List of political parties in the United States

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This is a list of political parties in the United States, both past and present. The list does not include independents.

Contents

Not all states allow the public to access voter registration data. Therefore, voter registration data should not be taken as the correct value and should be viewed as an underestimate.

Active parties

Major parties

PartyIdeologyYear
founded		Political positionMembership
(2024) [1] 		Electoral (2024)Popular [2] Senators
[3] 		VotingNonvoting Governors
[4] 		State
legislators [4] 		Legislatures
[4] 		Trifectas
[4]
Republican Party Conservatism 1854 Center-right to right-wing 37,314,494
312 / 538
77,234,090 (
53 / 100
220 / 435
3 / 6
29 / 55
4,031 / 7,383
28 / 49
22 / 49
Democratic Party Liberalism 1828 Center-left 45,512,696
226 / 538
74,936,918
(
47 / 100
[A]
215 / 435
3 / 6
25 / 55
3,271 / 7,383
19 / 49
17 / 49

Third parties

Represented in state legislatures

The following third parties have members in state legislatures affiliated with them.

Ballot access in multiple states
Party Ballot access Presidential ballot access (2024) IdeologyYear
founded		Political positionMembership
(2024) [1] 		Presidential vote (2024) State
legislators
Forward Party
5 / 51
[5]
No candidate2022 Center 1483No candidate
2 / 7,383 [6]
Ballot access in a single state
Party Ballot access IdeologyYear
founded		Political positionMembership
(2024) [1] 		Presidential vote (2024) State
legislators
Vermont Progressive Party Vermont Progressivism [7]
Democratic socialism [7] 		1993 Left-wing UnknownNo candidate
13 / 7,386 [8]

Other parties with ballot access

The following third parties have ballot access in at least one state and are not represented in a national office or state legislature. [9]

Multi-state
Single-state

Active parties without ballot access

The following parties have been active in the past 4 years, but as of December 2021, did not have official ballot access in any state. [9]

Multi-state
Single-state

Major parties in Puerto Rico

The following parties are represented in the Puerto Rican Legislature.

PartyIdeologyYear
founded		Political positionPresident Gubernatorial vote [62] Senators [63] Representatives [63] Mayors [64]
New Progressive Party
Partido Nuevo Progresista		 Puerto Rico statehood 1967 [65] Center to centre-right Pedro Pierluisi 427,016 (33.24%)
10 / 27
21 / 51
36 / 78
Popular Democratic Party
Partido Popular Democrático		 Pro-Commonwealth
Centrism 		1938 [66] Center Jesús Manuel Ortiz 407,817 (31.75%)
12 / 27
26 / 51
41 / 78
Citizens' Victory Movement
Movimiento Victoria Ciudadana		 Anti-imperialism
Anti-neoliberalism
Progressivism 		2019 Left-wing Ana Irma Rivera Lassén 179,265 (13.95%)
2 / 27
2 / 51
0 / 78
Puerto Rican Independence Party
Partido Independentista Puertorriqueño		 Puerto Rico independence
Social democracy 		1946 [65] Center-left Rubén Berríos 175,402 (13.58%)
1 / 27
1 / 51
0 / 78
Project Dignity
Proyecto Dignidad		 Christian democracy
Anti-corruption 		2019 Center-right to right-wing César Váquez Muñiz87,379 (6.80%)
1 / 27
1 / 51
1 / 78

