2020 Libertarian National Convention

Last updated
2020 Libertarian National Convention
2020 presidential election
2020 Libertarian National Convention logo.png
L20 President oval 2.png L20 Vice President oval.png
Nominees
Jorgensen and Cohen
Convention
Date(s)May 22–24 and
July 7–12, 2020
CityNone (May)
Orlando, FL (July)
VenueOnline (May)
OCCC (July) [1]
Chair Nicholas Sarwark
Candidates
Presidential nominee Jo Jorgensen
Vice presidential nominee Spike Cohen
Voting
Total delegates1,026 delegates [2]
‹  2018  ·  2022  ›

The 2020 Libertarian National Convention delegates selected the Libertarian Party nominees for president and vice president in the 2020 United States presidential election. Primaries were held, but were preferential in nature and did not determine delegate allocation. The convention was originally scheduled to be held from May 21 to May 25 at the JW Marriott Austin luxury hotel in downtown Austin, Texas. [3] [4] On April 26, all reservations at the JW Marriott Austin were canceled in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, leaving the convention oversight committee to seek another venue for a possible July date. [5]

Contents

After extensive discussion and debate surrounding the question of whether the party's bylaws permitted it to convene online, [6] the convention was eventually scheduled to be held online from May 22 to May 24 to nominate the party's presidential ticket and in Orlando, Florida from July 7 to July 12 to conduct other business. [7]

Nominations and balloting

Chair election

Joe Bishop-Henchman, Tony D'Orazio, Jacob Lamont, Mike Shipley, and Joshua Smith ran for chair of the Libertarian National Committee. Bishop-Henchman and Smith were both incumbent at-large representatives on the committee. Bishop-Henchman was also the incumbent chair of the DC Libertarian Party. [8] Smith previously ran for national chair at the 2018 convention. [9] Incumbent LNC Chair Nicholas Sarwark announced that he would not be running for a fourth term and endorsed Joe Bishop-Henchman. [10] [11]

Endorsements

Joe Bishop-Henchman
Federal legislators
Party officials
Tony D'Orazio
Candidates
Joshua Smith
Federal officials

Results

No one won a majority on the first round. Mike Shipley was eliminated, while Tony D’Orazio and Jacob Lamont were eliminated after a motion to proceed to a runoff between the top two candidates passed. Joe Bishop-Henchman was elected on the second round [15] [16]

2020 Libertarian National Committee chair election
First Round [17]
CandidateFirst BallotPercentage
Joe Bishop-Henchman42543.8%
Joshua Smith32733.7%
Tony D’Orazio868.9%
Jacob Lamont606.2%
Mike Shipley383.9%
NOTA 272.8%
Dulap Nelson (write-in)40.4%
Brandon Nelson (write-in)20.2%
Alex Merced (write-in)10.1%
Totals970100%
2020 Libertarian National Committee chair election
Second Round [17]
CandidateFirst BallotPercentage
Joe Bishop-Henchman 528 54.5%
Joshua Smith39739.1%
NOTA 575.9%
Tony D’Orazio (write-in)40.4%
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in)10.1%
Totals969100%

Vice-chair election

Incumbent LNC Vice Chair Alex Merced indicated that he would not seek re-election. [18]

Presidential nomination

Delegates were required to submit nominating tokens for candidates who they wished to place on the ballot for the nomination. [19] 30 Tokens was the threshold for being nominated, [20] with Jo Jorgensen, Jacob Hornberger, Vermin Supreme, John Monds, James P. Gray and Adam Kokesh meeting that mark. [19]

Vice-presidential nomination

The Libertarian Party delegates selected the party's vice-presidential nominee the day after they selected the presidential nominee. [21]

Endorsements

Nominee
Spike Cohen
Individuals
  • Jacob Hornberger, founder and president of the Future of Freedom Foundation; 2020 presidential candidate [22]
  • Vermin Supreme, performance artist, activist and political satirist; 2020 presidential candidate [23]
Withdrawn
Ken Armstrong
Individuals
John McAfee
Individuals
  • Adam Kokesh, activist; 2020 presidential candidate [25] (later endorsed Sharpe)
John Monds
Individuals
Larry Sharpe
Judicial officials
Individuals

Theme

The "Libersign", adopted as the Libertarian Party emblem in 1972. Libersign - TANSTAAFL.jpg
The "Libersign", adopted as the Libertarian Party emblem in 1972.

