buren". C-Span. May 3, 1999. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
46. "Today in History: December 5". Library of Congress. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
47. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
48. Norton, Anthony Banning (1888). The Great Revolution of 1840. hansebooks. p. 74. ISBN   9783337234713.
49. Warshauer, Matthew (August 15, 2007). Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law (2nd ed.). University of Tennessee Press. p. 108. ISBN   978-1572336247.
50. "What is the origin of the word 'OK'?". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on January 6, 2012. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
51. "The Wise Guide : The Red Fox of Kinderhook". www.loc.gov. Retrieved September 16, 2020.
52. Tracosas, L.J. White House Winners What You Don't Know About The Presidents.
53. Johnson, David (June 12, 2006). "American History: 1840 U.S. Presidential Campaign". History.net. Archived from the original on September 24, 2015. While the Democrats adopted a platform denouncing federal assumption of state debts, opposing internal improvements, and calling for separation of public money from banking institutions, Weed decided to keep Harrison quiet and emphasize his war-hero record and humble character. The Democrats took aim at Harrison's silence, calling him 'General Mum'.
54. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
55. "John Tyler". The White House. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
56. "James K. Polk l The White House".
57. Dehmer, Emliee (February 18, 2021). "Stump Speaking at Knoxville". Tennessee State Museum. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
58. "1795-1849 James K. Polk". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Nickname: 'Young Hickory'
59. Thornton, Richard H. (1912). An American Glossary. Vol. 2. J. B. Lippincott & Co. p. 627.
60. "1800 - 1874 MILLARD FILLMORE". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
61. Rubel, David. Encyclopedia Of The President's And Their Times.
62. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
63. Ayres, Thomas (January 1, 2004). That's Not in My American History Book: A Compilation of Little Known Events and Forgotten Heroes. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN   9781589791077 . Retrieved December 27, 2016– via Google Books.
64. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
65. Nichols, Roy (August 1, 1993). Franklin Pierce: Young Hickory of the Granite Hills. American Political Biography Press. ISBN   978-0945707066.
66. Townsend, Malcolm (1910). Handbook of United States Political History for Readers and Students. Lothrop, Lee & Shepard Company. p.  340. old buck.
67. McClintock, Russell (December 30, 2010). "Rethinking the Old Public Functionary". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
68. Encyclopædia Britannica. "James Buchanan" . Retrieved August 30, 2022.
69. Boyer, Paul; Stuckey, Sterling (2005). American Nation: In the Modern Era. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston.
70. "Lincoln's Sense of Humor". America's Story from America's Library, Library of Congress . Retrieved August 30, 2022. Refers to a song about Lincoln called, "Hey! Uncle Abe, are you joking yet?"
71. "Why Lincoln?". Association of Lincoln Presenters. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Association of Lincoln Presenters, Lincoln Quotes, "LINCOLN had many nicknames such as Honest Abe, the Railsplitter, the Liberator, the Emancipator, the Ancient One, the Martyr".
72. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames".
73. Wakeman, Wilber Fisk (March 8, 1912). "The Internet Archive". The Defender. American Economist. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
74. French, Charles Wallace (1891). "Abraham Lincoln: The Liberator". New York Funk & Wagnalls. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
75. "Abraham Lincoln: 1862-1864 - Part 2". Sparknotes. Retrieved August 30, 2022. "During a time of war, the executive always plays a stronger role than usual, and Lincoln was no exception to this rule. His uncompromising style as commander- in-chief, coupled with his ambitious domestic program to preserve and further the Union, earned him the nickname of "the tycoon".
76. "Page 1". teva.contentdm.oclc.org. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
77. "Vetoes, 1789 to Present". senate.gov. United States Senate . Retrieved April 1, 2024.
78. Ivey, Jennie; Dickinson, Calvin; Rand, Lisa (August 1, 2002). Tennessee Tales the Textbooks Don't Tell. The Overmountain Press. p. 50. ISBN   978-1-57072-235-6.