Historical parties

Held national office or elected to Congress

PartyYears in national officeOther namesIdeologyMergers/SplitsCreatedDisbanded
Federalist Party 1789–1825 Classical conservatism [67] 17891824
Anti-Administration party 1789–1792 Anti-Federalism [68] Merged into: Democratic-Republican Party in 179217891792
Democratic-Republican Party 1792–1825Republican Party, Democratic Party Jeffersonianism [69] Split into: Democratic Party and National Republican Party 17921825
National Republican Party 1825–1837Anti-Jacksonian Party, Adams-Clay Republicans Classical conservatism [70] Merged into: Whig Party 18251837
Anti-Masonic Party 1829–1839 Anti-Masonry [71] Merged into: Whig Party 18281838
Nullifier Party 1831–1839 Nullification [72] 18281839
Whig Party 1837–1857 Traditionalist conservatism [73] 18331854
Law and Order Party of Rhode Island 1843–1845Charterites Anti-Dorr Rebellion [74] Merged into: Whig Party 18401848
Liberty Party 1845–1849 Abolitionism [75] Merged into: Free Soil Party and Republican Party 18401848
Know Nothing Party 1845–1860 Nativism [76] Merged into: Constitutional Union Party (South) and Republican Party (North)18441860
Free Soil Party 1849–1857 Abolitionism [77] Merged into: Republican Party 18481855
Union Party 1851–1853 Conditional unionism [78] 18501853
Opposition Party (Northern) 1855–1857 Abolitionism [79] Merged into: Republican Party 18541858
Opposition Party (Southern) 1859–1860 Pro-slavery [80] Merged into: Constitutional Union Party 18581860
Constitutional Union Party 1860Unionist Party Southern unionism [81] Merged into: Unconditional Union Party 18601860
Unconditional Union Party 1860–1866Union Party American unionism [82] Merged into: National Union Party 18611866
Liberal Republican Party 1871–1875 Classical liberalism [83] Merged into: Republican Party and Democratic Party 18711875
Anti-Monopoly Party 1873–1881 Progressivism [84] Merged into: People's Party (1892) 18741886
Greenback Party 1879–1889 Currency reform [85] Merged into: People's Party (1892) 18741884
Readjuster Party 1881–1889 Left-wing populism [86] 18701885
Labor Party 1887–1891
People's Party (1892) 1892–1903Populist Party Populism [87] Merged into: Democratic Party 18921908
Silver Party 1893–1902 Bimetalism [88] Merged into: Democratic Party 18921902
Silver Republican Party 1897–1900 Bimetalism [89] Merged into: Republican Party 18961900
Socialist Party of America 1911–1913
1915–1919
1921–1929		 Democratic socialism [90] Splinter parties: Nonpartisan League (1915)
National Party (1917)
Communist Party USA (1919)
Proletarian Party of America (1920)
American Labor Party (1936)
Social Democratic Federation (1936)
Final split: (1972–1973) Socialist Party USA, Social Democrats, USA, and Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee 		19011972
Progressive Party (1912) 1913–1919Bull Moose Party Progressivism [91] Merged into: Republican Party 19121920
Farmer–Labor Party 1919–1921
1923–1945		 Social democracy [92] Merged into: Democratic Party 19201936
Wisconsin Progressive Party 1935–1946Merged into: Republican Party and Democratic Party 19341946
American Labor Party (1936) 1939–1951 Social democracy [93] 19361956
Nonpartisan League 1917–1959NPL Democratic Socialism Agrarianism [94] Merged into: North Dakota Democratic-NPL Party [95] 19151956

Multi-state political parties

Single-state political parties

Political parties in the unincorporated territories

PartyTerritoryOther namesIdeologyMergers/SplitsCreatedDisbanded
Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Puerto Rico Puerto Rican nationalism [158] 19221965
Puerto Rican Socialist Party Puerto Rico Puerto Rican nationalism [159] 19591993
Covenant Party Northern Mariana Islands Populism Merged into: Republican Party 20012013 [160]
Working People's Party Puerto Rico Partido del Pueblo Trabajador20102016
Popular Party (Guam) Guam Commercial PartyMerged into: Democratic Party 19491964
Territorial Party (Guam) Guam Merged into: Republican Party 19561966
Popular Party (Northern Mariana Islands) [161] [162] Northern Mariana Islands Merged into: Democratic Party 1978
Territorial Party (Northern Mariana Islands) [162] Northern Mariana Islands Merged into: Republican Party

Non-electoral organizations

Active

These organizations generally do not nominate candidates for election, but some of them have in the past; they otherwise function similarly to political parties.

Historical

These historical organizations did not officially nominate candidates for election but may have endorsed or supported campaigns; they otherwise functioned similarly to political parties.

Party registration

Officially recognized parties in states are not guaranteed have ballot access, membership numbers of some parties with ballot access are not tracked, and vice versa. Not all of these parties are active, and not all states record voter registration by party. Boxes in gray mean that the specific party's registration is not reported.

