Art in the White House

The Avenue in the Rain by Childe Hassam (1917), depicting Fifth Avenue in New York City, has hung in the Oval Office during Bill Clinton's, Barack Obama's, Donald Trump's and Joe Biden's administrations.

The White House's art collection, sometimes also called the White House Collection or Pride of the American Nation, ^[1] has grown over time from donations from descendants of the Founding Fathers to commissions by established artists. ^[2] It comprises paintings, sculptures, and other art forms. ^[3] At times, the collection grows from a president's specific request, such as when Ronald Reagan began collecting the work of naval artist Tom Freeman in 1986, a tradition that continued through the Obama years. ^[4]

History

The White House's Art collection was established by an Act of Congress in 1961 and grew extensively during the Kennedy Administration. ^[5] It now includes more than 65,000 objects if individual items are catalogued. ^[6] As of 2021, there are more than 500 pieces on view under the care of the White House Curator and the White House Historical Association, ^[7] and these are often complemented by those on loan from museums. ^{[8] [6] [9]}

Gallery

Official presidential and spousal portraits

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  Portrait of George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, 1796
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  Portrait of Martha Washington by Eliphalet Frazer Andrews, 1878
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  Portrait of John Adams by John Trumbull, c. 1792−1793
• 
  Portrait of Abigail Adams by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1810-1815
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  Portrait of Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1800
• 
  Portrait of James Madison by John Vanderlyn, 1816
• 
  Portrait of Dolley Madison by Gilbert Stuart, 1804
• 
  Portrait of James Monroe by Samuel F. B. Morse, 1819
• 
  Portrait of John Quincy Adams by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1858
• 
  Portrait of Louisa Adams by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1821−1826
• 
  Portrait of Andrew Jackson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, c. 1835
• 
  Portrait of Martin Van Buren by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1858
• 
  Portrait of William Henry Harrison by James Reid Lambdin, 1835
• 
  Portrait of Anna Harrison by Unknown, c. 1820
• 
  Portrait of John Tyler by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1864
• 
  Portrait of Julia Tyler by Francesco Anelli, c. 1846−1848
• 
  Portrait of James Knox Polk by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1858
• 
  Portrait of Sarah Polk by George Dury, 1883
• 
  Portrait of Zachary Taylor by Joseph H. Bush, 1848
• 
  Portrait of Millard Fillmore by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1857
• 
  Portrait of Franklin Pierce by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1858
• 
  Portrait of James Buchanan by John Henry Brown, 1851
• 
  Portrait of Abraham Lincoln by George Peter Alexander Healy, 1869
• 
  Portrait of Mary Todd Lincoln by Katherine Helm, 1925
• 
  Portrait of Andrew Johnson by Eliphalet Frazer Andrews, 1880
• 
  Portrait of Ulysses S. Grant by Henry Ulke, 1875
• 
  Portrait of Rutherford B. Hayes by Daniel Huntington, 1884
• 
  Portrait of Lucy Webb Hayes by Daniel Huntington, 1881
• 
  Portrait of James A. Garfield by Calvin Curtis, 1881
• 
  Portrait of Chester A. Arthur by Daniel Huntington, 1885
• 
  Portrait of Grover Cleveland by Jonathan Eastman Johnson, 1891
• 
  Portrait of Frances Folsom Cleveland by Anders Zorn, 1899
• 
  Portrait of Benjamin Harrison by Jonathan Eastman Johnson, 1895
• 
  Portrait of Caroline Harrison by Daniel Huntington, 1894
• 
  Portrait of William McKinley by Harriet Anderson Stubbs Murphy, 1902
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  Portrait of Ida McKinley by Emily Drayton Taylor, 1899
• 
  Portrait of Theodore Roosevelt by John Singer Sargent, 1902
• 
  Portrait of Edith Roosevelt by Théobald Chartran, 1902
• 
  Portrait of William Howard Taft by Anders Zorn, 1911
• 
  Portrait of Helen Taft by Bror Kronstrand, 1910
• 
  Portrait of Woodrow Wilson by Frank Graham Cootes, 1936
• 
  Portrait of Edith Wilson by Adolfo Müller-Ury, 1916
• 
  Portrait of Warren G. Harding by Edmund Hodgson Smart, 1923
• 
  Portrait of Florence Kling Harding by Philip de László, 1921
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  Portrait of Calvin Coolidge by Charles S. Hopkinson, 1932
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  Portrait of Grace Goodhue Coolidge by Howard Chandler Christy, 1924
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  Portrait of Herbert Hoover by Elmer Wesley Greene, 1956
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  Portrait of Lou Henry Hoover by Richard Marsden Brown, 1950
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  Portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt by Frank O. Salisbury, 1947
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  Portrait of Eleanor Roosevelt by Douglas Chandor, 1949
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  Portrait of Harry S. Truman by Martha Greta Kempton, 1947
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  Portrait of Elizabeth Truman by Martha Greta Kempton, 1967
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  Portrait of Dwight D. Eisenhower by James Anthony Wills, 1967
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  Portrait of Mamie Doud Eisenhower by Thomas Edgar Stephens, 1959
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  Portrait of John F. Kennedy by Aaron Shikler, 1970
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  Portrait of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy by Aaron Shikler, 1970
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  Portrait of Lyndon B. Johnson by Elizabeth Shoumatoff, 1968
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  Portrait of Lady Bird Johnson by Elizabeth Shoumatoff, 1968
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  Portrait of Richard Nixon by James Anthony Wills, 1984
• 
  Portrait of Pat Nixon by Henriette Wyeth, 1978

