List of Oval Office desks

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President Barack Obama and President-Elect Donald Trump sit in the Oval Office with the Resolute desk, the desk they both used, in the background. JANUS-Tete-a-Tete- Sitting President & President-elect, Barack Obama & Donald Trump squatting next to each other on arm-chairs in the Oval Office on November 10th 2016. (31196987133).jpg
President Barack Obama and President-Elect Donald Trump sit in the Oval Office with the Resolute desk, the desk they both used, in the background.

Since the construction of the Oval Office in 1909, there have been six different desks used in the office by the president of the United States. [1] The desk usually sits in front of the south wall of the Oval Office, which is composed of three large windows, has an executive chair behind, and has chairs for advisors placed to either side or in front. [2] Each president uses the Oval Office, and the desk in it, differently. It is widely used ceremonially for photo opportunities and press announcements. Some presidents, such as Richard Nixon, used the desk in this room only for these ceremonial purposes, while others, including Dwight D. Eisenhower used it as their main workspace. [3]

Contents

The first desk used in the Oval Office was the Theodore Roosevelt desk. The desk currently in use by Joe Biden is the Resolute desk. Of the six desks that have occupied the Oval Office, the Resolute has spent the longest time in the room, having been used by eight presidents. The Resolute has been used by John F. Kennedy and by all U.S. presidents since 1977 with the exception of George H. W. Bush. Bush used the C&O desk for his one term, making it the shortest-serving desk to date. Other past presidents have used the Hoover desk, the Johnson desk, and the Wilson desk. [1]

The process for choosing a desk is not standardized and different presidents chose desks for different reasons. A few presidents have made public through interviews or papers in their presidential libraries how their choice was made. A 1974 memo explaining the desk options Gerald Ford could choose from is held at the Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library, [4] Jimmy Carter wrote about choosing a desk as his first official presidential decision in his memoir Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President , [5] and in an interview with Chris Wallace, Donald Trump described that there are seven desks to choose from and that he chose the Resolute desk due to its history and beauty. [6] Joe Biden explained in an interview with Architectural Digest that in suburban Maryland there is a facility with a replica Oval Office where interior decorators can test out the placement of furnishings before they are moved into the actual Oval Office on inauguration day. [7]

History

The Theodore Roosevelt desk in William Howard Taft's new Oval Office in 1909 TaftOval1909.jpg
The Theodore Roosevelt desk in William Howard Taft's new Oval Office in 1909

The first Oval Office was constructed as part of the expansion of the West Wing to the White House in 1909 under president William Howard Taft. [8] The room was designed by Nathan C. Wyeth who chose the Charles Follen McKim designed Theodore Roosevelt desk, which was first used by Theodore Roosevelt in the previous executive office, for the new office space. [9] This desk remained in use by subsequent presidents until, on December 24, 1929, a fire severely damaged the West Wing during President Herbert Hoover's administration. [10] [11]

Hoover reconstructed the part of the White House affected, including the Oval Office, reopening them in 1930. [10] With the repair, Hoover was gifted a suite of 17 furniture pieces including a new desk, known as the Hoover desk, by an association of Grand Rapids, Michigan furniture-makers. [12] This new desk was used for the rest of Hoover's term in office and by Franklin D. Roosevelt for his presidency. [13] Roosevelt had the West Wing expanded during his time in office including the construction of a new Oval Office. [14] After Roosevelt died in office, the Hoover desk was given to his wife, Eleanor Roosevelt, and the Theodore Roosevelt desk was brought back to the newly rebuilt Oval Office in 1945 by then president Harry S. Truman and subsequently used by Dwight Eisenhower. [13] [4]

Stanley Tretick's October 2, 1963 photo of John F. Kennedy Jr. playing in the kneehole of the Resolute desk Stanley Tretick photo of John F. Kennedy Jr. in desk.jpg
Stanley Tretick's October 2, 1963 photo of John F. Kennedy Jr. playing in the kneehole of the Resolute desk

John F. Kennedy briefly used the Theodore Roosevelt desk before it was switched out in 1961 for the Resolute desk. Jacqueline Kennedy, John F. Kennedy's wife, thought the more ornately carved Resolute desk should be the most visible presidential desk. [15] [16]

Upon Kennedy's assassination in 1963, the Resolute desk was sent on a national tour, and his successor Lyndon B. Johnson elected to use the desk he had used as a senator and as vice president. [17] [18] When Johnson left office the desk he used was sent to his presidential library. [19] When Richard Nixon became president he brought the Wilson desk, which he had used as vice president, and it remained in the Oval Office when Gerald Ford took over after Nixon's resignation. [20]

