List of political parties in the United States

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This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

This is a list of political parties in the United States, both past and present. The list does not include independents.

Contents

Active parties

Major parties

PartyIdeologyYear
founded		Political positionMembership (2022)
[1] 		Electoral Popular Senators
[2] 		VotingNonvoting Governors
[3] 		State
legislators [3] 		Legislatures
[3] 		Trifectas
[3]
Democratic Disc.svg Democratic Party Liberalism 1828 Center-left 47,194,492
306 / 538
81,283,501
(51.31%)
51 / 100
[upper-alpha 1]
212 / 435
3 / 6
28 / 55
3,271 / 7,383
19 / 49
17 / 49
Republican Disc.svg Republican Party Conservatism 1854 Center-right to right-wing 35,723,389
232 / 538
74,223,975
(46.85%)
49 / 100
222 / 435
3 / 6
26 / 55
4,031 / 7,383
28 / 49
22 / 49

Third parties

Represented in state legislatures

The following third parties have members in state legislatures affiliated with them.

Multi-state
Party Ballot access IdeologyYear
founded		Political positionMembership Presidential vote (2020) State
legislators
Libertarian Disc.svg Libertarian Party See also the list of affiliates
AZ, CA, CO, DE, FL, HI, ID, IN, KS, LA, MD, MI, MS, MO, MT, NE, NV, NC, ND, NH, OH, OK, OR, SC, SD, TX, UT, VT, WV, WY + D.C. [4] [5] 		Libertarianism [6] 1971 [7] 727,776

(2022) [1]

1,865,535 (
1 / 7,383 [8]
FWD Party Logo.svg Forward Party CO, FL, SC, UT, VA [9] 2022 Center 656 (UT, CO, FL) [10] [11] [12] No candidate
2 / 7,383 [13]
Single state
Party Ballot access IdeologyYear
founded		Political positionMembership Presidential vote (2020) State
legislators
Progressive Disk.png Vermont Progressive Party Vermont Progressivism [14]
Democratic socialism [14] 		1993 Left-wing UnknownNo candidate
5 / 7,383 [15]
Independent Party of Oregon Oregon Centrism [16] 2007 Center 137,972

(2022) [1]

No candidate
1 / 7,383 [17]

Parties with ballot access

The following third parties have ballot access in at least one state and are not represented in a national office or state legislature. [18]

Multi-state
Single state

Active parties without ballot access

The following parties have been active in the past 4 years, but as of December 2021, did not have official ballot access in any state. [18]

Multi-state
Single state

Major parties in Puerto Rico

The following parties are represented in the Puerto Rican Legislature.

PartyIdeologyYear
founded		Political postionPresident Gubernatorial vote [69] Senators [70] Representatives [70] Mayors [71]
Logo PNP.svg New Progressive Party
Partido Nuevo Progresista		 Puerto Rico statehood 1967 [72] Center to centre-right Pedro Pierluisi 427,016 (33.24%)
10 / 27
21 / 51
36 / 78
Logo PPD.webp Popular Democratic Party
Partido Popular Democrático		 Pro-Commonwealth
Centrism 		1938 [73] Center Jesus Manuel Ortiz 407,817 (31.75%)
12 / 27
26 / 51
41 / 78
Citizens' Victory Movement Symbol.png Citizens' Victory Movement
Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana		 Anti-imperialism
Anti-neoliberalism
Progressivism 		2019 Left-wing Ana Irma Rivera Lassén 179,265 (13.95%)
2 / 27
2 / 51
0 / 78
PIP new logo (cropped).png Puerto Rican Independence Party
Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño		 Puerto Rico independence
Social democracy 		1946 [72] Center-left Rubén Berríos 175,402 (13.58%)
1 / 27
1 / 51
0 / 78
Project Dignity Symbol.png Project Dignity
Proyecto Dignidad		 Christian democracy
Anti-corruption 		2019 Center-right to right-wing César Váquez Muñiz87,379 (6.80%)
1 / 27
1 / 51
1 / 78