Additional portraits

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  Benjamin Franklin by Benjamin Wilson, 1759
• 
  Portrait of Benjamin Franklin by David Martin, 1767
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  General Washington, Commander of the Continental Army by Charles Willson Peale, 1776
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  Benjamin Franklin by Gabriel de Saint-Aubin, 1777
• 
  Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan by Gainsborough Dupont, c. 1785
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  Thomas Jefferson by John Trumbull, 1788
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  James Hoban by John Christian Rauschner, c. 1800
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  Anna Payne Cutts by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1804
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  Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe by Charles Willson Peale, c. 1804
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  George Washington by Gilbert Stuart, c. 1805
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  Alexander Hamilton by John Trumbull, c. 1805
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  Andrew Jackson by John Wesley Jarvis, c. 1817
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  Lucy Payne Washington Todd by Matthew Harris Jouett, c. 1817-1820
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  Thomas Jefferson by Matthew Harris Jouett, c. 1817-1827
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  Colonel William Drayton by Samuel Finley Breese Morse, 1818
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  John Quincy Adams by Gilbert Stuart, 1818
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  Monchousia (White Plume), Kansa by Charles Bird King, c. 1822
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  Shaumonekusse (Prairie Wolf), Oto by Charles Bird King, c. 1822
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  Hayne Hudjihini (Eagle of Delight), Oto by Charles Bird King, c. 1822
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  Petalesharro (Generous Chief), Pawnee by Charles Bird King, c. 1822
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  Sharitahrish (Wicked Chief), Pawnee by Charles Bird King, c. 1822
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  George Washington by Rembrandt Peale, c. 1823
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  John Marshall by John Wesley Jarvis, 1825
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  John James Audubon by John Syme, 1826
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  Martin Van Buren by Francis Alexander, c. 1830-1840
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  Emily Donelson by Ralph Eleaser Whiteside Earl, 1830
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  Fanny Kemble by Thomas Sully, 1834
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  Andrew Jackson by Miner Kilbourne Kellogg, c. 1840
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  John Tyler by James Reid Lambdin, 1841
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  Portrait of Angelica Singleton Van Buren by Henry Inman, 1842
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  Daniel Webster by George Peter Alexander Healy, mid 19th-century
• 
  George Washington by Ernst Fischer, c. 1850-1852
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  James Buchanan by John Henry Brown, 1851
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  Abraham Lincoln by William F. Cogswell, 1869
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  Ulysses S. Grant by Unknown, late 19th-century
• 
  Caroline Lavinia Scott Harrison by Adolphe Yvon, c. 1880
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  Ulysses S. Grant by Thomas Le Clear, c. 1881
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  Thomas Jefferson by Eliphalet Frazer Andrews, 1884
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  The Blue Vase by Robert Lewis Reid, c. 1890-1910
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  Woman Standing With an Oar by Edmund Charles Tarbell, 1891
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  Ruth (Portrait of Ruth Harding) by Thomas Eakins, 1903
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  Young Mother and Two Children by Mary Cassatt, 1908
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  Rough Rider by Tadeusz Styka, c. 1909
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  Theodore Roosevelt by Fülöp László, 1910
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  Woodrow Wilson by Stephen Seymour Thomas, 1913
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  Abraham Lincoln by George Henry Story, c. 1915
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  Gypsy Girl with Flowers by Robert Henri, 1915
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  Woodrow Wilson by William Orpen, 1919