In early 2019, the Libertarian Party held a contest, allowing members to decide the 2020 convention theme, charging $5 a vote. [27] On April 11, it was announced that the winning theme was "TANSTAAFL", [28] an acronym for "There Ain't No Such Thing As a Free Lunch", a libertarian economic concept popularized by American writer Robert Heinlein and subsequently Chicagoan school economist Milton Friedman. [29] The phrase was also embodied in the Libertarian Party's first logo, adopted in 1972, in an image known as the "Libersign". [30]

The second place theme was Ancapistan, an anarcho-capitalist utopia. Ancapistan, although controversial within the Party, was number one for many weeks during the contest, until in the final remaining hours leading up to midnight it was outspent by a few supporters of TANSTAAFL.

The theme contest raked in $24,007 for the LP to gear towards convention expenses. [28]

Convention speakers

Planned speakers

According to the convention website, the following notable people were scheduled speakers: [31]

Keynote speaker dispute

Black Guns Matter founder and 2019 candidate for Philadelphia City Council At-Large Maj Toure was initially chosen to be the convention's keynote speaker. This changed in November 2019, when Convention Oversight Committee Chairman Daniel Hayes rescinded Toure's invitation. Hayes cited tweets posted by Toure that were perceived as being transphobic and anti-immigrant. [32] Larry Sharpe, host of The Sharpe Way and 2018 Libertarian candidate for New York Governor was later selected to replace Toure as keynote speaker. [33]

Delegate allocation

Delegates to the convention were allocated based on the number of sustaining members of the national Libertarian Party per state, as well as the percentage of the vote cast by state in the 2016 presidential election for Libertarian presidential nominee Gary Johnson. Delegates voted for changes to the national party's platform and bylaws, on members of the Libertarian National Committee and on the party's 2020 presidential and vice-presidential nominees. [34] A total of 1,046 delegates were selected to vote at the convention. [35]

Events

On the night of May 21 (EST), the final debates for president and vice-president are being held. Participation was limited to those candidates who had finished in the top five in receiving "debate tokens" from the national convention delegates, and had also received over 10% of those tokens. [36] Jim Gray, Jacob Hornberger, Jo Jorgensen, John Monds and Vermin Supreme all met this threshold and participated in the debate. [36] For the vice-presidential debate, participation was also limited to candidates in the top five with a 10% threshold. [36] Larry Sharpe, Spike Cohen and Ken Armstrong participated in the debate, with John McAfee placing in the top five but not receiving 10% of the tokens. [lower-alpha 1] [36]

Schedule

Due to the coronavirus epidemic, the balloting for the LP presidential nomination was held online, while the rest of the convention was scheduled be held in person in July. [6] [21] Several practice runs were done the previous weekend. [37]

Sunday, May 17th

Final Credentials Committee Report Pre-convention

Thursday, May 21st

Both were broadcast on the Libertarian Party's YouTube channel.

Friday, May 22nd

Saturday, May 23rd

Jo Jorgensen is nominated on the fourth ballot. [39]

Sunday, May 24th

Spike Cohen is nominated on the third ballot.

Presidential nomination results

Nomination round

Only candidates who received 30 or more tokens from the delegates qualified for the ballot.

2020 Libertarian National Convention Presidential vote – Nominations [40]
CandidateTokensPercentage
Jacob Hornberger 21824.8%
Jo Jorgensen 19322.0%
Vermin Supreme 10311.7%
John Monds 9510.8%
Jim Gray 8910.1%
Adam Kokesh 586.6%
Justin Amash (write-in)273.1%
Arvin Vohra273.1%
Dan Behrman182.1%
Sam Robb141.6%
Kim Ruff (write-in)111.3%
Sorinne Ardeleanu91.0%
Spike Cohen (write-in)70.8%
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in)60.7%
Larry Sharpe (write-in)40.5%
Totals879100%

There were several attempts to place candidates who had not received 30 tokens on the ballot anyway, with special attention drawn to an attempt to place “Great Meteor of Death” on the ballot. [41]