Political party registration by state
State/DCAs of DEM REP LIB GRN CST NLB RFM WFP Others Unaffiliated Total
Alaska April 3, 2024 [173] 73,637143,1006,654–776–21,232 [e] 346,110591,509
Arizona April 2024 [174] 1,192,2051,434,98231,1642,796–27,539–
1,369,634
4,058,320
Arkansas May 3, 2024 [175] 86,231131,647700104–11,543,8631,762,546
California February 20, 2024 [176] 10,285,1085,388,479240,618102,65927142,039–1,195,512 [f] 4,822,64722,077,333
Colorado May 1, 2024 [177] 1,006,438903,07937,3158,28011,2457,969–9,413 [g] 1,850,2863,834,112
Connecticut May 16, 2024 [178] 798,205466,9082,9961,350–29829,155 [h] 919,5242,218,436
Delaware May 1, 2024 [179] 350,955205,9092,0287182381,7684731415,130 [i] 197,529774,636
Washington, D.C. August 2022 [180] 379,48926,5672,2903,855–82,556494,757
Florida February 20, 2024 [181] 4,363,4905,214,90735,4457,71214,8337,498–266,493 [j] 3,539,38213,449,760
Idaho August 2022 [180] 129,550577,50711,147–4,036–275,271997,511
Iowa November 1, 2022 [182] 597,120681,87112,1002,966–555,9881,850,045
Kansas April 30, 2024 [183] 503,972874,13224,151–39–563,4821,965,776
Kentucky April 15, 2024 [184] 1,511,2421,615,45116,3912,4031,376–209–190,063 [k] 153,8703,491,005
Louisiana November 7, 2023 [185] 1,133,8131,021,57115,8392,5831542,296823–130,273 [l] 665,1542,979,345
Maine March 5, 2024 [186] 341,925281,9045,23636,724–9,677–275,560951,026
Maryland March 2024 [187] 2,208,095994,52918,836–234–54,299909,1804,185,173
Massachusetts May 3, 2024 [188] 1,336,825415,438–3,599292–11372236,484 [m] 3,132,4334,925,906
Nebraska May 1, 2024 [189] 330,657605,46618,036–6,684 [n] 271,5681,232,411
Nevada May 1, 2024 [190] 708,432654,18220,967–48,105794,5322,329,718
New Hampshire March 29, 2024 [191] 260,281304,375–325,930890,586
New Jersey June 1, 2024 [192] 2,496,0541,563,77125,17411,49812,989–1,550–28,084 [o] 2,422,5746,561,694
New Mexico April 30, 2024 [193] 577,692415,653–27,443 [p] 315,3901,336,178
New York February 27, 2024 [194] 6,404,0692,903,144–54,678572,778 [q] 3,173,67813,108,347
North Carolina May 1, 2024 [195] 2,404,6922,234,31550,1192,0560 (New)7,752–2,743,0547,441,988
Oklahoma April 30, 2024 [196] 649,4321,214,77422,365–449,4882,336,059
Oregon August 2022 [180] 1,014,041730,76520,8657,820–8,364141,185 [r] 1,031,3922,958,277
Pennsylvania April 29, 2024 [197] 3,895,2233,499,52442,91910,326–1,273,1998,721,191
Rhode Island May 2024 [198] 281,725103,268–338,629723,622
South Dakota May 1, 2024 [199] 144,243303,7222,923–22–945149,935601,790
Utah June 3, 2024 [200] 275,698991,89426,411748,4972,353–88,837 [s] 574,7341,968,498
West Virginia May 4, 2024 [201] 358,056477,54910,8002,542–39,412292,9631,181,322
Wyoming May 4, 2024 [202] 23,787178,3871,057–34313–15,875219,462

