In his 1999 memoir Prison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance, Peltier admitted to participating in the shootout but said he did not kill the FBI agents.[8][9] Human rights watchdogs, such as Amnesty International, and political figures including Nelson Mandela, Mother Teresa, and the 14th Dalai Lama, have campaigned for clemency for Peltier.[10][11] On January 18, 2017, it was announced that President Barack Obama denied Peltier's application for clemency.[12]
At the time of the shootout, Peltier was an active member of AIM, an Indigenous rights advocacy group that worked to combat the racism and police brutality experienced by Native Americans.[13] Peltier ran for president of the United States in 2004, winning the nomination of the Peace and Freedom Party, and receiving 27,607 votes, limited to the ballot in California. He ran for vice president of the United States in 2020 on the Party for Socialism and Liberation ticket with Gloria La Riva as the presidential candidate, as well as tickets for other left-wing parties and on the ballot of the Peace and Freedom Party. For health reasons, Peltier withdrew from those tickets on August 1, 2020.[14][15][16]
Peltier was born on September 12, 1944,[17] at the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa near Belcourt, North Dakota, in a family of 13 children.[18] Peltier's parents divorced when he was four years old.[19] Leonard and his sister Betty Ann lived with their paternal grandparents Alex and Mary Dubois-Peltier in the Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation.[9] In September 1953, at the age of nine, Leonard was enrolled at the Wahpeton Indian School in Wahpeton, North Dakota, an Indian boarding school run by the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).[19] Leonard remained 150 miles (240km) away from his home at Wahpeton Indian School through the ninth grade; the school forced assimilation to white American culture by requiring the children to use English and forbidding the inclusion of Native American culture.[20] He graduated from Wahpeton in May 1957, and attended the Flandreau Indian School in Flandreau, South Dakota.[21] After finishing the ninth grade, he returned to the Turtle Mountain Reservation to live with his father.[21] Peltier later obtained a general equivalency degree (GED).[20]
Career and activism
In 1965, Peltier relocated to Seattle, Washington.[20] Peltier worked as a welder, a construction worker, and as the co-owner of an auto shop in Seattle in his twenties.[20] The co-owners used the upper level of the building as a stopping place, or halfway house, for American Indians who had alcohol addiction issues or had recently finished their prison sentences and were re-entering society.[20] However, the halfway house took a financial toll on the shop, so they closed it.[20]
In Seattle, Peltier became involved in a variety of causes championing Native American civil rights.[20] In the early 1970s, he learned about the factional tensions at the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation in South Dakota between supporters of Richard Wilson, elected tribal chairman in 1972, and traditionalist members of the Lakota tribe.[20] It was Dennis Banks who first invited Leonard Peltier to join AIM.[22] Consequently, Peltier became an official member of the American Indian Movement (AIM) in 1972, which was founded by urban Indians in Minneapolis in 1968, at a time of rising Indian activism for civil rights.[19]
Wilson had created a private militia, known as the Guardians of the Oglala Nation (GOON), whose members were reputed to have attacked political opponents.[20] Protests over a failed impeachment hearing of Wilson contributed to the AIM and Lakota armed takeover of Wounded Knee at the reservation in February 1973. Federal forces reacted, conducting a 71-day siege, which became known as the Wounded Knee Occupation.[20] They demanded the resignation of Wilson.[23] Peltier, however, spent most of the occupation in a Milwaukee, Wisconsin jail charged with attempted murder related to a different protest.[23] When Peltier secured bail at the end of April, he took part in an AIM protest outside the federal building in Milwaukee and was on his way to Wounded Knee with the group to deliver supplies when the incident ended.[23]
In 1975, Peltier traveled as a member of AIM to the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation to help reduce violence among political opponents.[24] At the time, he was a fugitive, with an arrest warrant having been issued in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.[25] It charged him with unlawful flight to avoid prosecution for the attempted murder of an off-duty Milwaukee police officer. (He was acquitted of the attempted murder charge in February 1978.)[25]
During this period, Peltier had seven children from two marriages and adopted two children.[20]
Shootout at Pine Ridge