Balloting

First round delegate winner by state/territory: .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Jo Jorgensen Jacob Hornberger John Monds Vermin Supreme Jim Gray Justin Amash (write-in) Tie Libertarian Party presidential convention first round, 2020.svg
First round delegate winner by state/territory:
  Jo Jorgensen
  Jacob Hornberger
  John Monds
  Vermin Supreme
  Jim Gray
  Justin Amash (write-in)
  Tie
Second round delegate winner by state/territory: Jo Jorgensen Jacob Hornberger John Monds Vermin Supreme Jim Gray Tie Libertarian Party presidential convention second round, 2020.svg
Second round delegate winner by state/territory:
  Jo Jorgensen
  Jacob Hornberger
  John Monds
  Vermin Supreme
  Jim Gray
  Tie
Third round delegate winner by state/territory: Jo Jorgensen Jacob Hornberger John Monds Vermin Supreme Tie Libertarian Party presidential convention third round, 2020.svg
Third round delegate winner by state/territory:
  Jo Jorgensen
  Jacob Hornberger
  John Monds
  Vermin Supreme
  Tie
Final round delegate winner by state/territory: Jo Jorgensen Jacob Hornberger Vermin Supreme Tie Libertarian Party presidential convention fourth round, 2020.svg
Final round delegate winner by state/territory:
  Jo Jorgensen
  Jacob Hornberger
  Vermin Supreme
  Tie

No candidate achieved the majority on the first ballot, so there was a second ballot vote. Due to finishing last of the six nominated candidates, Kokesh was excluded from the second ballot. No candidate achieved the majority on the second ballot, so there was a third ballot vote. Due to finishing last of the five remaining nominated candidates, Gray was excluded from the third ballot. Gray subsequently endorsed Jorgensen in his concession speech while Gray's running mate Larry Sharpe withdrew from the vice-presidential nomination. No candidate achieved the majority on the third ballot, so there was a fourth ballot vote. Due to finishing last of the four remaining nominated candidates, Monds was excluded from the fourth ballot. Monds subsequently endorsed Jorgensen in his concession speech and indicated he would accept the vice-presidential nomination if offered by the delegates.

Jorgensen was nominated on the fourth ballot with 51.1% of the vote.

2020 Libertarian National Convention Presidential vote – First Round [42] Second Round [43] Third Round [44] Fourth Round [45]
CandidateNominationsPercentageNominationsPercentageNominationsPercentageNominationsPercentage
Jo Jorgensen 24824.4%33933.0%39038.1%52451.07%
Jacob Hornberger 23623.2%25725.0%26425.7%28527.8%
Vermin Supreme 17116.8%18417.9%18818.3%20620.1%
John Monds 14714.5%16916.4%17416.7%10.1%
Jim Gray 989.6%646.2%––––
Adam Kokesh 777.6%60.6%10.1%10.1%
None of the Above 80.8%60.6%70.7%40.5%
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in)50.5%10.1%10.1%10.1%
Sorinne Ardeleanu (write-in)20.2%––––10.1%
John Ammens (write-in)––––––10.1%
Ryan Graham (write-in)––––––10.1%
Godzilla (write-in)––––––10.1%
Laura Ebke (write-in)––––10.1%–-
Justin Amash (write-in)171.7%10.1%––––
Darryl Perry (write-in)––10.1%––––
Arvin Vohra (write-in)30.3%––––––
Edward Snowden (write-in)20.2%––––––
Rhett Boogie (write-in)10.1%––––––
Lincoln Chafee (write-in)10.1%––––––
John Stossel (write-in)10.1%––––––
Totals1,017100%1,028100%1,026100%1,026100%

Vice presidential nomination results

Only candidates who received 30 or more tokens from the convention delegates qualified for the ballot.

Nomination round

2020 Libertarian National Convention Vice Presidential vote – Nominations [46] [ better source needed ]
CandidateTokensPercentage
Spike Cohen 30234.6%
John Monds 29633.9%
Ken Armstrong 11513.2%
Adam Kokesh 697.9%
Larry Sharpe (write-in)212.4%
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in)202.3%
Zoltan Istvan 70.8%
Vermin Supreme (write-in)70.8%
James P. Gray (write-in)60.7%
John McAfee 60.7%
Sam Robb (write-in)50.6%
Tulsi Gabbard (write-in)20.2%
Michael Heise (write-in)20.2%
Ron Paul (write-in)20.2%
Totals874100%

Balloting

Prior to voting, presidential nominee Jo Jorgensen said that she would be voting for John Monds as her vice presidential running mate, but declined to endorse a candidate.