Historical parties

Held national office or elected to Congress

PartyYears in national officeOther namesIdeologyMergers/SplitsCreatedDisbanded
Federalist Party 1789–1825 Classical conservatism [74] 17891824
Anti-Administration party 1789–1792 Anti-Federalism [75] Merged into: Democratic-Republican Party in 179217891792
Democratic-Republican Party 1792–1825Republican Party, Democratic Party Jeffersonianism [76] Split into: Democratic Party and National Republican Party 17921825
National Republican Party 1825–1837Anti-Jacksonian Party, Adams-Clay Republicans Classical conservatism [77] Merged into: Whig Party 18251837
Anti-Masonic Party 1829–1839 Anti-Masonry [78] Merged into: Whig Party 18281838
Nullifier Party 1831–1839 Nullification [79] 18281839
Whig Party 1837–1857 Traditionalist conservatism [80] 18331854
Law and Order Party of Rhode Island 1843–1845Charterites Anti-Dorr Rebellion [81] Merged into: Whig Party 18401848
Liberty Party 1845–1849 Abolitionism [82] Merged into: Free Soil Party and Republican Party 18401848
Know Nothing Party 1845–1860 Nativism [83] Merged into: Constitutional Union Party (South) and Republican Party (North)18441860
Free Soil Party 1849–1857 Abolitionism [84] Merged into: Republican Party 18481855
Union Party 1851–1853 Conditional unionism [85] 18501853
Opposition Party (Northern) 1855–1857 Abolitionism [86] Merged into: Republican Party 18541858
Opposition Party (Southern) 1859–1860 Pro-slavery [87] Merged into: Constitutional Union Party 18581860
Constitutional Union Party 1860Unionist Party Southern unionism [88] Merged into: Unconditional Union Party 18601860
Unconditional Union Party 1860–1866Union Party American unionism [89] Merged into: National Union Party 18611866
Liberal Republican Party 1871–1875 Classical liberalism [90] Merged into: Republican Party and Democratic Party 18711875
Anti-Monopoly Party 1873–1881 Progressivism [91] Merged into: People's Party (1892) 18741886
Greenback Party 1879–1889 Currency reform [92] Merged into: People's Party (1892) 18741884
Readjuster Party 1881–1889 Left-wing populism [93] 18701885
Labor Party 1887–1891
People's Party (1892) 1892–1903Populist Party Populism [94] Merged into: Democratic Party 18921908
Silver Party 1893–1902 Bimetalism [95] Merged into: Democratic Party 18921902
Silver Republican Party 1897–1900 Bimetalism [96] Merged into: Republican Party 18961900
Socialist Party of America 1911–1913
1915-1919
1921-1929		 Democratic socialism [97] Splinter parties: Nonpartisan League (1915)
National Party (1917)
Communist Party USA (1919)
Proletarian Party of America (1920)
American Labor Party (1936)
Social Democratic Federation (1936)
Final Split: (1972-1973) Socialist Party USA, Social Democrats, USA, and Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee 		19011972
Progressive Party (1912) 1913–1919Bull Moose Party Progressivism [98] Merged into: Republican Party 19121920
Farmer–Labor Party 1919–1921
1923-1945		 Social democracy [99] Merged into: Democratic Party 19201936
Wisconsin Progressive Party 1935–1946Merged into: Republican Party and Democratic Party 19341946
American Labor Party (1936) 1939–1951 Social democracy [100] 19361956
Non-Partisan League 1917-1959NPL Democratic Socialism Agrarianism [101] Merged into: North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party [102] 19151956

Multi-State political parties

Single state political parties

Political parties in the unincorporated territories

PartyTerritoryOther namesIdeologyMergers/SplitsCreatedDisbanded
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Puerto Rico Puerto Rican nationalism [165] 19221965
Puerto Rican Socialist Party Puerto Rico Puerto Rican nationalism [166] 19591993
Covenant Party Northern Mariana Islands Populism Merged into: Republican Party 20012013 [167]
Working People's Party Puerto Rico Partido del Pueblo Trabajador20102016
Popular Party (Guam) Guam Commercial PartyMerged into: Democratic Party 19491964
Territorial Party (Guam) Guam Merged into: Republican Party 19561966
Popular Party (Northern Mariana Islands) [168] [169] Northern Mariana Islands Merged into: Democratic Party 1978
Territorial Party (Northern Mariana Islands) [169] Northern Mariana Islands Merged into: Republican Party

Non-electoral organizations

Active

These organizations generally do not nominate candidates for election, but some of them have in the past; they otherwise function similarly to political parties.

Historical

These historical organizations did not officially nominate candidates for election but may have endorsed or supported campaigns; they otherwise functioned similarly to political parties.

Party registration

Officially recognized parties in states are not guaranteed have ballot access, membership numbers of some parties with ballot access are not tracked, and vice versa. Not all of these parties are active, and not all states record voter registration by party. Boxes in gray mean that the specific party's registration is not reported.