Ronald Arthur Williams
Jack Ross Coler
On June 26, 1975, FBI Special Agents Ronald Arthur Williams[26] and Jack Ross Coler[27] returned to Pine Ridge to continue searching for a young man named Jimmy Eagle, wanted for questioning in connection with the recent assault of two local ranch hands and theft of a pair of cowboy boots.[28]
Sometime after 11a.m., Williams and Coler, driving two separate unmarked cars, spotted, reported, and followed what has been described as a red pick-up truck or van, but was in fact a white-over-orange Chevy Suburban Carryall carrying Peltier, Norman Charles, and Joe Stuntz. Peltier had an outstanding federal warrant for the attempted murder of a Milwaukee police officer, although Williams and Coler were not aware of this. Charles had met with Williams and Coler the evening before, when the agents explained to Charles they were looking for Eagle. After turning off US 18 into the Jumping Bull Ranch, where the Jumping Bull family had allowed AIM to camp, the occupants of the Suburban stopped, exited the vehicle, and a firefight ensued.[13][28]
Between 11:45 and 11:50, Williams radioed to a local dispatch that he and Coler had come under fire from the vehicle's occupants and would be killed if reinforcements did not arrive. He next radioed that they both had been shot. FBI Special Agent Gary Adams was the first to respond to Williams' call for assistance from twelve miles away. But he and the other responding BIA officers also came under gunfire. They were unable to reach Coler and Williams in time, as both agents died within the first ten minutes of gunfire. It was not until about 4:25p.m. that authorities were able to recover the bodies of Williams and Coler from Coler's vehicle. Norman Charles fired at the agents with a stolen British .308 rifle. Peltier had an AR-15 rifle. The two agents had fired a total of five shots: two from Williams' handgun, one from Coler's handgun, one from Coler's rifle, and one from Coler's shotgun. In total, 125 bullet holes were found in the agents' vehicles, many from a .223 Remington AR-15 rifle.[28]
The FBI reported that Williams received a defensive wound to his right hand (as he attempted to shield his face) from a bullet that passed through his hand into his head. Williams was shot in the body and foot, before the lethal contact shot to the head. Coler, incapacitated from earlier bullet wounds, was shot twice in the head.[28]
Williams's car was driven into the AIM camp farther south on the Jumping Bull property and stripped. The agents' guns were stolen. Allegedly, Darrelle Butler took Williams' handgun, Peltier took Coler's, and Robert Robideau took Coler's .308 and shotgun.[28] Stuntz was found wearing Coler's FBI jacket after he was shot and killed by a BIA agent later that day.[29]
Aftermath
At least three men were arrested in connection with the shooting: Peltier, Robert Robideau, and Darrelle "Dino" Butler, all AIM members who were present at the Jumping Bull compound at the time of the shootings.
Peltier provided numerous alibis to several people about his activities on the morning of the attacks.[30] In an interview for Peter Matthiessen's 1983 book In the Spirit of Crazy Horse, Peltier described working on a car in Oglala, claiming he had driven back to the Jumping Bull Compound about an hour before the shooting started.[30] In an interview with Lee Hill, though, he described being awakened in his tent at the ranch encampment by the sound of gunshots;[30] but to Harvey Arden, for Prison Writings, he described enjoying the beautiful morning before he heard the firing.[30] In his 1999 memoir Prison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance, Peltier admitted to participating in the shootout but said he did not kill the FBI agents.[31][9]
On September 5, Butler was arrested; Agent Williams' handgun and ammunition were recovered from an automobile in the vicinity. Four days later, Peltier bought a station wagon.[28] The following day, AIM member Robideau,[a] Charles and Anderson were injured in the accidental explosion of ammunition from Peltier's station wagon on the Kansas Turnpike close to Wichita. Coler's .308 and an AR-15 were found in the burned vehicle. The FBI forwarded a description of a recreational vehicle (RV) and Peltier's Plymouth station wagon to law enforcement during the hunt for the suspects. The RV was stopped by an Oregon state trooper, but the driver, later discovered to be Peltier, fled on foot after a small shootout. Peltier's thumbprint and Coler's handgun were discovered under the RV's front seat.[28]