Jimmy Carter returned the Resolute desk to the Oval Office in 1977. [21] The desk has since been used in that room by every president other than George H. W. Bush who elected to go with the C&O desk, the desk he had used as vice president. [22] Doro Bush Koch, one of George Bush's children, suggests Bush's choice to use his vice presidential desk may have been due to a perceived tradition of vice presidents that ascend to the presidency using their vice presidential desks. [23] The C&O Desk remained as part of the White House collection after Bush left office, according to Jay Patton, the supervisory curator of the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum. [24] Joe Biden, the next vice president to become president, did not follow this perceived tradition and continued using the Resolute desk. [25] Biden would have preferred to use the Hoover desk previously used by Franklin Roosevelt, but it could not be relocated from Roosevelt's presidential library in Hyde Park, New York. [26]

Desks by president

Below is a table noting each of the six desks ever used in the Oval Office, including the name they are most commonly known by, the presidents that used the desk, a description, and the desk's current location. [note 1]

DeskOval Office tenant [1] Workspace dimensionsNotesCurrent locationPicture
Theodore Roosevelt desk William Howard Taft 90 by 53.5 inches (229 by 136 cm) [4] This desk was created in 1903 for then President Theodore Roosevelt. It was first used in the Oval Office by William Howard Taft and remained there until the West Wing fire in 1929. It remained in storage until 1945 when Harry S. Truman placed it in the modern Oval Office. Richard Nixon used this desk in the Eisenhower Executive Office Building where Stephen Hess of the Brookings Institution presumes, "the Watergate tapes were made by an apparatus concealed in its drawer". [3] Vice President's Ceremonial Office,
Eisenhower Executive Office Building,
Washington, D.C. [27] 		Photograph of President Truman's desk and other furnishings in the Oval Office of the White House. - NARA - 199460 (cropped).jpg
Woodrow Wilson
Warren G. Harding
Calvin Coolidge
Herbert Hoover [note 2]
Harry S. Truman
Dwight D. Eisenhower
Hoover desk Herbert Hoover [note 2] 82.5 by 45.5 inches (210 by 116 cm) [29] A December 24, 1929 fire severely damaged the West Wing, including the Oval Office. President Herbert Hoover accepted the donation of a new desk from a group of Grand Rapids, Michigan, furniture-makers and used it as his Oval Office desk after the new office was completed. [30] [31] Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum,
Hyde Park, New York [13] 		ROOSEVELTOVALOFFICE.jpg
Franklin D. Roosevelt
Resolute desk John F. Kennedy 72 by 48 inches (180 by 120 cm) [4] This desk was created from wood salvaged from HMS Resolute and given to Rutherford B. Hayes by Queen Victoria in 1879. [32] It had a hinged front panel added to it by Franklin D. Roosevelt. The desk resided in the White House in various rooms, until Jacqueline Kennedy found it languishing in the "White House broadcast room". She had it restored and moved into the Oval Office. [32] After Kennedy's death, the desk was removed for a traveling exhibition, returning to the Oval Office under Jimmy Carter in 1977. It has been the Oval Office desk ever since with the exception of the George H.W. Bush presidential years. [32] Oval Office,
The White House,
Washington, D.C. [33] 		Barack Obama sitting at the Resolute desk 2009.jpg
Jimmy Carter
Ronald Reagan
Bill Clinton
George W. Bush
Barack Obama
Donald Trump
Joe Biden
Johnson desk Lyndon B. Johnson 75.5 by 45.5 inches (192 by 116 cm) [34] This desk was used by Johnson from the time he was in the United States Senate up through his tenure in the Oval Office. [35] It is one of only two desks to date, along with the C&O desk, to serve only one president. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum,
Austin, Texas [18] 		President Johnson on the phone upon RFKs death.jpg
Wilson desk Richard Nixon 80.75 by 58.25 inches (205.1 by 148.0 cm) [4] Nixon used this desk both as vice president and president, because he believed that it had been used by President Woodrow Wilson. Actually, the desk had not been used by Woodrow Wilson or by Vice President Henry Wilson. [3] [20] Vice President's Room,
United States Capitol,
Washington, D.C. [36] 		Ford Wilson Desk (cropped).jpg
Gerald Ford
C&O desk George H. W. Bush UnknownGeorge H. W. Bush used this desk during his tenure as both vice president and president of the United States. It was created for the owners of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway around 1920 and subsequently donated to the White House. Previously, Presidents Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and Ronald Reagan had used it in the West Wing Study. [3] White House collection [24] Oval Office during the Bush Administration (cropped).jpg

Chronology

President Richard Nixon at the Wilson desk giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the Watergate tapes on April 29, 1974 Nixon E2679c-09A (cropped).jpg
President Richard Nixon at the Wilson desk giving a televised address explaining release of edited transcripts of the Watergate tapes on April 29, 1974

Below is a table noting the desk used for each presidency since the Oval Office was created in 1909.