Landscape paintings

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  The President's House by George Munger, between c. 1814 and c. 1815
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  City of Washington from Beyond the Navy Yard by George Cooke, 1833
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  Fairmount Waterworks - Philadelphia by Nicolino Calyo, c. 1834
• 
  Niagara Falls From the Canadian Side by Victor de Grailly, c. 1845
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  Eastport and Passamaquoddy Bay by Victor de Grailly, c. 1845
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  The Indian's Vespers by A. B. Durand, 1847
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  Rutland Falls, Vermont by Frederic Edwin Church, 1848
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  West Point Near Garrisons by Robert Havell, Jr., 1850
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  Capitol, Washington by Unknown, c. 1850-1860
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  View of Lake George by Andrew Andrews, c. 1850−1860
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  Niagara Falls by John Frederick Kensett, c. 1852−1854
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  Going to Church by George Henry Durrie, 1853
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  Jones Inn, Winter by George Henry Durrie, 1853
• 
  Washington's Tomb at Mount Vernon by William Matthew Prior, c. 1853
• 
  Pastoral Landscape by Alvan Fisher, 1854
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  A Mountain Glimpse by Jasper Francis Cropsey, 1854
• 
  View of the City of Washington from the Virginia Shore by William MacLeod, 1856
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  Lake Among the Hills (Lake Mohonk) by William Hart, 1858
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  Farmyard in Winter by George Henry Durrie, 1858
• 
  Independence Hall in Philadelphia by Ferdinand Richardt, c. 1858-1863
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  Railway Station by Lefevre Cranstone, 1860
• 
  Hudson River Scene by Shepard Alonzo Mount, 1861
• 
  Washington, D.C. by Albert Bierstadt, c. 1863
• 
  The Rainbow in the Berkshire Hills by George Inness, 1869
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  Cannonading on the Potomac by Alfred W. Thompson, c. 1869
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  Deer by a Lake by Jasper Francis Cropsey, 1870
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  Rocky Mountain Landscape by Albert Bierstadt, 1870
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  Nocturne by James Abbott McNeill Whistler, c. 1870−1877
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  Crossing the River Platte by Worthington Whittredge, c. 1871
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  A Day at the Seashore by William Hahn, c. 1872-1878
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  Old Ferryboat at McCall's Ferry by Herman Herzog, c. 1875-1880
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  Paysage avec clocher (Landscape with Bell Tower) by Paul Cézanne, c. 1875 ^[a]
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  Maisons flottantes sur un fleuve (Houses Floating on a River) by Paul Cézanne, c. 1875-1877 ^[a]
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  Autumn Landscape on the Hudson River by Jasper Francis Cropsey, 1876
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  In the White Mountains, New Hampshire by William Louis Sonntag, 1876
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  Castle Rock, Nahant, Massachusetts by Alfred Thompson Bricher, 1877
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  Storm Clouds by Albert Bierstadt, c. 1880
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  Old Faithful by Albert Bierstadt, c. 1881
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  The Mellow Autumn Time by Jasper Francis Cropsey, c. 1884-1897
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  Sand Dunes at Sunset, Atlantic City by Henry Ossawa Tanner, c. 1885
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  Hameau à Payennet près de Gardanne (Hamlet at Payennet, near Gardanne) by Paul Cézanne, c. 1886-1890 ^[a]
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  New York Harbor and Battery by Andrew Melrose, c. 1887
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  Maison au bord de la Marne (House on the Marne) by Paul Cézanne, c. 1888-1894 ^[a]
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  Nevada Falls, Yosemite by Thomas Hill, 1889
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  Vernal Falls, Yosemite by Thomas Hill, 1889
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  Sitka Bay, Alaska by Theodore J. Richardson, 1889
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  Alaskan Landscape by Theodore J. Richardson, 1889