In December 1976, Peltier was extradited from Canada based on documents submitted by the FBI. Warren Allmand, Canada's Solicitor General at the time, later stated that these documents contained false information.[38] (Blackhorse was also extradited to the United States, but charges against him related to the reservation shootout were dropped.)[39] One of the documents relied on in Peltier's extradition was an affidavit signed by Myrtle Poor Bear, a Native American woman local to the area near Pine Ridge Reservation.[40] While Poor Bear stated that she was Peltier's girlfriend during that time and had watched the killings, Peltier and others at the scene said that Poor Bear did not know Peltier and was not present during the murders.[40] Poor Bear later admitted to lying to the FBI, but said the agents interviewing her had coerced her into making the claims.[40] When Poor Bear tried to testify against the FBI, the judge barred her testimony because of mental incompetence.[40] However, the Canadian government later reviewed the extradition and concluded it had been lawful since "the circumstantial evidence presented at the extradition hearing, taken alone, constituted sufficient evidence to justify Mr. Peltier's committal on two murder charges."[41]
Peltier fought extradition to the United States. Robideau and Butler were acquitted on grounds of self-defense by a federal jury in Cedar Rapids, Iowa since the forensic evidence showed they had not been the ones to execute the agents and the government had no witnesses at the time who could prove they knew they were attacking FBI officers.[40] This was not the case in Peltier's trial, where the FBI had forensic evidence and eyewitnesses that together linked Peltier directly to the killings of the officers.[42]
Peltier's trial was held in Fargo, North Dakota, where a jury convicted him of the murders of Coler and Williams.[40] Unlike in the trial for Butler and Robideau, the FBI produced forensic evidence that the two FBI agents were killed by close-range shots to their heads, when they were already defenseless because of previous gunshot wounds.[43] Consequently, Peltier could not submit a self-defense testimony like the other activists had.[44] The jury was also shown autopsy and crime scene photographs of the two agents, which had not been shown to the jury at Cedar Rapids.[43] In April 1977, Peltier was convicted and sentenced to two consecutive life sentences.[45]
Some organizations have raised doubts about Peltier's guilt and the fairness of his trial, based on alleged inconsistencies in the FBI and prosecution's handling of the case. Two witnesses in the initial trial recanted their statements and stated they were made under duress at the hands of the FBI. At least one witness was given immunity from prosecution in exchange for testimony against Peltier.
During a June 8, 2024, interview by Native News Online, Peltier's serving attorney Kevin Sharp – who has also served as U.S. District Judge for the Middle District of Tennessee from 2011 to 2017, including as Chief Judge from 2014 to 2017 – stated the following:
"Pine Ridge was a powder keg with the Goon Squad operating there with the government's help. AIM was there to protect those who were not part of the Goon Squad. There were many murders and assaults in a three-year timeframe. When plain-clothed agents in unmarked cars arrived, a firefight ensued. Leonard did not shoot the agents, and the FBI knew this but withheld evidence. The court of appeals acknowledged this but couldn't overturn the conviction due to legal standards. Judge Heaney, who wrote the opinion, later supported clemency for Leonard. Now, 38 of Judge Heaney's former clerks support parole for Leonard, including three who worked on his case. The government admits they don't know who killed the agents, but it wasn't Leonard. It's time to release Leonard and start the healing process."[46]
Order granting immunity from prosecution to Norman Patrick Brown, in exchange for his testimony in Leonard Peltier's criminal trial
Alleged discrepancies in material evidence
FBI radio intercepts indicated that the two FBI agents Williams and Coler had entered the Pine Ridge Reservation in pursuit of a suspected thief in a red pickup truck. The FBI confirmed this claim the day after the shootout,[47] but red pickup trucks near the reservation had been stopped for weeks, and Leonard Peltier did not drive a red pickup truck.[47] Evidence was given that Peltier was driving a Chevrolet Suburban; a large sport utility vehicle built on a pickup truck chassis, with an enclosed rear section.[47] Peltier's vehicle was orange with a white roof – not a red open-bed pickup truck with no white paint.[47]
At Peltier's trial, FBI agents changed their previous statements that they had been in search of a red pickup truck and instead said they were looking for an orange and white van, similar to the one Peltier drove. This contradictory statement by the FBI was a highly contentious matter of evidence in the trials.[47]