Chronology of Oval Office desks [3]
Presidency President Desk
27 William Howard Taft Theodore Roosevelt desk
28 Woodrow Wilson
29 Warren G. Harding
30 Calvin Coolidge
31 Herbert Hoover [note 2]
Hoover desk
32 Franklin D. Roosevelt
33 Harry S. Truman Theodore Roosevelt desk
34 Dwight D. Eisenhower
35 John F. Kennedy Resolute desk
36 Lyndon B. Johnson Johnson desk
37 Richard Nixon Wilson desk
38 Gerald Ford
39 Jimmy Carter Resolute desk
40 Ronald Reagan
41 George H. W. Bush C&O desk
42 Bill Clinton Resolute desk
43 George W. Bush
44 Barack Obama
45 Donald Trump
46 Joe Biden [33]
Joe BidenDonald TrumpBarack ObamaGeorge W. BushBill ClintonGeorge H. W. BushRonald ReaganJimmy CarterGerald FordRichard NixonLyndon B. JohnsonJohn F. KennedyDwight D. EisenhowerHarry S. TrumanFranklin D. RooseveltHerbert HooverCalvin CoolidgeWarren G. HardingWoodrow WilsonWilliam Howard TaftList of Oval Office desks

Pre-Oval Office executive desks

The executive office of the president of the United States has moved multiple times before the Oval Office was created in 1909. George Washington first worked from Federal Hall, in New York City, following his inauguration in 1789. [37] In 1790 Washington moved, with the federal government, to Philadelphia where he worked out of a second floor office in President's House, the executive mansion at the time. [38] Washington called this room his "study", Abigail Adams called it the "President's Room", and John Adams called it his "cabinet". [38] John Adams continued using President's House in the same way through 1800 when he moved into the White House in Washington, D.C. [39] where he kept a small office next to his bedroom. [40] Early space usage in the White House is hazy, but Thomas Jefferson kept an office in what is now the State Dining Room, and an inventory of the White House shows that James Monroe had a room on the second floor with a desk, but it was not strictly used as an office. Every president from John Quincy Adams to William McKinley used a suite of rooms centering on what is now known as the Lincoln Bedroom as their office. [40]

Several notable desks were used by presidents in these executive offices. The following table lists these furniture pieces.

DeskPresidential tenant(s)NotesCurrent locationPicture
Washington's writing desk George Washington Used by Washington in Federal Hall. After Federal Hall was demolished in 1812, the desk found its way to Bellevue Almshouse. This "horrified" the City Council who had it moved to the Governor's Room in 1844 where it has remained since. [41] Governor's Room,
New York City Hall,
New York [41] 		NYCity Hall 3.jpg
Washington's presidential desk George Washington Used by Washington in his office in President's House, the executive mansion at the time. [38] This desk is now in the collection of the Philadelphia History Museum which has been closed to the public since 2018. [42] Philadelphia History Museum,
Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania [43]
External image
Searchtool.svg George Washington desk
Declaration of Independence Desk Thomas Jefferson This portable desk made by Benjamin Randolph was used by Thomas Jefferson as he wrote the United States Declaration of Independence. Jefferson continued to use this desk through his time as president. [44] [45] American Democracy exhibition,
National Museum of American History,
Washington, D.C. [44] 		Jefferson's+deskdetail.jpg
Monroe Doctrine desk James Monroe All of the White House's furniture was destroyed during the Burning of Washington. When Monroe moved into the rebuilt presidential mansion he brought many of his own personal furnishings to use in the building. [46] This fall front desk is one of several pieces of furniture purchased by Monroe when he was in France between 1794 and 1796. While there are no documents proving this, family legend holds that the president wrote the Monroe Doctrine sitting at this desk. A secret compartment within the desk containing correspondences was discovered in the early 20th century. First Lady Lou Henry Hoover saw the desk in the 1930s and was so taken with the desk she had a replica created and placed in the White House. [47] James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library,
Fredericksburg,
Virginia [48]
External image
Searchtool.svg The Monroe Doctrine desk
Desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room John Quincy Adams John Quincy Adams had an inventory made of the White House after he became president. This inventory notes a desk in the room east of the upstairs oval room which is assumed to be where his office was. [49]  ?–
Andrew Jackson's stand-up desk [note 3]
Andrew Jackson "A tall awkward desk" [53] with pigeonholes [54] was used by Andrew Jackson in the White House. During the rearrangement of the presidential office rooms in 1865, following the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln, the desk was removed from the building and sent off to auction. Andrew Johnson ordered it be returned saying "What ever was Old Hickory's I revere". [55] The desk was still in use in the presidential office during Rutherford B. Hayes's term. [56] It was eventually auctioned off in 1882 with other White House furnishings, under Chester A. Arthur's watch, to make way for new design elements in the building. [57] ?–
Franklin Pierce [54]
Rutherford B. Hayes [56]
Buchanan’s Teakwood Desk James Buchanan This intricately carved pedestal desk was given to Buchanan, upon winning the presidential nomination in 1856, from friends that lived in India he had met while he was Minister to Russia in the 1830s. Buchanan had the desk shipped to the White House so it would be there when he arrived on his first day as President. [58] Sitting Room,
Wheatland,
Lancaster, Pennsylvania [59]