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  Landscape with Houses by Unknown, c. 1890
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  Sous-bois (Underwood) by Paul Cézanne, c. 1890-1892 ^[a]
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  Florida Sunrise by Martin Johnson Heade, c. 1890-1895
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  Woodland Pool by George Inness, 1891
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  The Farm Landing by Edward Mitchell Bannister, 1892
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  The Three Tetons by Thomas Moran, 1895
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  Yosemite, Bridal Veil Falls by Thomas Hill, 1895
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  Under the Palisades, in October by Jasper Francis Cropsey, 1895
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  View of Pennsylvania Avenue From the Treasury Building Looking Toward the Capitol by Walter Paris, 1895
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  Surf at Prout's Neck by Winslow Homer, c. 1895
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  Revere Beach by Maurice Prendergast, c. 1896-1897
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  A Stroll by the Capitol by Walter Paris, 1897
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  Matinée sur la Seine, le beau temps (Morning on the Seine, good weather) by Claude Monet, 1897
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  A Glimpse of Lake Champlain by Alexander Helwig Wyant, late 19th century
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  Wild Flowers by E. Folsom, late 19th century - early 20th century
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  Sunny Hills, California by Thaddeus Welch, late 19th century - early 20th century
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  Thatcher's Island off Rockport, Massachusetts by Worthington Whittredge, early 20th century
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  Fording the Horse Herd by Charles Marion Russell, 1900
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  Shinnecock Hills, Long Island by William Merritt Chase, 1900
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  Seascape by Childe Hassam, 1900
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  Captain Bickford's Float by John Henry Twachtman, 1900
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  Boy Resting in the Woods by Unknown, c. 1900
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  Porch of the Maidens at the Erechtheum by Stanford White, c. 1900
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  Street Scene in Winter (Snowstorm, New York) by Childe Hassam, 1901
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  Colonial Cottage, Cos Cob by Childe Hassam, 1902
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  The Capitol at Night by Colin Campbell Cooper, 1902
• 
  The Red Mill, by Ernest Lawson by Ernest Lawson, c. 1904
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  Maisons sur la colline, Provence (Houses on the Hill) by Paul Cézanne, c. 1904-1906 ^[a]
• 
  Hall's Quarry by Carroll Sargent Tyson, Jr., 1906
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  Barn in Winter by N.C. Wyeth, c. 1907
• 
  Rough Sea at Bailey's Island, Maine by Frederick Judd Waugh, 1909
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  Cliffs of Green River, Wyoming by Thomas Moran, c. 1909-1910
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  Golden Gate, Lands End by Theodore Wores, c. 1911-1912
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  Lands End Looking Towards the Golden Gate by Theodore Wores, c. 1911-1912
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  Point Lobos, Monterey, California by Thomas Moran, 1912
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  Princeton Landscape by Ellen Axson Wilson, c. 1913
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  Telegraph Hill - San Francisco by Childe Hassam, 1914
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  May Breezes by Robert Spencer, 1914
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  Gloucester Dock by Henry Hobart Nichols, 1915
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  Clove Pond by William James Glackens, c. 1916
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  Pavilion at Gloucester by William James Glackens, 1919
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  Three Children by George Bellows, 1919
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  Brooklyn Bridge, Winter by Guy C. Wiggins, c. 1920-1930
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  East River, New York by Guy C. Wiggins, c. 1920-1930
• 
  Carl Schurz Park by William James Glackens, c. 1922
• 
  Spring in the Valley by Willard Metcalf, c. 1924
• 
  September Evening, Mount McKinley, Alaska by Sydney Laurence, 1925
• 
  Kimberly Crest, Redlands, California by Colin Campbell Cooper, c. 1929