Parties by number of registered voters

See also

Notes

Notes
  1. ↑ The Constitution Party had two candidates running for the 2024 presidential election—one which was nominated by the party and one which was nominated by the Constitution Party dissidents.
  2. ↑ See membership table below
  3. ↑ No presidential ballot access
  4. ↑ Disaffiliated
  5. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  6. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  7. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  8. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  9. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  10. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  11. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  12. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  13. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  14. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  15. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  16. ↑
  17. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  18. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  19. ↑ "Other" political affiliations listed as follows:
  1. ↑ Includes two Independent Senators who all caucus with the Democratic Party. [3]
  2. ↑ The Alliance Party originally nominated Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who later dropped out. However, he remained on the ballot in other states. Kennedy was nominated by several parties.
  3. 1 2 3 4 The party's candidate, Robert F. Kennedy Jr, dropped out before the election. However, votes were still cast for him. Votes counted in a fusion ticket.
  4. ↑ The American Independent Party originally nominated Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who later dropped out. However, he remained on the ballot in other states. Kennedy was nominated by several parties.
  5. ↑ The Natural Law Party originally nominated Robert F. Kennedy Jr, who later dropped out. However, he remained on the ballot in other states. Kennedy was nominated by several parties.
  6. 1 2 Votes counted as part of a fusion ticket.
Footnotes
  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Winger, Richard (November 29, 2024). "August 2022 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved December 2, 2024.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Presidental Election Results: Trump Wins". New York Times . November 5, 2024. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
  3. 1 2 "U.S. Senate: Party Division". United States Senate. Archived from the original on April 12, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "State Partisan Composition". National Conference of State Legislatures. April 1, 2019. Archived from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved May 12, 2019.
  5. ↑ "Forward Party". June 16, 2024. Retrieved November 25, 2024.
  6. ↑ Prose, J. D. (June 21, 2023). "Two Pa. legislators announce their affiliation with centrist Forward Party". pennlive. Retrieved September 22, 2023.
  7. 1 2 Elliott-Negri, Luke (August 2, 2016). "Lessons From Vermont". Jacobin. Retrieved June 12, 2022.
  8. ↑ "ELECTED PROGRESSIVES". The Vermont Progressive Party. January 12, 2023.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "List of political parties in the United States". ballotpedia.org. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  10. ↑ "State Board Recognizes Green Party as NC Political Party".
  11. ↑ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2024). "April 2024 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved May 11, 2024.
  12. ↑ Johnston, Bob (November 9, 2020). "Ballot Access Update". Libertarian Party . Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  13. 1 2 Doherty, Brian (September 15, 2022). "Libertarian Party Faces State Rebellions". Reason . Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  14. 1 2 Segal, Cheryl (May 27, 2016). "5 things the Libertarian Party stands for". The Hill . Archived from the original on August 16, 2018. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  15. ↑ Martin, Douglas (November 22, 2010). "David Nolan, 66, Is Dead; Started Libertarian Party". The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  16. ↑ "Green Party Founding". www.c-span.org. C-SPAN. July 30, 2001. Archived from the original on May 16, 2017. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  17. 1 2 3 Feinauer, J.J. (January 16, 2014). "Want to support a third party? Here are your options". Deseret News . Archived from the original on May 13, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  18. ↑ Meyerson, Harold (November 11, 2014). "Meet the Working Families Party, Whose Ballot Line is in Play in New York". Prospect. Retrieved November 30, 2016.
  19. ↑ "Ballot Access News -- June 1, 2006". www.ballot-access.org. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  20. ↑ Winger, Richard (May 6, 2019). "Minnesota Independence Party Becomes State Affiliate of the Alliance Party | Ballot Access News". Ballot Access News. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  21. ↑ "How We Formed". Alliance Party. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  22. ↑ "Would-be independents joining the American Independent Party could blame California's voter registration card". Los Angeles Times. April 19, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Introducing the Association of Liberty State Parties" (PDF). LPNM. Retrieved May 12, 2024.