James Buchanan desk 01.webp

Table Abraham Lincoln Lincoln's office was located in the southeastern upstairs corner of the White House. While a large "council table" was the centerpiece of the room, a second table was located at the southern end which Lincoln used as his desk. [51] [60]  ? Lincoln at desk.jpg
Patent Revolving Secretary Ulysses S. Grant Julia Dent Grant, unhappy with the furnishings of the White House, received a $25,000 (equivalent to $572,250in 2023) appropriation from congress to update the interiors. While redecorating the cabinet room she purchased a "Patent Revolving Secretary", from Pottier & Stymus. [61] This secretary was a patent Wooton desk with a carved eagle and shield on its cornice. [61] [62] The secretary was later sold to Webb Hayes for $10 who had used it when he was the personal secretary to his father, Rutherford B. Hayes. By 1969 the secretary was back in the White House collection and was loaned to the Smithsonian. [61] White House collection [62] White House Treaty Room 1901 (cropped) Patent Revolving Secretary.jpg
Resolute desk Rutherford B. Hayes After receiving the desk in 1880, President Hayes placed it in the Green Room on exhibition until it was taken upstairs to his office on the second floor. [63] Grover Cleveland used the desk in his office and library in what is now the Yellow Oval Room for both of his non-consecutive terms, [64] [65] William McKinley used the desk often in the Presidential Office and had a bouquet of flowers placed upon it every day, [66] and Theodore Roosevelt used it in the President's Room, today's Lincoln Bedroom. [67] Oval Office,
The White House,
Washington, D.C. [33] 		Jules Cambon signs Treaty of Paris, 1899.JPG
Grover Cleveland
William McKinley
Theodore Roosevelt
Secretary desk Chester A. Arthur The design of the White House was not to Arthur's taste. He had unfashionable and damaged furniture removed, selling off twenty-four wagon loads of furniture and thirty barrels of china. He then commissioned Associated Artists, where Louis Comfort Tiffany was a partner, to redesign several rooms. [68] The White House Historical Association claims no furniture was commissioned at this time, [68] but an 1881 news article in the Richmond Item noted that a new desk had been created for the president. [69] An 1882 ad notes this desk is a Wooton Desk in the secretary style, in use by President Arthur, and includes a quote from colonel Almon F. Rockwell noting a carved coronet in the top guard. [70]  ? Chester A Arthur Wooton Desk.jpg