Marine paintings

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  Landing of the Pilgrims by Michele Felice Cornè, between c. 1805 and c. 1807
• 
  The First Naval Action in the War of 1812 by William John Huggins, 1816
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  Three-Masted British Barque by Henry Moses, c. 1820-1840
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  Mouth of the Delaware by Thomas Birch, 1828
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  Three-Master American Barque by William James Bennett, c. 1830-1840
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  View of the Harbor of Hong Kong by Unknown, c. 1847-1856
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  View of the Harbor at Canton by Unknown, c. 1847-1856
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  Laying of the Atlantic Cable by Unknown, c. 1850
• 
  View of Hong Kong by Unknown, c. 1853
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  View of Macao by Unknown, c. 1853
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  Boston Harbor by Fitz Hugh Lane, 1854
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  Sailing off the Coast by Martin Johnson Heade, 1869
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  Three-Masted American Barque Samar by Unknown, 1875-1890
• 
  Welcome by Carl Calusd, c. 1900-1909
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  The Presidential Yacht Mayflower by Alfred Addy, c. 1902-1929
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  Boston Harbor by Maurice Prendergast, c. 1907-1910
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  U.S.S. Galena by Antonio Jacobsen, 1909
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  U.S.S. Constitution by Gordon Grant, 1926

Still life paintings

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  Fruit in a Chinese Export Basket by James Peale, 1822
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  Grapes and Apples by James Peale, c. 1825-1831
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  Still Life With Fruit by Severin Roesen, 1850
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  Still Life With Fruit, Goblet, and Canary (Nature's Bounty) by Severin Roesen, 1851
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  Floral Still Life with Nest of Eggs by Severin Roesen, c. 1851−1852
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  Still Life with Fruit by Rubens Peale, c. 1862
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  Still Life With Quince, Apples, and Pears by Paul Cézanne, c. 1885-1887 ^[a]
• 
  The Cincinnati Enquirer by William Michael Harnett, 1888
• 
  Still Life With Skull by Paul Cézanne, c. 1900 ^[a]
• 
  Red Roses and Green Leaves by Martin Johnson Heade, c. 1903
• 
  Bouquet with Ferns by William James Glackens, c. 1920-1925

Additional paintings

• 
  To the Genius of Franklin by Jean-Honoré Fragonard, c. 1778
• 
  George Washington Triumphantly Entering Boston by Unknown, c. 1834
• 
  Emigrant Scene by William Henry Powell, 1837
• 
  A Hartford Family by Unknown, c. 1840-1850
• 
  Lighter Relieving the Steamboat Aground by George Caleb Bingham, 1847
• 
  George Washington Accepts the Surrender of British General Cornwallis by Jean Zuber et Cie, c. 1850
• 
  Boys Crabbing by William Ranney, 1855
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  Waiting for the Hour by William Tolman Carlton, 1863
• 
  The Republican Court in the Days of Lincoln by Peter Frederick Rothermel, c. 1867
• 
  The Peacemakers by George P.A. Healy, 1868
• 
  Liberty by Constantino Brumidi, 1869
• 
  Union by Constantino Brumidi, 1869
• 
  The Declaration of Independence of the United States of America, July 4, 1776 by Charles Édouard Armand-Dumaresq, c. 1873
• 
  Hands Up! -- The Capture of Finnigan by Frederic Remington, 1888
• 
  Flowering Dogwood by Caroline Harrison, c. 1889-1892
• 
  Butterfly by Albert Bierstadt, January 20, 1893
• 
  Signing of the Peace Protocol Between Spain and the United States, August 12, 1898 by Théobald Chartran, 1899
• 
  The Mosquito Net by John Singer Sargent, 1912
• 
  The Clock Room, Quai d'Orsay by Fülöp László, 1928