Though the FBI's investigation indicated that an AR-15 was used to kill the agents, several different AR-15s were in the area at the time of the shootout. Also, no other cartridge cases or evidence about them was offered by the prosecutor's office, though other bullets were fired at the crime scene.[40][47] However, the appeals court confirmed his conviction in 1986, noting that even though later evidence suggested there were multiple AR-15s in the area, the government's expert witness had testified during the trial that he could not match 14 shell casings to the AR-15 that killed the agents.[48] The appeals court stated further that the fact was ultimately irrelevant given these shells were ejected in locations such that "it would have been very difficult, if not impossible, for anyone to have fired at Coler and Williams from these points," instead concluding that "it is more likely that these casings were ejected from an AR-15 in the firefight that occurred after Coler and Williams were killed and other agents had joined in the shooting."[49]
"During the trial, all the bullets and bullet fragments found at the scene were provided as evidence and detailed by Cortland Cunningham, FBI firearms expert, in testimony (Ref US v. Leonard Peltier, Vol 9). Years later, in 2004, a request under the Freedom of Information Act prompted another examination of the FBI ballistics report used to convict Peltier. An impartial expert evaluated the firing pin linked to the gun that shot Williams and Coler and concluded that some cartridge cases from the scene of the crime did not come from the rifle tied to Peltier[47][50] Again, the appeals court rejected the defense's argument, because the information included in the FOIA request "did not refer to the .223 casing found in the agents’ car, but to other casings found at the scene." The court concluded that given the immaterial nature of this new evidence, it was not probable that the jury would have reached a different verdict had that information been available.[51]
1979 prison escape
Peltier began serving his sentences in 1977. On July 20, 1979, he and two other inmates escaped from Federal Correctional Institution, Lompoc. One inmate was shot dead by a guard outside the prison and another was captured 90 minutes later, approximately 1 mile (1.6km) away. Peltier remained at large until he was captured by a search party three days later near Santa Maria, California, after a farmer alerted authorities that Peltier, armed with a Ruger Mini-14 rifle, had consumed some of his crops and stolen his shoes, wallet, and pickup truck key. Peltier attempted to drive the truck away at high speed down the rough gravel road, resulting in a broken transmission, after which he again fled on foot. Peltier was later apprehended without incident. After a six-week trial held in Los Angeles before Judge Lawrence T. Lydick, Peltier was convicted and sentenced to serve a five-year sentence for escape and a two-year sentence for a felon in possession of a firearm, in addition to his preexisting two life sentences.[52]
The police officer who arrested Peltier, Bob Newbrook, is convinced that he "was extradited illegally and that he didn't get a fair trial in the United States."[35]
In 1999, Peltier filed a habeas corpus petition, but it was rejected by the 10th Circuit Court on November 4, 2003.[57] Near the end of the Clinton administration in 2001, rumors began circulating that Bill Clinton was considering granting Peltier clemency. Opponents of Peltier campaigned against his possible clemency; about 500 FBI agents and families protested outside the White House, and FBI director Louis Freeh sent a letter opposing Peltier's clemency to the White House. Clinton did not grant Peltier clemency. In 2002, Peltier filed a civil rights lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia against the FBI, Louis Freeh and FBI agents who had participated in the campaign against his clemency petition, alleging that they "engaged in a systematic and officially sanctioned campaign of misinformation and disinformation." On March 22, 2004, the suit was dismissed.[58] In January 2009, President George W. Bush denied Peltier's clemency petition before leaving office.[59][60]
In 2016, Peltier's attorney's filed a clemency application with the White House's Office of the Pardon Attorney, and his supporters organized a campaign to convince President Barack Obama to commute Peltier's sentence, a campaign which included an appeal by Pope Francis,[61] as well as James Reynolds, a senior attorney and former US Attorney who supervised the prosecution against Peltier in the appeal period following his initial trial. In a letter to the United States Department of Justice,[62] Reynolds wrote that clemency was "in the best interest of justice in considering the totality of all matters involved". In a subsequent letter to the Chicago Tribune, Reynolds added that the case against Peltier "was a very thin case that likely would not be upheld by courts today. It is a gross overstatement to label Peltier a 'cold-blooded murderer' on the basis of the minimal proof that survived the appeals in his case."[63] On January 18, 2017, two days before President Obama left office, the Office of the Pardon Attorney announced that Obama had denied Peltier's application for clemency.[12] On June 8, 2018, KFGO Radio in Fargo, N.D., reported that Peltier filed a formal clemency request with President Trump. KFGO obtained and published a letter that was sent by Peltier's attorney to the White House.[64][65]