79. Drago, Elliott (April 1, 2023). "Remembering the Legacy of Ulysses S. Grant and the "Unconditional Surrender" - Jack Miller Center". Jack Miller Center -. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
80. Greenwalt, Phillip (October 22, 2018). "They Called Grant a Butcher. But can a butcher have regrets?". American Battlefield Trust. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
81. Tracosas, L.J. White House Winners What You Don't Know About the Presidents.
82. "Ulysses Grant". www.pbs.org. Retrieved September 27, 2023.
83. Simon, John Y. "Ulysses S. Grant". Britannica. Retrieved July 12, 2021.
84. "Chapter 10: The Civil War, 1862". American Military History. Army Historical Series. United States Army Center of Military History. 1989. p. 213. Archived from the original on December 12, 2007.
85. "Ulysses S. Grant (U.S. National Park Service)".
86. Harris, Lauren Lanzen (1998). Biography For Beginners Presidents of the United States. Favorable Impressions. ISBN   0-7808-0262-4.
87. Barnard, Harry (1954). Rutherford Hayes and his America. Newtown, Connecticut: American Political Biography Press. pp. 402–403. ISBN   978-0-945707-05-9.
88. "President's Nicknames".
89. Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1984). Presidential Campaigns. New York: Oxford University Press. p.  143. ISBN   0-19-503420-1.
90. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
91. Bausum, Ann (2017). Our Country's Presidents. National Geographic Society. p. 98. ISBN   978-1-4263-2685-1.
92. Reeves, Thomas C. (1975). Gentleman Boss . New York: Alfred A. Knopf. p.  418. ISBN   0-394-46095-2.
93. Tracosas, L.J. White House Winners What You Don't Know About The U.S. Presidents.
94. "Chester A. Arthur Quick Facts". MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on April 25, 2009. Chester Arthur was fond of fine clothes and entertainment, earning him the nicknames 'Dude President,' 'Elegant Arthur,' and 'Prince Arthur'.
95. Moberg, Julia (2012). Presidential Pets The Weird, Wacky, Little, Big, Scary, Strange Animals That Have Lived in the White House. Watertown, MA.
96. "President's Nicknames".
97. Walters, Ryan S. (February 28, 2012). The Last Jeffersonian: Grover Cleveland and the Path to Restoring the Republic. WestBow Press. ISBN   9781449740498.
98. Roberts, Robert North; Hammond, Scott J.; Sulfaro, Valerie A. (2012). Presidential Campaigns, Slogans, Issues, and Platforms: The Complete Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   9780313380921.
99. Forman, Alex. "Tall, Slim & Erect: Grover Cleveland, 22nd-24th". Archived from the original on October 9, 2007. Retrieved May 2, 2007.
100. "American President: An Online Reference Resource". Miller Center of Public Affairs . University of Virginia. Archived from the original on November 1, 2012. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
101. Chieko Moore, Anne (2006). Hale, Hester Anne (ed.). Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President. Nova Publishers. pp. 69, 178. ISBN   9781600210662.
102. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
103. Edelstein, Robert (September 25, 2018). "WAS THIS PRESIDENT TRULY A "HUMAN ICEBERG"?". Watson Adventures. Retrieved August 30, 2022. "He was known as the "Human Iceberg" because he was stiff and formal when dealing with people".
104. "Benjamin Harrison I Miller Center". September 26, 2016.
105. Freidel, Frank; Sidney, Hugh (2006). "Benjamin Harrison". White House. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
106. Todd Davis, And Marc Frey. The New Big Book Of U.S. Presidents Fascinating Facts About Each and Every President, Including an American History Timeline.
107. DeMatteo, Arthur E. (2005). "Book Reviews". Northeast Ohio Journal of History. Archived from the original on November 30, 2007.
108. Rubel, David (2005). Encyclopedia Of The U.S. Presidents And Their Times. Scholastic Reference. ISBN   0-439-28323-X.