No candidate achieved the majority on the first ballot, so there was a second ballot vote. Due to finishing last of the four nominated candidates, Kokesh was excluded from the second ballot. No candidate achieved the majority on the second ballot, so there was a third ballot vote. Due to finishing last of the three remaining nominated candidates, Armstrong was excluded from the third ballot. Armstrong endorsed Cohen in his concession speech. Cohen received the vice presidential nomination on the third ballot.

2020 Libertarian National Convention Vice Presidential vote – First Round [46] Second Round [47] Third Round [48]
CandidateNominationsPercentageNominationsPercentageNominationsPercentage
Spike Cohen 41640.6%47446.2%53352.2%
John Monds 32231.5%43242.2%47246.2%
Ken Armstrong18017.6%969.2%10.1%
Adam Kokesh 878.5%40.4%30.3%
None of the above 70.7%121.2%101.0%
John McAfee (write-in)20.2%––––
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in)20.2%––––
Justin Amash (write-in)10.1%10.1%––
Sorinne Ardeleanu (write-in)10.1%10.1%10.1%
Julian Assange (write-in)10.1%10.1%––
Rhett Boogie (write-in)10.1%––––
Michael Cordova (write-in)––––10.1%
Laura Ebke (write-in)10.1%––––
Michael Kalagias (write-in)10.1%––––
–––
Ron Paul (write-in)––10.1%10.1%
Nicholas Sarwark (write-in)10.1%––––
Edward Snowden (write-in)10.1%20.2%––
Chris Spangle (write-in)––20.2%––
Vermin Supreme (write-in)10.1%––––
Totals1,02410%1,025100%1,022100%

Delegate polling

National polling of delegates to the Convention

Both of these polls were conducted using ranked choice voting, progression down the table indicates later rounds of voting as the candidate with the lowest total is eliminated.

Poll sourceSample sizeDate(s) Amash Gray Hornberger Jorgensen Kokesh Monds Supreme Others
OpaVote Archived 2020-06-03 at the Wayback Machine Released May 19, 2020350 (V) [lower-alpha 2] – [lower-alpha 3] 17.4%22.9%22%7.7%9.1%12.6%8.3 [lower-alpha 4] [lower-alpha 5]
17.4%22.9%22%7.7%9.1%12.6%8.3 [lower-alpha 6] [lower-alpha 5]
17.7%23.1%22.3%7.7%9.1%12.6%7.4% [lower-alpha 7] [lower-alpha 5]
17.7%23.4%22.3%7.7%9.7%12.9%6.3% [lower-alpha 8] [lower-alpha 5]
17.7%24.0%22.3%8.6%10%13.7%3.7% [lower-alpha 9] [lower-alpha 5]
19.2%24.4%23%8.8%10.5%14.2%– [lower-alpha 10]
20.4%25.7%26%–11.5%16.3%– [lower-alpha 11]
22%27.6%31.8%––18.7%– [lower-alpha 12]
26.5%32.4%41.1%–––– [lower-alpha 13]
–39.5%60.5%–––– [lower-alpha 14]
36.2%6.1%17.1%12.8%7%5.5%9.9%5.4% [lower-alpha 15] [lower-alpha 5]
36.2%6.1%17.1%12.8%7%5.5%9.9%5.4% [lower-alpha 16] [lower-alpha 5]
36.2%6.1%17.4%12.8%7%5.5%10.1%4.9% [lower-alpha 17] [lower-alpha 5]
36.2%6.4%18%13%7%5.5%10.1%3.7% [lower-alpha 18] [lower-alpha 5]
36.8%6.7%18.1%13.2%7%5.6%10.2%2.3% [lower-alpha 19] [lower-alpha 20]
37.1%6.7%18.7%13.2%7.6%5.8%10.8%– [lower-alpha 20]
37.7%7%19.9%15.2%7.9%–12.3%– [lower-alpha 20]
39.4%–20.6%19.1%8.2%–12.6%– [lower-alpha 21]
41.1%–21.9%22.2%––14.7%– [lower-alpha 11]
44.9%–25.6%29.4%–––– [lower-alpha 13]
52.8%––47.2%–––– [lower-alpha 22]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Fifth place went to Monds, who was not running for vice-president
  2. ↑ Ranked Choice Voting
  3. ↑ Without Amash
  4. ↑ None of the Above with 3.7%; Vohra with 2.3%; Behrman with 1.4%; Robb with 0.9%; Brian Ellison with no votes
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 No votes exhausted
  6. ↑ None of the Above with 3.7%; Vohra with 2.3%; Behrman with 1.4%; Robb with 0.9%
  7. ↑ None of the Above with 3.7%; Vohra with 2.3%; Behrman with 1.4%
  8. ↑ None of the Above with 3.7%; Vohra with 2.6%
  9. ↑ None of the Above with 3.7%
  10. ↑ 6 votes exhausted
  11. 1 2 12 votes exhausted
  12. ↑ 13 votes exhausted
  13. 1 2 29 votes exhausted
  14. ↑ 46 votes exhausted
  15. ↑ Vohra with 2.3%; None of the Above with 1.4%; Behra and Robb with 0.9%; Brian Ellison with no votes
  16. ↑ Vohra with 2.3%; None of the Above with 1.4%; Behra and Robb with 0.9%
  17. ↑ Vohra with 2.3%; None of the Above with 1.4%; Robb with 1.2%
  18. ↑ Vohra with 2.3%; None of the Above with 1.4%
  19. ↑ Vohra with 2.3%
  20. 1 2 3 3 votes exhausted
  21. ↑ 5 votes exhausted
  22. ↑ 40 votes exhausted