Notes

  1. ↑
    President Richard Nixon, with Henry Kissinger and John Wayne, sitting at the unnamed mahogany desk in his office at La Casa Pacifica President Richard Nixon with Henry Kissinger and John Wayne San Clemente.gif
    President Richard Nixon, with Henry Kissinger and John Wayne, sitting at the unnamed mahogany desk in his office at La Casa Pacifica
    A seventh desk, not listed here, is also offered to presidents for use in the Oval Office but has never been used there. This unnamed, mahogany, pedestal desk, was built in 1952, measures 72 by 36 inches (183 by 91 cm), and was gifted to the White House by John McShain, the general contractor of the Truman reconstruction of the White House. Originally housed in the Second Floor Center Hall it was moved to La Casa Pacifica in 1969 where it remained through at least 1974. [4]
  2. 1 2 3 Herbert Hoover used the Theodore Roosevelt desk until the 1929 West Wing fire. After the reconstruction of the Oval Office he switched to the Hoover desk. [4] [28]
  3. ↑ Several additional presidents are noted to have used an old stand-up desk, but sources do not explicitly name these desks as the same one Andrew Jackson used. William Seale notes in The President's House that James Buchanan had in his office "a plain stand-up desk of the kind clerks used, with pigeonholes". [50] The White House Historical Association explains that Abraham Lincoln had a battered "upright mahogany desk" with pigeonholes placed in front of a doorway in his office. [51] According to Real Life at the White House by John and Claire Whitcomb, Andrew Johnson also had a high desk in his office. [52]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 Andriotis, Mary Elizabeth (2021-01-19). "Joe Biden Chooses the Resolute Desk for His Oval Office". Yahoo! News . Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  2. ↑ Fallows, James (2017-08-27). "Readers on What Trump's Office Decor Reveals About His Leadership". The Atlantic . Retrieved 2021-08-02.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Hess, Stephen (2009-01-08). "What Now? The Oval Office". Brookings Institution .
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Memo, Frank Pagnotta to Robert Hartmann". Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library. Gerald R. Ford Presidential Handwriting File. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
  5. ↑ Jimmy Carter (October 1, 1982). Keeping Faith: Memoirs of a President. Bantam Books. p. 24. ISBN   978-1-61075-223-7.
  6. ↑ "Trump gives Chris Wallace a tour of the Oval Office". Fox News. At 1:18-1:35. November 18, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  7. ↑ "Inside The White House With President Joe Biden". Architectural Digest . 2023-12-22. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  8. ↑ "The East and West Wings of the White House". White House Historical Association . Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  9. ↑ Monkman, Betty C. "The White House Collection: The Beaux Arts Furnishing of 1902". White House Historical Association . Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  10. 1 2 Treese, Joel D.; Phifer, Evan. "The Christmas Eve West Wing Fire of 1929". White House Historical Association . Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  11. ↑ "Fire Wrecks The White House Offices; Hoover Rushes from Party to Watch it; Aides Brave Smoke to save his papers". The New York Times . December 25, 1929. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  12. ↑ President Hoover's Executive Office Suite. Grand Rapids Historical Commission. Grand Rapids Spectator. June 28, 1930. Retrieved December 5, 2020
  13. 1 2 3 Artifact Highlight: FDR's Oval Office Desk. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. May 27, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  14. ↑ Seale, William. The President's House. pp. 946–49.
  15. ↑ Mrs. Kennedy's decision to move the Resolute Desk into the Oval Office. John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. March 27, 2020. Retrieved December 5, 2020.
  16. ↑ McNamara, Robert. The Resolute Desk – Elaborately Carved Presidential Desk Was a Gift From Queen Victoria. ThoughtCo. October 31, 2019. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  17. ↑ "Johnson Moves Into White House's Oval Office; Also Installs Own Rocker, Pictures and Desk as Red Carpet Is Rolled Out" . The New York Times . November 27, 1963. p. 16. ProQuest   116312588 . Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  18. 1 2 "Artifacts in the Oval Office". Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  19. ↑ Hess, Stephen (January 8, 2009). "What Now? The Oval Office". Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on August 3, 2020. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
  20. 1 2 The Vice President's Room. Page 6. U.S. Senate Commission on Art by the Office of Senate Curator. Senate Publication 106–7. Retrieved October 12, 2011.
  21. ↑ "Treasures of the White House: "Resolute" desk". White House Historical Association. Retrieved December 18, 2020.
  22. ↑ NATION : Bush Replaces Kennedy's Desk. Los Angeles Times . June 16, 1989. Accessed December 22, 2011.
  23. ↑ Bush Koch, Doro. My Father, My President: A Personal Account of the Life of George H. W. Bush. Grand Central Publishing. October 6, 2006. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