Political party registration by state
State/DCAs of DEM REP LIB GRN CST NLB RFM WFP Others Unaffiliated Total
Alaska April 3, 2024 [180] 73,637143,1006,654–776–21,232 [lower-alpha 5] 346,110591,509
Arizona April 2024 [181] 1,192,2051,434,98231,1642,796–27,539–
1,369,634
4,058,320
Arkansas May 3, 2024 [182] 86,231131,647700104–11,543,8631,762,546
California February 20, 2024 [183] 10,285,1085,388,479240,618102,65927142,039–1,195,512 [lower-alpha 6] 4,822,64722,077,333
Colorado May 1, 2024 [184] 1,006,438903,07937,3158,28011,2457,969–9,413 [lower-alpha 7] 1,850,2863,834,112
Connecticut May 16, 2024 [185] 798,205466,9082,9961,350–29829,155 [lower-alpha 8] 919,5242,218,436
Delaware May 1, 2024 [186] 350,955205,9092,0287182381,7684731415,130 [lower-alpha 9] 197,529774,636
Washington, DC August 2022 [1] 379,48926,5672,2903,855–82,556494,757
Florida February 20, 2024 [187] 4,363,4905,214,90735,4457,71214,8337,498–266,493 [lower-alpha 10] 3,539,38213,449,760
Idaho August 2022 [1] 129,550577,50711,147–4,036–275,271997,511
Iowa November 1, 2022 [188] 597,120681,87112,1002,966–555,9881,850,045
Kansas April 30, 2024 [189] 503,972874,13224,151–39–563,4821,965,776
Kentucky April 15, 2024 [190] 1,511,2421,615,45116,3912,4031,376–209–190,063 [lower-alpha 11] 153,8703,491,005
Louisiana November 7, 2023 [191] 1,133,8131,021,57115,8392,5831542,296823–130,273 [lower-alpha 12] 665,1542,979,345
Maine March 5, 2024 [192] 341,925281,9045,23636,724–9,677–275,560951,026
Maryland March 2024 [193] 2,208,095994,52918,836–234–54,299909,1804,185,173
Massachusetts May 3, 2024 [194] 1,336,825415,438–3,599292–11372236,484 [lower-alpha 13] 3,132,4334,925,906
Nebraska May 1, 2024 [195] 330,657605,46618,036–6,684 [lower-alpha 14] 271,5681,232,411
Nevada May 1, 2024 [196] 708,432654,18220,967–48,105794,5322,329,718
New Hampshire March 29, 2024 [197] 260,281304,375–325,930890,586
New Jersey June 1, 2024 [198] 2,496,0541,563,77125,17411,49812,989–1,550–28,084 [lower-alpha 15] 2,422,5746,561,694
New Mexico April 30, 2024 [199] 577,692415,653–27,443 [lower-alpha 16] 315,3901,336,178
New York February 27, 2024 [200] 6,404,0692,903,144–54,678572,778 [lower-alpha 17] 3,173,67813,108,347
North Carolina May 1, 2024 [201] 2,404,6922,234,31550,1192,0560 (New)7,752–2,743,0547,441,988
Oklahoma April 30, 2024 [202] 649,4321,214,77422,365–449,4882,336,059
Oregon August 2022 [1] 1,014,041730,76520,8657,820–8,364141,185 [lower-alpha 18] 1,031,3922,958,277
Pennsylvania April 29, 2024 [203] 3,895,2233,499,52442,91910,326–1,273,1998,721,191
Rhode Island May 2024 [204] 281,725103,268–338,629723,622
South Dakota May 1, 2024 [205] 144,243303,7222,923–22–945149,935601,790
Utah June 3, 2024 [206] 275,698991,89426,411748,4972,353–88,837 [lower-alpha 19] 574,7341,968,498
West Virginia May 4, 2024 [207] 358,056477,54910,8002,542–39,412292,9631,181,322
Wyoming May 4, 2024 [208] 23,787178,3871,057–34313–15,875219,462