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References

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  2. ↑ "Public copy of Presidential spreadsheet". LNC Votes (Google Group). Libertarian National Committee. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
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  4. ↑ Bryce, Tim (May 12, 2019). "The 2020 Election Schedule starts soon". NewsTalk Florida. Retrieved May 21, 2019.
  5. ↑ Hayes, Daniel (April 26, 2020). "COVID-19 and the Libertarian National Convention" . Retrieved April 26, 2020.
  6. 1 2 Doherty, Brian (May 9, 2020). "Libertarian Party To Choose Its Presidential Ticket in Virtual Vote Over Memorial Day Weekend". Reason . Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  7. ↑ Winger, Richard (May 9, 2020). "Libertarian Party Will Use On-Line Process to Choose National Ticket in Late May, Then Hold an In-Person July Convention for Other Business". Ballot Access News . Retrieved May 10, 2020.
  8. ↑ "About". Joe Bishop-Henchman for Chair.[ permanent dead link ]
  9. ↑ Bentley, Robert J. (January 10, 2020). "Profiles in Libertarianism: Joshua Smith, Candidate for Chair of the Libertarian Party". The Liberty Herald. Archived from the original on January 28, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020.
  10. 1 2 Sarwark, Nick. "Nicholas Sarwark". Facebook. Retrieved 2020-03-12.
  11. ↑ "Mike Shipley, Anarchist". www.facebook.com.
  12. ↑ Amash, Justin (May 22, 2020). "My conversations with @jbhenchman convince me that he recognizes the great opportunities available to the @LPNational, wants the party to realize its potential, and will work decisively toward that end" . Retrieved May 22, 2020– via Twitter.com.
  13. ↑ "LDCL: Larry Sharpe and Tony D'Orazio for Candidate for LNC Chair at 2pm ET" – via www.youtube.com.
  14. ↑ @JoshuaAtLarge (July 1, 2020). "Thank you to @RonPaul for an awesome..." (Tweet) – via Twitter.
  15. ↑ Ebarb, Reed (2020-07-12). "New Chairman Elected For Libertarian National Committee". Independent Political Report. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  16. ↑ "Libertarian Party Elects New National Chair | Ballot Access News". 11 July 2020. Retrieved 2022-04-01.
  17. 1 2 Harlos, Caryn Ann (5 December 2020). "2020 Libertarian Party Convention Minutes (Second Sitting)" (PDF). LPedia. p. 49, 53. Retrieved 1 September 2021.
  18. ↑ "Am I running for re-election as LNC Vice-Chair?". January 26, 2020. Retrieved January 27, 2020– via YouTube.com.
  19. 1 2 Winger, Richard (May 23, 2020). "Six Candidates for President at Libertarian Convention Qualify to be Nominated". Ballot Access News. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  20. ↑ Frankel, Paul (May 23, 2020). "30 is the threshold for nomination speeches". Independent Political Report. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  21. 1 2 "Schedule".
  22. ↑ "Libertarian Party Mises Caucus". Twitter. May 23, 2020.
  23. ↑ "Vermin Supreme". Twitter. December 17, 2019. Retrieved December 26, 2019.
  24. ↑ Frankel, Paul (May 23, 2020). "From Larry Sharpe, Libertarian for VP..." Independent Political Report. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  25. ↑ Welch, Matt (13 April 2020). "Judge Jim Gray To Seek Libertarian Presidential Nomination". Reason. Retrieved 14 April 2020.