  24. 1 2 Patton, Jay, ed. The Oval Office in the Bush Era, College Station, Texas, George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, 2022. Artifact Collection
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  26. ↑ Whipple, Chris (2023). "Chapter Six: When Is This Going to Crest?". The fight of his life : inside Joe Biden's White House. New York: Scribner. ISBN   978-1-9821-0643-0. OCLC   1333841502.
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  28. ↑ FDR's Death: FDR's Oval Office Desk. Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
  29. ↑ Oval Office Desk Used by Franklin Roosevelt. Retrieved November 11, 2021.
  30. ↑ Seale, William. The President's House. p. 918.
  31. ↑ President Hoover's Executive Office Retrieved January 26, 2017.
  32. 1 2 3 "The President's Desk". John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum . Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved September 9, 2010.
  33. 1 2 3 Linskey, Annie. A look inside Biden’s Oval Office. The Philadelphia Inquirer. January 20, 2021. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
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  35. ↑ The White House. Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum. accessed September 10, 2010
  36. ↑ Desk, Flat-Top. United States Senate. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
  37. ↑ "Federal Hall". National Park Service. Retrieved 2023-01-03.
  38. 1 2 3 Lawler Jr., Edward (2002-01-01). "The President's House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . 126 (1): 5–95. JSTOR   20093505 – via JSTOR. p. 27.
  39. ↑ Lawler Jr., Edward (2002-01-01). "The President's House in Philadelphia: The Rediscovery of a Lost Landmark". The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography . 126 (1): 5–95. JSTOR   20093505 – via JSTOR. p. 52.
  40. 1 2 "Classroom Resource Packet: The President's Office" (PDF). White House Historical Association. Retrieved 2022-01-03.
  41. 1 2 Young, Michelle (17 May 2017). "The Desk of George Washington Inside NYC City Halls Governor Room". Untapped New York. Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  42. ↑ Crimmins, Peter (2022-02-28). "Historical Society pushes back on plan to transfer Philly History Museum to Drexel University". WHYY . Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  43. ↑ "Special Collections". Philadelphia History Museum . Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  44. 1 2 "Declaration of Independence Desk". National Museum of American History . Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  45. ↑ Boissoneault, Lorraine (2017-07-06). "History Was Writ Large on This Desk Belonging to Thomas Jefferson". Smithsonian . Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  46. ↑ Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire. Real Life at the White House. p.43.
  47. ↑ Harris, Scott H.; Kearney, Jarod. ""Articles of the Best Kind"". White House Historical Association . Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  48. ↑ "Collections". James Monroe Museum and Memorial Library . Retrieved 2022-07-04.
  49. ↑ Seale, William. The President's House. p. 183.
  50. ↑ Seale, William. The President's House. p. 339.
  51. 1 2 Keller, Ron J. "Lincoln in His Shop: how a president opened his doors as the people's servant". White House Historical Association . Retrieved 2023-04-25.
  52. ↑ Whitcomb, John; Whitcomb, Claire. Real Life at the White House. p.149.
  53. ↑ Lately, Thomas (1968). The first President Johnson; the three lives of the seventeenth President of the United States of America. New York: William Morrow & Company, Inc. p. 530.
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  56. 1 2 Seale, William. The President's House. p. 493.
  57. ↑ Seale, William. The President's House. p. 538.
  58. ↑ Celiberti, Stephanie (2021-06-02). "From India to The White House to Wheatland: The Journey of the Presidential Desk". Lancaster History. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  59. ↑ "Desk". Lancaster History. Retrieved 2023-04-21.
  60. ↑ "Lincoln at his Desk". White House Historical Association . Retrieved 2023-04-26.
  61. 1 2 3 Monkman. The White House: Its Historic Furnishings and First Families. pp. 144–146.
  62. 1 2 Walters, Betty Lawson (1969). "The King of Desks: Wooton's Patent Secretary" (PDF). Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology Number 3. Retrieved 2023-05-26.
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  64. ↑ Monkman. pp. 169-170.
  65. ↑ Kendall, John (1896). American Memories: Recollections of a Hurried Run Through the United States During the Late Spring of 1896. Printed and published for private circulation by W. Burrows. p. 104.
  66. ↑ "The President's Historic Desk". The Augustana Journal. Augustana Book Concern. May 16, 1898. p. 7..
  67. ↑ Logan, Mrs. John A. (1901). Thirty Years in Washington. Minneapolis: H. L. Baldwin Company. p. 172.
  68. 1 2 Monkman, Betty C. "White House Decorative Arts in the 1880s". White House Historical Association . Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  69. ↑ Martin, Steve (2020-07-05). "Out of Our Past: Richmond provided the desk for President Arthur" . Retrieved 2023-12-10.
  70. ↑ McKillop, Walker & Co.'s Mercantile Register of Reliable Banks and Attorneys of the United States and British Provinces. McKillop, Walker & Co. 1882.

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