Sculptures

• 
  Giuliano de' Medici by Unknown, c. 1524-1534
• 
  Lorenzo de' Medici by Unknown, c. 1524-1534
• 
  Benjamin Franklin by Giovan Battista Nini, 1777
• 
  George Washington by Unknown, c. 1790
• 
  George Washington by Giuseppe Ceracchi, c. 1790-1794
• 
  Joel Barlow by Jean Antoine Houdon, c. 1804
• 
  Benjamin Franklin by the National Porcelain Factory of Sèvres, c. 1810
• 
  Amerigo Vespucci by Giuseppe Ceracchi, c. 1815
• 
  Christopher Columbus by Giuseppe Ceracchi, c. 1815
• 
  George Washington by Enoch Wood, 1818
• 
  Benjamin Franklin by Unknown, c. 1820
• 
  George Washington by Unknown, c. 1830-1850
• 
  Martin Van Buren by Hiram Powers, 1840
• 
  Daniel Webster by Unknown, Mid 19th-century
• 
  Henry Clay by Joel T. Hart, c. 1850-1860
• 
  Patrick Henry by Miskey Warner, c. 1860
• 
  John Bright by John Warrington Wood, 1864
• 
  The Buffalo Hunt by Theodore Baur, c. 1882-1886
• 
  Female with Cupid by Unknown, c. 1870
• 
  Diane De Gabies by Unknown, c. 1870
• 
  Classical Male and Female by Unknown, c. 1870
• 
  Classical Male Figure by Unknown, c. 1870
• 
  Angler by Sylvain Kinsburger, Late 19th-century
• 
  Abraham Lincoln by Charles Henry Niehaus, Late 19th-century
• 
  Benjamin Harrison by Charles Henry Niehaus, Late 19th-century
• 
  Neighboring Pews by John Rogers, 1883
• 
  Nathan Hale by Frederick William MacMonnies, c. 1890
• 
  The Bronco Buster by Frederic Remington, c. 1903
• 
  Horatio Nelson by Unknown, 1905
• 
  George Washington by the National Porcelain Factory of Sèvres, 1905
• 
  Benjamin Franklin by the National Porcelain Factory of Sèvres, 1905
• 
  Abraham Lincoln by Gutzon Borglum, 1908
• 
  Descending Night by Adolph Alexander Weinman, c. 1915-1923
• 
  Rising Day by Adolph Alexander Weinman, c. 1915-1923
• 
  Our Vanishing Wildlife by Alexander Pope Jr., c. 1915-1924
• 
  Appeal to the Great Spirit by Cyrus E. Dallin, c. 1916
• 
  Coming Through the Rye by Frederic Remington, 1918
• 
  Paolo Romano (Jennewein) by Carl Paul Jennewein, 1918
• 
  Women and Cherubs by the National Porcelain Factory of Sèvres, 1920
• 
  Fortunata by Andrew O'Connor, c. 1923
• 
  George Washington by Gyula Julius Bezeredi, 1923
• 
  Louis Kossuth by Gyula Julius Bezeredi, 1923
• 
  Gardener by Sylvia Shaw Judson, 1929
• 
  Timmy (Tiny Tim) by Laura Gardin Fraser, 1929

See also

• Committee for the Preservation of the White House
• United States Capitol art
  • List of artwork at the United States Capitol complex
• White House Acquisition Trust

References

Notes

1. Upon the death of American art historian and art collector Charles Loeser in 1928, his will directed that the President of the United States would be able to choose eight of his Paul Cézanne "to adorn the White House". ^{[10] [11]}

Sources

1. "Art in the White House". clintonwhitehouse4.archives.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
2. "Art for the President's House: An Historical Perspective (Early - Middle 1800's)". georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
3. "Diversity in White House Art". WHHA (en-US). Retrieved 9 March 2021.
4. "Reagan to Obama: Naval Art in the White House". U.S. Naval Institute. 1 February 2009. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
5. Taubman, Howard (20 July 1967). "Art in the White House; Quality Portraits of the First Ladies And Americana Are Sought for Mansion (Published 1967)". The New York Times. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
6. Wecker, Menachem (5 February 2018). "Beyond the Golden Toilet: How Does Art End Up in the White House, and What Does It Tell Us About Our Leaders?". Artnet News. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
7. Kloss, William; Bolger, Doreen; Curry, David Park; Monkman, Betty; Wilmerding, John (1992). Art in the White House: A Nation's Pride. White House Historical Association. ISBN   978-0-8109-3965-3 . Retrieved 9 March 2021.
8. Bednarz, Christine (31 October 2012). "When President Becomes Curator: Art in the White House". MutualArt. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
9. "Art in the White House". White House Historical Association. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
10. "LOESER WILL CALLS HARVARD UNSIGHTLY; Art Critic, Writing in 1924, Regretted New Buildings in "Yard" He Loved. MAKES IT RESIDUARY HEIR Bequest of $500,000, Contingent on Trust Fund to Wife and Daughter, Is Not for Construction. Harvard Is Residuary Legatee. Sister Gets Williams Estate". The New York Times . 7 April 1928. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
11. "WHITE HOUSE HANGS 2 CEZANNE PAINTINGS". The New York Times . 4 May 1961. Retrieved 25 July 2022.

External links

• The White House Collection