109. Goodwin, Doris Kearns (2013). The Bully Pulpit. Simon & Schuster.
110. "Knowing the Presidents: Theodore Roosevelt". Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
111. Merritt, Harry (1998). "Review: The Lion's Pride: Theodore Roosevelt and His Family in Peace and War By Edward J. Renehan, Jr". Nonfiction Book Page. Archived from the original on April 29, 1999. Within six months, Roosevelt, "the Lion" was dead
112. "Tammany Denounces Gov. Roosevelt; Col. Gardiner's Removal Called "Infamous" and "Cowardly." Ex-District Attorney Weeps; The General Committee Organizes for the Next Campaign by Electing Permanent Officers" (PDF). The New York Times . December 28, 1900.
113. Gould, Lewis L. (February 20, 2012). "Teddy, Teddy, enough already". Oxford University Press. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Anyone who spends time with the extensive historical literature on Theodore Roosevelt recognizes that he abhorred his public nickname.
114. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
115. "The American Experience/TR's Legacy/Environment". PBS. Archived from the original on December 24, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
116. Oremus, Will (June 11, 2012). "RFK, DSK, OBL, WTF?". Slate. Retrieved August 30, 2022. And Franklin's distant cousin, Theodore Roosevelt, may have been the first president to go by his initials in headlines, though in his case there were only two.
117. "Theodore Roosevelt: Icon of the American Century" (Press release). March 20, 2000. Archived from the original on March 22, 2009. Retrieved January 14, 2009.
118. Renstrom, Peter G. (2003). The Taft Court. ABC-CLIO. p. 186. ISBN   9781576072806.
119. "William Howard Taft". Hoover.archives.gov. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
120. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
121. Safire, William (2008). Safire's Political Dictionary. Oxford University Press. p. 409. ISBN   978-0-19-534334-2.
122. Rubel, David (1994). Scholastic Encyclopedia of the Presidents and Their Times . New York: Scholastic Inc. p.  133. ISBN   9780590493666.
123. Baily, Thomas A.; Kennedy, David M. (1994). The American Pageant (10th ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. ISBN   0-669-33892-3.
124. Miller, John J. (December 1, 1998). "Rebirth of Cool Cal". Reason. Archived from the original on April 20, 2017.
125. Brands, H. W. (January 21, 2007). "Review of Calvin Coolidge (David Greenberg)". The Washington Post . Retrieved August 30, 2022.
126. Kaston, Carren (October 30, 1995). "'Silent Cal' Revisited". Library of Congress . Retrieved August 30, 2022.
127. "The Strangest American Presidential Nicknames". YouTube .
128. "11 Things: Obscure Presidential Nicknames".
129. "The Herbert Hoover Presidential Library and Museum". Hoover.archives.gov. Archived from the original on May 15, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
130. "Hoover Dam". Bureau of Reclamation, Lower Colorado Region. July 13, 2022. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Hoover, "known early in his career as "The Great Engineer", was now popularized as "The Great Humanitarian" for his "relief efforts in America's stricken heartland".
131. Patenaude, Bertrand (2002). "The Big Show in Bololand". Stanford Program on International and Cross-cultural Education. Archived from the original on May 19, 2011.
132. "1882 - 1945 FRANKLIN D. ROOSEVELT". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Nickname: 'FDR'
133. Harris, Lauren Lanzen (1998). Biography for beginners Presidents of the United States. Favorable Impressions. ISBN   0-7808-0262-4.
134. "From the Museum". Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. June 2, 2011. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
135. Barrett, John Q. ""That One" & "That Man"". George Washington University Columbian College of Arts & Sciences. Retrieved December 27, 2016.
136. Donovan, Robert J (1996). Conflict & Crisis: The Presidency of Harry S Truman 1945-1948 (Reprint ed.). University of Missouri Press. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-8262-1066-1 . Retrieved March 8, 2009.