  24. ↑ Thomas, Jeff (February 6, 1996). "Natural Law Party advocates meditation as way to peace". Colorado Springs Gazette - Telegraph. p. B.2.
  25. ↑ "No separate destiny for US workers apart from the workers of the world". International Communist Press. October 1, 2018. Archived from the original on February 16, 2019. Retrieved February 8, 2019.
  26. 1 2 Cimmino, Jeff (August 7, 2017). "The American Solidarity Party Charts Its Own Path". National Review. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  27. 1 2 Perkins, William; Travis, Jordan (November 4, 2022). "In northern Michigan, some third-party candidates seek to break the mold". Traverse City Record-Eagle. Retrieved June 27, 2023.
  28. ↑ "INDEPENDENT PARTY'S 2009 LEGISLATIVE AGENDA | Independent Party of Oregon". August 19, 2009. Archived from the original on August 19, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  29. ↑ Wojcik, Nik (October 26, 2016). "Peace and Freedom Party candidate talks socialism". Golden Gate XPress. Retrieved August 20, 2020.
  30. ↑ Luning, Ernst (October 2, 2019). "Colorado's Approval Voting Party achieves minor party status". Colorado Politics. Archived from the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved September 18, 2020.
  31. ↑ "Our Platform - Movement For A People's Party". August 14, 2020. Retrieved May 9, 2023.
  32. 1 2 Metzger, Hannah (September 8, 2023). "Colorado Center Party becomes state's newest political party". coloradopolitics.com. Retrieved January 29, 2024.
  33. ↑ Chiusano, Mark (February 1, 2019). "End of a Long era for NY Conservatives". Newsday. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  34. ↑ "Oregon Peace Party becomes Progressive Party | Oregon Progressive Party". October 3, 2009. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  35. ↑ Young, Jeremy Au (February 26, 2016). "Is socialism now acceptable in the US?". The Straits Times . Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  36. ↑ Walker, Hunter (September 17, 2014). "American Separatists Are Thrilled About Scotland And Think It Will Lead To A 'Paradigm Shift'". Business Insider . Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  37. ↑ Finnegan, Michael (September 3, 2008). "Sarah Palin's ties to Alaskan Independence Party are played down". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved May 14, 2019.
  38. ↑ "New centrist party forms in Utah to attract disaffected Republicans, Democrats". The Salt Lake Tribune. May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 18, 2017.
  39. ↑ Coombs, Carlene (July 17, 2022). "Why confusion between registering as independent vs. unaffiliated might be causing this third party to grow". Deseret News . Retrieved December 6, 2024.
  40. ↑ Penn, Ivan (October 30, 2012). "Ecology Party of Florida to battle over environmental concerns surrounding the Levy County nuclear plant". Tampa Bay Times . Retrieved September 13, 2021.
  41. ↑ "Could Hawaii see another political party? Aloha Aina hopes to join the mix". www.kitv.com. Archived from the original on October 29, 2019. Retrieved September 25, 2020.
  42. ↑ Lind, Michael (December 3, 1995). "The Radical Center or the Moderate Middle?". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved September 12, 2020.
  43. ↑ "Unity Party Reaches Minor-Party Status in Colorado". Westword. Retrieved October 6, 2019.
  44. ↑ Winger, Richard (March 28, 2021). "March 2021 Ballot Access News Print Edition". Ballot Access News. Retrieved August 26, 2022.
  45. ↑ "American Freedom Party". Southern Poverty Law Center . Archived from the original on May 11, 2019. Retrieved May 13, 2019.
  46. ↑ "Socialist Equality Party Raises its U.S. Profile: With a History as Left Wreckers and a 19th Century Program, a Group to Beware of". Socialism.com. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  47. ↑ "Presidential Hopefuls Meet in Third Party Debate". PBS NewsHour Extra. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  48. ↑ Alaska, Green Party of. "Green Party of Alaska". Green Party of Alaska. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  49. ↑ "Political Groups". elections.alaska.gov. Alaska Division of Elections. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  50. ↑ "This SFSU Calif. Secessionist is Newsom's most fascinating recall foe". June 21, 2021.
  51. ↑ Featherly, Kevin (August 3, 2018). "Weed backer hopes to smoke competition in AG race". Minnesota Lawyer. Retrieved August 4, 2020.
  52. ↑ Van Berkel, Jessie (November 12, 2022). "One of Minnesota's marijuana parties loses major party status". Minnesota Star Tribune. Retrieved December 12, 2024.
  53. ↑ "Third Choice | Independence Party of New York | United States". Ipny. Retrieved December 17, 2021.
  54. ↑ Fois, Bob (March 8, 2006). "Revisionist Politics". News Copy. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008 – via Wayback machine.
  55. ↑ "Moderate Party | Rhode Island | onPolitix". November 12, 2012. Archived from the original on November 12, 2012. Retrieved March 29, 2020.