Current plea for clemency
On February 6, 2023, Leonard Peltier again made a plea for clemency.[66]
Latest parole hearing
On June 10, 2024, Peltier had his first parole hearing since 2009, with a decision on parole being required to come within 21 days.[67] On July 2, 2024, Peltier was denied parole.[68] After Peltier was denied parole, his lawyer Kevin Sharp stated that an interim hearing to discuss parole was set in 2026, while another full hearing was set for 2039.[69] Ahead of the 2024 parole hearing, Sharp described the hearing as "probably" Peltier's "last chance" to make a case for parole.[69]
Remaining questions
In the documentary film Incident at Oglala (1992), AIM activist Robert Robideau said that the FBI agents had been shot by a 'Mr X'. When Peltier was interviewed about 'Mr X', he said he knew who the man was. Dino Butler, in a 1995 interview with E.K. Caldwell of News From Indian Country, said that 'Mr X' was a creation of Peltier's supporters and had been named as the murderer in an attempt to gain Peltier's release from prison.[70] In a 2001 interview with News From Indian Country, Bernie Lafferty said that she had witnessed Peltier's referring to his murder of one of the agents.[71][72]
Later developments
2002 editorial about deaths of agents and Aquash
In January 2002 in the News from Indian Country, publisher Paul DeMain wrote an editorial that an "unnamed delegation" told him that Peltier had murdered the FBI agents.[73] DeMain described the delegation as "grandfathers and grandmothers, AIM activists, pipe carriers and others who have carried a heavy unhealthy burden within them that has taken its toll."[73] DeMain said he was also told that the motive for the execution-style murder of high-ranking AIM activist Anna Mae Aquash in December 1975 at Pine Ridge "allegedly was her knowledge that Leonard Peltier had shot the two agents, as he was convicted."[73]
DeMain did not accuse Peltier of participation in the Aquash murder.[73] In 2003 two Native American men were indicted and later convicted of the murder.[73]
On May 1, 2003, Peltier sued DeMain for libel for similar statements about the case published on March 10, 2003, in News from Indian Country. On May 25, 2004, Peltier withdrew the suit after he and DeMain settled the case. DeMain issued a statement saying he did not think Peltier was given a fair trial for the two murder convictions, nor did he think Peltier was connected to Aquash's death.[74] DeMain stated he did not retract his allegations that Peltier was guilty of the murders of the FBI agents and that the motive for Aquash's murder was the fear that she might inform on the activist.[74]
Indictments and trials for the murder of Aquash
In 2003, there were federal grand jury hearings on charges against Arlo Looking Cloud and John Graham for the murder of Anna Mae Aquash. Bruce Ellison, Leonard Peltier's lawyer since the 1970s, was subpoenaed and invoked his Fifth Amendment rights against self-incrimination, refusing to testify. He also refused to testify, on the same grounds, at Looking Cloud's trial in 2004. During the trial, the federal prosecutor named Ellison as a co-conspirator in the Aquash case.[75] Witnesses said that Ellison participated in interrogating Aquash about being an FBI informant on December 11, 1975, shortly before her murder.[75]
In February 2004, Fritz Arlo Looking Cloud, an Oglala Sioux, was tried and convicted of the murder of Aquash. In Looking Cloud's trial, the prosecution argued that AIM's suspicion of Aquash stemmed from her having heard Peltier admit to the murders of the FBI agents. Darlene "Kamook" Nichols, former wife of the AIM leader Dennis Banks, testified that in late 1975, Peltier told of shooting the FBI agents. He was talking to a small group of AIM activists who were fugitives from law enforcement. They included Nichols, her sister Bernie Nichols (later Lafferty), Nichols' husband Dennis Banks, and Aquash, among several others. Nichols testified that Peltier said, "The motherfucker was begging for his life, but I shot him anyway."[76] Bernie Nichols-Lafferty gave the same account of Peltier's statement.[77] At the time, all were fleeing law enforcement after the Pine Ridge shootout.[76][71]
Earlier in 1975, AIM member Douglass Durham had been revealed to be an undercover FBI agent and dismissed from the organization. AIM leaders were fearful of infiltration. Other witnesses have testified that, when Aquash was suspected of being an informant, Peltier interrogated her while holding a gun to her head.[78][79][80][81][82][83] Peltier and David Hill were said to have Aquash participate in bomb-making so that her fingerprints would be on the bombs. Prosecutors alleged in court documents that the trio planted these bombs at two power plants on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation on Columbus Day 1975.[83]