137. "Harry S Truman". The Independent . London. January 20, 2009. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
138. "President's Nicknames".
139. Snoke, Elizabeth R. (1990). "Dwight D. Eisenhower: a centennial biography". Command and General Staff College, United States Army. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved November 3, 2008.
140. "Tage F. Erlander Dies At 84; Swedish Leader For 2 Decades". The New York Times. June 22, 1985. Retrieved August 13, 2023.
141. "1917 - 1963 JOHN F. KENNEDY". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022. Nicknames: 'JFK', 'Jack'
142. Mieczkowski, Yanek (2013). "16. Eisenhower versus Kennedy". Eisenhower's Sputnik Moment: The Race for Space and World Prestige. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. p. 255. ISBN   978-0801451508.
143. Stabler, David (October 28, 2014). Kid Presidents True Tales of Childhood From America's Presidents. Quirk Books. ISBN   978-1-59474-731-1.
144. Caro, Robert A. (1990). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Path to Power . Vintage Books. p. 160. ISBN   978-0-679-72945-7.
145. Broder, David S. (March 4, 1990). "HOW 'LANDSLIDE LYNDON' EARNED HIS NAME". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
146. Caro, Robert A. (2012). The Years of Lyndon Johnson: The Passage of Power . Vintage Books. p. 198. ISBN   978-1-847-9221-75.
147. "1908 - 1973 LYNDON B. JOHNSON". Miller Center of Public Affairs, University of Virginia. September 26, 2016. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
148. Beschloss, Michael. "Lady Bird Johnson : Documentary Transcript – Part Two". PBS . Retrieved July 2, 2008. Three years later, came Luci Baines. Now there were 4 LBJs. The Johnson dog was named Little Beagle Johnson But there was no doubt who the most important LBJ was in that household.
149. "The President's News Conference". The American Presidency Project, UC Santa Barbara. April 11, 1964. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
150. Mitchell, Greg (1998). "Chapter One: Tricky Dick and the Pink Lady". The New York Times . Retrieved April 21, 2013.
151. Cannon, James. "Character Above All: Gerald Ford Essay". PBS.org. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
152. Thomas, Evan (June 26, 2018). "Gerald Ford, President Nice Guy". The New York Times. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
153. "MR. Nice Guy". Richmond Times-Dispatch . Richmond, Virginia. December 3, 2003. p. 12.
154. Leddy, Chuck (February 14, 2007). "Examining Gerald Ford's 'nice guy' legacy". Boston.com. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
155. Sidey, Hugh (December 12, 1977). "The Question Now: Who Carter?". Time . Archived from the original on April 28, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
156. Andy Rooney (September 26, 2010). "Andy Rooney on Presidential Nicknames". 60 Minutes . Archived from the original on June 29, 2018.
157. "The Ronald Reagan Presidential Library". Reagan.utexas.edu. Archived from the original on March 11, 2015. Retrieved April 23, 2013.
158. "Ronald Reagan, 1911–2004. 'Small Town to Tinseltown'". CNN. 2004. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
159. Photo of young "Dutch" Reagan at Wikimedia Commons.
160. "How Reagan got his Gipper nickname". The Sydney Morning Herald. June 8, 2004. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
161. "Ronald Reagan: The 'Great Communicator'". CNN. June 8, 2004. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
162. Schroeder, Patricia (June 6, 2004). "Nothing stuck to 'Teflon President'". USA Today . Retrieved August 30, 2022.
163. Rosenbaum, David E. "Working Mother". The New York Times .
164. Beech, Mark (2009). The Dictionary of Rock & Pop Names. Pen & Sword Books. ISBN   978 1 84415 807 2.
165. "American Experience". PBS. Archived from the original on November 6, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
166. Neuman, Johanna (January 20, 2009). "Bush to Obama: A private letter". Los Angeles Times .
167. Bausum, Ann (2021). Our Country's Presidents A Complete Encyclopedia Of The U.S Presidents. National Geographic Society. ISBN   978-1-4263-7199-8.