  56. ↑ "Green Party of Rhode Island - ¡Este es tu partido! - This is your party!". www.rigreens.org. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  57. ↑ "Policy Endorsements". Independent Greens of Virginia. September 1, 2013. Retrieved October 2, 2014.
  58. ↑ "Washington Progressive Party - About". waprogressiveparty.org. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  59. ↑ Luce, Stephanie (July 28, 2017). "What Happens If We Win?". Jacobin .
  60. ↑ Hounshell, Blake (June 7, 2022). "New Jersey Centrists Seek to Legalize Their Dream: The Moderate Party". The New York Times. Retrieved November 26, 2022.
  61. ↑ "Puerto Rico gubernatorial election, 2020". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  62. 1 2 "Puerto Rico Legislative Assembly". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  63. ↑ "List of current mayors of Puerto Rico". Ballotpedia. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  64. 1 2 Ramos, Tatiana Mena (October 13, 2020). "Which Political Parties are Competing for the Governorship of Puerto Rico?". BELatina. Archived from the original on November 15, 2020. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  65. ↑ "Political Parties of Puerto Rico, Founded 1898 through 1945* | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives". history.house.gov. Retrieved December 29, 2021.
  66. ↑ Viereck, Peter (1956). Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 87–95.
  67. ↑ Gordon S. Wood (2009). Empire of liberty. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-503914-6.
  68. ↑ "Democratic-Republican Party". Encyclopædia Britannica . July 20, 1998. Retrieved August 30, 2017. The Republicans contended that the Federalists harboured aristocratic attitudes and that their policies placed too much power in the central government and tended to benefit the affluent at the expense of the common man.
  69. ↑ Brown, Thomas (1985). Politics and Statesmanship: Essays on the American Whig Party. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 20. ISBN   9780231056021. OCLC   906445960.
  70. ↑ The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (July 20, 1998). "Anti-Masonic Movement". Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved September 9, 2017.
  71. ↑ Ford, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay; ed Paul L. "South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification". The Federalist (Ford).{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  72. ↑ Farmer, Brian (2008). American Conservatism: History, Theory and Practice. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 155. ISBN   9781443802765.
  73. ↑ "End of survey report: State of Rhode Island". UNT Journal. January 1, 1979. doi: 10.2172/5212647 .
  74. ↑ Thomas Hudson McKee (1970). The National Conventions and Platforms of All Political Parties 1789-1905. Scholarly Press. p. 52. ISBN   0-403-00356-3.
  75. ↑ Boissoneault, Lorraine. "How the 19th-Century Party Reshaped American Politics". Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved January 13, 2020.
  76. ↑ Wilentz, Sean (2005). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 478–479. ISBN   0-393-05820-4.
  77. ↑ Holt, Michael F. (1983). The Political Crisis of the 1850s. New York: W. W. Norton. p. 92. ISBN   978-0-393-95370-1.
  78. ↑ Baggett, James Alex (September 2004). The Scalawags : Southern dissenters in the Civil War and reconstruction (Louisiana paperback ed.). Baton Rouge: 2004. ISBN   0-8071-3014-1. OCLC   717408969.
  79. ↑ Freehling, William W., 1935- (1990–2007). The road to disunion. Frank and Virginia Williams Collection of Lincolniana (Mississippi State University. Libraries). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-505814-3. OCLC   20670363.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  80. ↑ Egerton, Douglas R. (2010). Year of meteors : Stephen Douglas, Abraham Lincoln, and the election that brought on the Civil War (1st U.S. ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Press. ISBN   978-1-59691-619-7. OCLC   504281088.
  81. ↑ Fehrenbacher, Don E.; Nevins, Allan (1972). "The War for the Union. Volume 3, The Organized War, 1863; Volume 4, The Organized War to Victory, 1864-1865". The American Historical Review. 77 (3): 832. doi:10.2307/1870477. ISSN   0002-8762. JSTOR   1870477.
  82. ↑ Slap, Andrew L. (2006). Doom of Reconstruction : the Liberal Republicans in the Civil War Era. Bronx: Fordham University Press. ISBN   978-0-8232-2711-2. OCLC   923763474.
  83. ↑ Veditz, C. W. A. (1908). "The New Encyclopedia of Social Reform, etc. Edited by William D. P. Bliss and Rudolph M. Binder, Ph.D., with the coöperation of many specialists, etc. New Edition. (New York and London: Funk and Wagnalls Company. 1908. Pp. vi, 1321.)". American Political Science Review. 4 (1): 139–141. doi:10.2307/1944430. ISSN   0003-0554. JSTOR   1944430. S2CID   148521310.
  84. ↑ Paul Kleppner, The Greenback and Prohibition Parties," in Arthur M. Schlesinger (ed.), History of U.S. Political Parties: Volume II, 1860-1910, The Gilded Age of Politics. New York: Chelsea House/R.R. Bowker Co., 1973; pg. 1552.
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