During the trial, Nichols acknowledged receiving $42,000 from the FBI in connection with her cooperation on the case.[84] She said it was compensation for travel expenses to collect evidence and moving expenses to be farther from her ex-husband Dennis Banks, whom she feared because she had implicated him as a witness.[76] Peltier has claimed that Kamook Nichols committed perjury with her testimony.[85]
No investigation has been opened into the allegedly perjured testimony of Kamook Nichols, now married to a former FBI Chief Agent and living under the name Darlene Ecoffey. During the Looking Cloud trial, the Honorable Lawrence L. Piersol admitted the testimony with the following statement: "The requested testimony is hearsay, but I am going to admit it for a limited purpose only. This is a limiting instruction. It isn't admitted nor received for the truth of the matter stated. In other words, whether the rumor is true or not. It is simply received as to what the rumor was. So it is limited to what the rumor was, it is not admitted for the truth of the statement as to whether the rumor was true or not."
On June 26, 2007, the Supreme Court of British Columbia ordered the extradition of John Graham to the United States to stand trial for his alleged role in the murder of Aquash.[86] He was eventually tried by the state of South Dakota in 2010. During Graham's trial, Darlene "Kamook" Ecoffey said Peltier told both her and Aquash that he had killed the FBI agents in 1975. Ecoffey testified under oath, "He (Peltier) held his hand like this", she said, pointing her index finger like a gun, "and he said 'that (expletive) was begging for his life but I shot him anyway.'"[87] Graham was convicted of murdering Aquash and sentenced to life in prison.
Presidential politics
Peltier was the candidate for the Peace and Freedom Party in the 2004 election for President of the United States. While numerous states have laws that prohibit prison inmates convicted of felonies from voting (Maine and Vermont are exceptions),[88] the United States Constitution has no prohibition against felons being elected to federal offices, including President. The Peace and Freedom Party secured ballot status for Peltier only in California. His presidential candidacy received 27,607 votes,[89] approximately 0.2% of the vote in that state.
In a February 27, 2006, decision, U.S. District Judge William Skretny ruled that the FBI did not have to release five of 812 documents relating to Peltier and held at their Buffalo field office. He ruled that the particular documents were exempted on the grounds of "national security and FBI agent/informant protection". In his opinion, Judge Skretny wrote, "Plaintiff has not established the existence of bad faith or provided any evidence contradicting (the FBI's) claim that the release of these documents would endanger national security or would impair this country's relationship with a foreign government." In response, Michael Kuzma, a member of Peltier's defense team, said, "We're appealing. It's incredible that it took him 254 days to render a decision." Kuzma further said, "The pages we were most intrigued about revolved around a teletype from Buffalo ... a three-page document that seems to indicate that a confidential source was being advised by the FBI not to engage in conduct that would compromise attorney-client privilege." Peltier's supporters have tried to obtain more than 100,000 pages of documents from FBI field offices, claiming that the files should have been turned over at the time of his trial or following a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request filed soon after.[90][91]
Victim of prison violence
On January 13, 2009, Peltier was beaten by inmates at the United States Penitentiary, Canaan, where he had been transferred from USP Lewisburg.[92][93] He was sent back to Lewisburg, where he remained until the fall of 2011, when he was transferred to a federal penitentiary in Florida. As of 2014, Leonard Peltier is housed at Coleman Federal Correctional Complex in Coleman, Florida.[94] According to High Country News in 2016: "Everywhere he’s been, inmates have jumped and beaten him, likely with the collusion of guards."[95]
In 2016, a statue of Peltier, based on a self portrait he made in prison, was created by artist Rigo 23 and installed on the grounds of American University in Washington, D.C.. After the university received complaints from the FBI Agents Association, the statue was removed and relocated to the Main Museum in Los Angeles.[96]
Thunderheart (1992) is a fictional movie by Michael Apted, partly based on Peltier's case but with no pretense to accuracy.