Parties by number of registered voters

See also

Notes

Notes
  1. ↑ No presidential ballot access
  2. ↑ See membership table below
  3. ↑ No presidential ballot access
  4. ↑ Disaffiliated
  5. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  6. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  7. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  8. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  9. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  10. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  11. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  12. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  13. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  14. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  15. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  18. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  19. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  1. ↑ Includes three Independent Senators who all caucus with the Democratic Party. [2]
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Votes counted in a fusion ticket.
  3. 1 2 Nominated a candidate associated with a different party.
Footnotes
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Winger, Richard (September 4, 2022). "August 2022 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved November 17, 2022.
  2. 1 2 "U.S. Senate: Party Division". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  3. 1 2 3 4 "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  4. ↑ Johnston, Bob (9 November 2020). "Ballot Access Update". Libertarian Party . Retrieved 26 August 2022.
  5. 1 2 Doherty, Brian (15 September 2022). "Libertarian Party Faces State Rebellions". Reason . Retrieved 24 September 2022.
  6. 1 2 Segal, Cheryl (May 27, 2016). "5 things the Libertarian Party stands for". The Hill . Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  7. ↑ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  8. ↑ Dritschilo, Gordon (May 3, 2023). "Sammis makes party switch official". Rutland Herald . Retrieved 2023-05-11.
  9. ↑ "Search Results Forward party | Ballot Access News". 2024-01-19. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  10. ↑ "Current Voter Registration Statistics – Utah Voter Information". vote.utah.gov. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  11. ↑ "2024 Voter Registration Statistics". CO SOS. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  12. ↑ Winger, Richard (2024-05-12). "New Florida Registration Data". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2024-06-09.
  13. ↑ Prose, J. D. (2023-06-21). "Two Pa. legislators announce their affiliation with centrist Forward Party". pennlive. Retrieved 2023-09-22.
  14. 1 2 Elliott-Negri, Luke (2 August 2016). "Lessons From Vermont". Jacobin. Retrieved 12 June 2022.
  15. ↑ "ELECTED PROGRESSIVES". The Vermont Progressive Party. January 12, 2023.
  16. ↑ "INDEPENDENT PARTY'S 2009 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA | Independent Party of Oregon". August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  17. ↑ "Senator Brian Boquist has left GOP, is now a member of the Independent Party of Oregon". Oregon Catalyst. January 15, 2021.
  18. 1 2 3 4 "List of political parties in the United States". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  19. ↑ "State Board Recognizes Green Party as NC Political Party".
  20. ↑ Winger, Richard (6 May 2024). "April 2024 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 11 May 2024.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "2020 Presidential General Election Results". Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
  22. ↑ "Green Party Founding". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  23. 1 2 3 Feinauer, J.J. (January 16, 2014). "Want to support a third party? Here are your options". Deseret News . Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  24. ↑ Meyerson, Harold (November 11, 2014). "Meet the Working Families Party, Whose Ballot Line is in Play in New York". Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Ballot Access News -- June 1, 2006". www.ballot-access.org. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  26. ↑ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2019). "Minnesota Independence Party Becomes State Affiliate of the Alliance Party | Ballot Access News". Ballot Access News. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  27. ↑ "How We Formed". Alliance Party. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  28. ↑ "Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card". Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Introducing the Association of Liberty State Parties" (PDF). LPNM. Retrieved 12 May 2024.
  30. ↑ Thomas, Jeff (February 6, 1996). "Natural Law Party advocates meditation as way to peace". Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph. p. B.2.
  31. ↑ "No separate destiny for US workers apart from the workers of the world". International Communist Press. October 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  32. 1 2 Cimmino, Jeff (August 7, 2017). "The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path". National Review. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  33. 1 2 Perkins, William; Travis, Jordan (2022-11-04). "In northern Michigan, some third-party candidates seek to break the mold". Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved 2023-06-27.
  34. ↑ Wojcik, Nik (October 26, 2016). "Peace and Freedom Party candidate talks socialism". Golden Gate XPress. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  35. ↑ Luning, Ernst (October 2, 2019). "Colorado's Approval Voting Party achieves minor party status". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  36. ↑ "Our Platform - Movement For A People's Party". 2020-08-14. Retrieved 2023-05-09.
  37. 1 2 Metzger, Hannah. "Colorado Center Party becomes state's newest political party". coloradopolitics.com. Retrieved 29 January 2024.