168. Berke, Richard (May 23, 1988). "Million-Dollar Team Keeping Bush Campaign in the Money". The New York Times .
169. Brown, Patricia (December 11, 1988). "The First Lady-Elect: What She Is and Isn't". The New York Times .
170. Hodges, Sam (April 19, 1992). "THAT'S 'MR. BUBBA' TO YOU, BUBBA". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
171. Amy Herstek (January 11, 2001). "Clinton thanks New Hampshire for making him the 'Comeback Kid'". CNN. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
     Borger, Julian (October 26, 2004). "Thinner and frailer, the Comeback Kid puts heart into Kerry's campaign". The Guardian . London. Retrieved April 29, 2007.
172. Cornwell, Rupert (September 23, 2009). "'Slick Willie': Clinton's untold story Recordings shed new light on the Lewinsky scandal, Boris Yeltsin's antics and Al Gore's failed presidency bid". The Independent . Retrieved February 28, 2012.
173. Clancy, Sean (August 8, 2021). PAPER TRAILS: Origins of Bill Clinton nickname 'Slick Willie' a bit slippery. Arkansas Democrat Gazette. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
174. Grimes, David (February 1, 2001). "Dubya's nickname could be worse". The Journal Record . Oklahoma City. Archived from the original on November 7, 2008. Retrieved March 25, 2010.
175. Weisberg, Jacob (October 2008). The Bush tragedy . New York: Random House. p.  6. ISBN   9781400066780. dubya.
176. "30 Unusual Presidential Nicknames". January 18, 2017.
177. "South African riot police pave the way for Obama visit | libcom.org". libcom.org. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
178. "President Nobama". National Review. January 16, 2018. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
179. Cohen, Richard (December 26, 2016). "Thanks to no-drama Obama, American leadership is gone". The Washington Post . Retrieved December 27, 2016.
180. Pape, Eric (December 7, 2016). "Hail to the Chief: A Statistical Portrait of the Obama Presidency". The Observer . Retrieved December 27, 2016.
181. Mooney, Alexander (November 22, 2008). "Obama's vetting could chase away candidates". CNN . Retrieved April 6, 2013.
182. Shone, Tom (December 16, 2016). "Review: In the new Netflix biopic, 'Barry,' the real Obama remains hidden". Newsweek . Retrieved December 27, 2016.
183. "The 45". Know Your Meme. Retrieved April 20, 2018.
184. Green, Dennis (February 22, 2018). "Trump has '45' embroidered on his shirt cuffs — but style experts say it's a big mistake". Business Insider. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
185. Argetsinger, Amy (September 1, 2015). "Why does everyone call Donald Trump 'The Donald'? It's an interesting story". The Washington Post . Retrieved September 4, 2015.
186. Fleischer, Matt (January 25, 1999). "Trump vs Trump in Battle of the Exes". The New York Observer . Retrieved April 5, 2015.
187. Addady, Michal (March 9, 2016). "John Oliver's 'Make Donald Drumpf Again' Is Really Taking Off". Fortune . Retrieved April 1, 2024.
188. Blair, Gwenda (2001). The Trumps: Three Generations of Builders and a Presidential Candidate (1st ed.). Simon & Schuster. p.  26. ISBN   9780743210799.
189. Locker, Melissa (February 29, 2016). "John Oliver Takes on Donald Trump on Last Week Tonight". TIME . Retrieved April 1, 2024.
190. Zorthian, Julia (March 31, 2016). "John Oliver's 'Donald Drumpf' Segment Broke HBO Viewing Records". TIME . Retrieved April 1, 2024.
191. Collins, Gail (February 17, 2021). "Trump's Dreaded Nickname". The New York Times . Retrieved September 12, 2024.
192. "On 'Tonight Show' President Obama notes 'orange is not the new black'". The Mercury News. June 10, 2016. Archived from the original on July 15, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2024.