Warrior, The Life of Leonard Peltier (1992) is a feature documentary film about Peltier's life, the American Indian Movement, and his trial directed by Suzie Baer. The film argues that the government's prosecution of Peltier was unjust and motivated by the hugely profitable energy interests in the area.[97]
Music
Free Salamander Exhibit released their first album, "Undestroyed," on December 13, 2016. It's title track, composed by Nils Frykdahl, is a tribute to Peltier, and features lyrics drawn nearly verbatim from Peltier's book, Prison Writings: My Life Is My Sun Dance.[98]
Little Steven released the song "Leonard Peltier" on his 1989 album Revolution. The song discusses Peltier's case and the struggle of the Native Americans.
The Indigo Girls re-popularized Buffy St. Marie's song, "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee", with a cover version on their 1995 live album 1200 Curfews. The song mentions Peltier, saying, "the bullets don't match the gun".
Sixteen Canadian artists contributed to Pine Ridge: An Open Letter to Allan Rock – Songs for Leonard Peltier, a benefit CD released in 1996 by What Magazine.[99]
Toad the Wet Sprocket reference Peltier, as well as the conflict at Pine Ridge and the Wounded Knee massacre, in their song "Crazy Life" on their album Coil (1997)
Anal Cunt released the song "Laughing While Lennard Peltier Gets Raped In Prison" as a part of their album It Just Gets Worse.
U2 recorded the song "Native Son" about Peltier. It was later reworked into their hit song "Vertigo"[100] on their album, How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb (2004). Five years later, "Native Son" was released on their digital album Unreleased and Rare (2009).
Rage Against the Machine's 1994 "Freedom" video clip shows footage of the case and ends with a picture of Peltier in prison and the phrase "justice has not been done".[102][103]
"Sacrifice" from Contact from the Underworld of Redboy, the 1998 music recording by Robbie Robertson (formerly of the Band), features voice recordings of Peltier throughout the song, and surrounded with melody and vocals. The song ends with Peltier alone sayin, "I've gone too far now to start backing down. I don't give up. Not 'til my people are free will I give up and if I have to sacrifice some more, then I sacrifice some more."
French singer Renaud released a song called "Leonard's Song" in his 2006 album Rouge Sang. It supports Peltier and Native American rights, comparing in its lyrics the foundation of America to conducting an equivalent of the Holocaust against the Native American people.[citation needed]
Alternative hip-hop trio The Goats mention Peltier several times on their 1992 debut album Tricks of the Shade: in a track entitled "Leonard Peltier in a Cage", and in the song "Do the Digs Dug" (which also mentions activist Annie Mae Aquash – lyrics referencing them are "Leonard Peltier Leonard Peltier Who da hell is that, why the f*** should ya care? In jail, in jail, in jail like a dealer F*** George Bush says my T-Shirt squeeler Please oh please set Leonard P. free Cause ya wiped out his race like an ant colony Whatcha afraid of, Annie Mae Aquash? Found her lying in the ditch with no place for a watch"[104])
In 2010, a hip-hop artists' compilation was released, Free Leonard Peltier: Hip Hop's Contribution to the Freedom Campaign, including music from Mama Wisdom, Immortal Technique, Rakaa of Dilated Peoples, 2Mex, Dee Skee, T-Kash, Buggin Malone, The Dime, Eseibio, Bicasso & DJ Fresh.
Alternative hip-hop band Flobots, known for criticizing US politics and calls for action, referenced Peltier in their song "Same Thing" from their 2007 debut album Fight With Tools. The song mentions many people and topics, and the line that references Peltier also references Mumia Abu-Jamal; it reads "Free Mumia and Leonard Peltier".[105]
Ryan Bingham's song "Sunshine", is about Leonard Peltier.