  26. ↑ Doherty, Brian (May 24, 2020). "Libertarian Party Picks Spike Cohen as Its Vice-Presidential Candidate". Reason. Retrieved May 24, 2020.
  27. ↑ Harper, Jennifer (April 4, 2019). "Crafty: The 1% Democrats take over the presidential race". The Washington Times . Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  28. 1 2 "Convention Theme Contest WINNER!". LP.org. April 11, 2019. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
  29. ↑ Safire, William "On Language; Words Left Out in the Cold" New York Times, 2-14-1993
  30. ↑ "LPNews – December 2011" (PDF). Archived from the original on 2020-02-15. Retrieved 2019-06-30.
  31. ↑ "2020 Speakers | 2020 LNC Convention". Libertarianconvention.org. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  32. ↑ Brennan, Chris; Seidman, Andrew (November 15, 2019). "Maj Toure exits the Libertarian Party in controversy after a failed bid for City Council". The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  33. ↑ "We are pleased to announce that the Keynote speaker for the 2020 Libertarian National Convention will be Larry Sharpe" . Retrieved November 17, 2019– via Facebook.com.
  34. ↑ "LP News 2017-3 (June)" (PDF). Retrieved 2019-09-16.
  35. ↑ Winger, Richard (May 21, 2020). "Libertarian Party Has 1,046 Delegates for its Virtual Presidential Convention". Ballot Access News. Retrieved May 22, 2020.
  36. 1 2 3 4 Paulie (May 21, 2020). "LP official presidential debates tonight; lineups announced". Independent Political Report. Retrieved May 21, 2020.
  37. ↑ Galloway, Jim; Journal-Constitution, The Atlanta. "Opinion: Libertarians to be first to nominate a presidential candidate via virtual convention". ajc.
  38. ↑ Johnston, Bob (May 21, 2020). "Presidential and Vice-Presidential Debates May 21".
  39. ↑ "Jo Jorgensen Wins Libertarian Party Presidential Nomination". May 24, 2020.
  40. ↑ LNC Convention Day 2. Libertarian Party. May 23, 2020. Event occurs at 1:11:10. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  41. ↑ Dawson, Noah (May 26, 2020). "How the Libertarian Party Nominated Jo Jorgensen and Spike Cohen". The Amarillo Pioneer. Retrieved June 4, 2020.
  42. ↑ LNC Convention Day 2-1. Libertarian Party. May 23, 2020. Event occurs at 7:48:19. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  43. ↑ LNC Convention Day 2. Libertarian Party. May 23, 2020. Event occurs at 9:27:47. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  44. ↑ LNC Convention Day 2. Libertarian Party. May 23, 2020. Event occurs at 10:49:02. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  45. ↑ "2020 Libertarian National Convention Proceedings".
  46. 1 2 LNC Convention Day 3. Libertarian Party. May 23, 2020. Event occurs at 3:19:01. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  47. ↑ LNC Convention Day 3. Libertarian Party. May 23, 2020. Event occurs at 4:15:01. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
  48. ↑ LNC Convention Day 3. Libertarian Party. May 23, 2020. Event occurs at 5:06:08. Retrieved February 10, 2024.
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