193. Van Jones: Trump is 'President Snowflake', CNN Video, 19 May 2017, archived from the original on 19 May 2017, retrieved 19 May 2017
194. Friedersdorf, Conor (February 17, 2019). "'Saturday Night Live' and the Snowflake in Chief". The Atlantic . Retrieved September 16, 2020.
195. Sattler, Jason (May 23, 2018). "Easy questions only for Donald Trump: President Snowflake loves his safe space". USA Today. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
196. Igoe, Katherine (May 4, 2020). "Where Did "Amtrak Joe," Joe Biden's Nickname, Come From?". Marie Claire. Retrieved November 7, 2020.
197. Robbins, Jim (January 24, 2021). "In Rural Montana, a Hope That Biden Will Reopen the Rails". The New York Times . Retrieved January 25, 2021. The North Coast Hiawatha hasn't run through Montana since 1979. Now cities like Billings, Bozeman, Helena and Missoula are hoping that "Amtrak Joe" will help fund new rail service. [...] But with a new president known as "Amtrak Joe" and Democratic control of both houses of Congress, [...]
198. Weaver, Margaret (May 1, 2022). "Biden Is 'Happy for Brandon' Who Is 'Having a Really Good Year'". Newsweek . Retrieved July 24, 2022.
199. McWhorter, John (November 9, 2021). "The Serendipity of 'Let's Go, Brandon'". The Atlantic . Retrieved July 24, 2022.
200. "President Biden Brings Dark Brandon to Life in Zinger-Filled WHCA Speech". Extra. Retrieved May 21, 2023.
201. Groppe, Maureen (August 25, 2020). "Donald Trump Jr. said China wants 'Beijing Biden' to win the presidential election". USA Today . Archived from the original on October 28, 2020. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
202. Kime, Patricia; Pawlyk, Oriana (February 4, 2021). "'Beijing Biden Is Not My President:' Troops' Social Media Posts in Spotlight After Capitol Riots". Military.com . Archived from the original on February 5, 2021. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
203. Richardson, Valerie (November 19, 2023). "'Creepy Joe' charges resurface after Biden asks 6-year-old girl if she's 17". The Washington Times . Retrieved August 7, 2024.
204. Trump, Donald. "Trump talks about "Crooked" Joe Biden". Instagram . Retrieved August 7, 2024.
205. Kapos, Shia (June 7, 2024). "Pro-Palestinian protesters are backed by a surprising source: Biden's biggest donors". POLITICO. Retrieved August 7, 2024.
206. Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (December 2, 2022). "Biden's Brush With Royalty Caps a Glamorous Week for 'Scranton Joe'". The New York Times. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
207. Brownstein, Ronald (February 8, 2023). "Feisty Joe Biden Is Back". The Atlantic. Retrieved August 10, 2023.
208. Kilgore, Ed (June 28, 2019). "Biden's Bad Night Exposed Some Dangerous Weaknesses". New York Magazine. Retrieved August 30, 2022.
209. Pindell, James (July 2, 2020). "Trump's 'Sleepy Joe' nickname for Biden isn't working. Even Trump knows it". The Boston Globe. Retrieved January 16, 2021.
210. Panetta, Grace (June 11, 2019). "Trump slams Joe Biden as 'mentally weak,' calling him '1% Joe' and saying he's 'slower than he used to be'". Business Insider. Retrieved February 11, 2020.
211. Dawber, Alistair (August 22, 2021). Written at Scranton, Pennsylvania. "View from Sleepy Joe Biden's home town: he's done what everyone else talked about". The Sunday Times . London.

• DeGregario, William A. (1991). The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. Barricade Books.
• Paleta, Lu Ann; Worth, Fred (1993). The World Almanac of Presidential Facts. Pharos Books.
• "The Presidents: Biographies & Portraits". The White House Historical Association. Retrieved August 30, 2022.