  38. ↑ Chiusano, Mark (February 1, 2019). "End of a Long era for NY Conservatives". Newsday. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  39. ↑ "Oregon Peace Party becomes Progressive Party | Oregon Progressive Party". October 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  40. ↑ Young, Jeremy Au (February 26, 2016). "Is socialism now acceptable in the US?". The Straits Times . Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  41. ↑ Walker, Hunter (September 17, 2014). "American Separatists Are Thrilled About Scotland And Think It Will Lead To A 'Paradigm Shift'". Business Insider . Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  42. ↑ Finnegan, Michael (September 3, 2008). "Sarah Palin's ties to Alaskan Independence Party are played down". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  43. ↑ "New centrist party forms in Utah to attract disaffected Republicans, Democrats". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  44. ↑ Penn, Ivan (October 30, 2012). "Ecology Party of Florida to battle over environmental concerns surrounding the Levy County nuclear plant". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  45. ↑ "Could Hawaii see another political party? Aloha Aina hopes to join the mix". www.kitv.com. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  46. ↑ Featherly, Kevin (August 3, 2018). "Weed backer hopes to smoke competition in AG race". Minnesota Lawyer. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  47. ↑ Lind, Michael (December 3, 1995). "The Radical Center or the Moderate Middle?". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  48. ↑ "Unity Party Reaches Minor-Party Status in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  49. ↑ Winger, Richard (March 28, 2021). "March 2021 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  50. ↑ "A sobering alternative? Prohibition party back on the ticket this election" Archived October 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine , The Guardian , May 11, 2016.
  51. ↑ "American Freedom Party". Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  52. ↑ "Socialist Equality Party Raises its U.S. Profile: With a History as Left Wreckers and a 19th Century Program, a Group to Beware of". Socialism.com. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  53. ↑ "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour Extra.
  54. ↑ Alaska, Green Party of. "Green Party of Alaska". Green Party of Alaska. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  55. ↑ "Political Groups". elections.alaska.gov. Alaska Division of Elections. Retrieved 28 May 2022.
  56. ↑ "This SFSU Calif. Secessionist is Newsom's most fascinating recall foe". June 21, 2021.
  57. ↑ "Registration by Political Bodies Attempting to Qualify by County" (PDF). elections.cdn.sos.ca.gov. Retrieved 11 September 2023.
  58. ↑ "Third Choice | Independence Party of New York | United States". Ipny. Retrieved 2021-12-17.
  59. ↑ "Presidential election in New York, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
  60. ↑ "BROCK 2020". Ipny. Retrieved 2021-12-26.
  61. ↑ Fois, Bob (March 8, 2006). "Revisionist Politics". News Copy. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008 – via Wayback machine.
  62. ↑ "Moderate Party | Rhode Island | onPolitix". November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  63. ↑ "Green Party of Rhode Island - ¡Este es tu partido! - This is your party!". www.rigreens.org. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  64. ↑ "Policy Endorsements". Independent Greens of Virginia. September 1, 2013. Retrieved 2 October 2014.
  65. ↑ "Washington Progressive Party - About". waprogressiveparty.org. Retrieved 2022-01-01.
  66. ↑ Luce, Stephanie (July 28, 2017). "What Happens If We Win?". Jacobin .
  67. ↑ Hounshell, Blake (June 7, 2022). "New Jersey Centrists Seek to Legalize Their Dream: The Moderate Party". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  68. ↑ "Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  69. 1 2 "Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  70. ↑ "List of current mayors of Puerto Rico". Ballotpedia. Retrieved 2021-12-28.
  71. 1 2 Ramos, Tatiana Mena (2020-10-13). "Which Political Parties are Competing for the Governorship of Puerto Rico?". BELatina. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  72. ↑ "Political Parties of Puerto Rico, Founded 1898 through 1945* | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved 2021-12-29.
  73. ↑ Viereck, Peter (1956). Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 87–95.
  74. ↑ Gordon S. Wood (2009). Empire of liberty. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-503914-6.
  75. ↑ "Democratic-Republican Party". Encyclopædia Britannica . July 20, 1998. Retrieved August 30, 2017. The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.
  76. ↑ Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN   9780231056021. OCLC   906445960.
  77. ↑ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (July 20, 1998). "Anti-Masonic Movement". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  78. ↑ Ford, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; ed Paul L. "South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification". The Federalist (Ford).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  79. ↑ Farmer, Brian (2008). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 155. ISBN   9781443802765.
  80. ↑ "End of survey report: State of Rhode Island". UNT Journal. January 1, 1979. doi: 10.2172/5212647 .
  81. ↑ Thomas Hudson McKee (1970). The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties 1789-1905. Scholarly Press. p. 52. ISBN   0-403-00356-3.
  82. ↑ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Party Reshaped American Politics". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  83. ↑ Wilentz, Sean (2005). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 478–479. ISBN   0-393-05820-4.
  84. ↑ Holt, Michael F. (1983). The Political Crisis of the 1850s. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 92.
  85. ↑ Baggett, James Alex (September 2004). The Scalawags : Southern dissenters in the Civil War and reconstruction (Louisiana paperback ed.). Baton Rouge: 2004. ISBN   0-8071-3014-1. OCLC   717408969.
  86. ↑ Freehling, William W., 1935- (1990–2007). The road to disunion. Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-505814-3. OCLC   20670363.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  87. ↑ Egerton, Douglas R. (2010). Year of meteors : Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the election that brought on the Civil War (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN   978-1-59691-619-7. OCLC   504281088.
  88. ↑ Fehrenbacher, Don E.; Nevins, Allan (1972). "The War for the Union. Volume 3, The Organized War, 1863; Volume 4, The Organized War to Victory, 1864-1865". The American Historical Review. 77 (3): 832. doi:10.2307/1870477. ISSN   0002-8762. JSTOR   1870477.
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