Other
It was reported by Joseph Corré that the last words of his father, Malcolm McLaren (1946–2010), were "Free Leonard Peltier".[106]
Publications
Arden, Harvey (& Leonard Peltier). "Have You Thought of Leonard Peltier Lately?" HYT Publishing, 2004. ISBN0-9754437-0-4.
In his introduction, Chief Looking Horse emphasizes Peltier’s suffering and role of a Sun Dancer- “…(Peltier) offered himself to Wakan Tanka so that the People might have peace and happiness once again” (pg. ix). Looking Horse also makes a call for the freedom of Peltier, that his freedom mirrors the return of land, and that action must be made to ensure these things occur.
Former Attorney General Ramsey Clark notes, in his preface, that Peltier’s struggle is representative of human rights and indigenous rights as a whole, and is known the whole world over yet seemingly hidden from Americans. He makes a case for Peltier’s innocence at Pine Ridge, and mentions the repeating of history that has occurred since Wounded Knee in 1973. Clark praises the efforts of the American Indian Movement taking initiative to protect their people, and berates the FBI and American judicial system on their willful ignorance of Peltier’s case of innocence (pg. xxi).
In both the preface and introduction, these figureheads- one who champions indigenous peoples’ rights, and the other who has worked extensively within the American judicial system- both call for the release of Peltier.
Part i - In My Own Voice
Leonard Peltier starts his memoir by explaining the uncomfortable and unsafe conditions in which he writes his passages. He expresses gratitude, welcoming his reader, unsure if his book will ever reach anyone. Despite his worries, his writing is personal, soaked in a humanizing tone of not only himself but of his reader. Peltier explains his intention behind writing his personal testimony on the 23rd year of his life sentence, proclaiming, “[I’m writing] not because I’m planning to die, but because I’m planning to live.” (p. 8).[9] He spends much of this part reclaiming his identity, commonly restating his names, both Leonard Peltier and Gwarth-ee-lass, to allow his reader to view him as a person beyond any other label or event that has been used to strip him of his identity. As an Indigenous man to the Great Turtle Island, Peltier writes about his struggle against imprisonment, not as his sole struggle but as a struggle of his people, a struggle he would continue to endure for his people. He does not view himself as powerful until he aligns himself with his people, and only then does he find strength in the struggle he endures. Furthermore, he talks about the wisdom passed down to him from elders, that speaking out from the heart against injustice is the duty of all and is an Indigenous way of living. Peltier gives a detailed account of Sun Dance, a spiritual ceremony in which one sacrifices his flesh and life to the Great Spirit. This spiritual journey, like his Indigenous ancestors, allows him to resist his oppressors rather than abandon his people. As a Sun Dancer, he embodies an unbreakable resistance often ununderstood by settlers, through the parts that follow, he shows the reader the power behind Sun Dance.
Part ii - Who I Am
In part 2 of My Life is My Sun Dance, Peltier discusses what it means to be Indigenous in North America but more specifically the United States. He explains that his story is not specific to him but “is the story of my people, the Indian people of this Great Turtle Island.” [9] He discusses some key point in history that outline what he describes as a history saddened in tragedy, deceit and genocide. [9] He describes how Indigenous peoples lands have been stolen from them and how they were pushed onto reservations. He describes the events of Wounded Knee, South Dakota on December 29, 1980, which was a crucial part in what he describes as the genocide of indigenous people [9] He also describes how the genocide is being carried on into modern day with the use of statistics, like the highest levels of poverty, unemployment, infant mortality and teen suicide rate in the country on the reservations in South Dakota. He highlights the American Indian Movement which has sought to reveal to the world the crimes against humanity that were committed against Indigenous people. Part 2 also contains a poem titled “an eagle’s cry” which is about wanting to be heard as the lines “Listen to me!” and “ hear us” are uttered many times throughout the poem.[9]
Part iii - Growing Up Indian
Peltier Writes about the importance of names in this section of his memoir. Through emphasizing the importance of names and the meaning of names in terms of Indigenous identity, Peltier notes how each name gives an individual a sense of who they are and their possibilities. Peltier highlights that each name provides an individual with something to live up to and how names can point out where a person's journey is supposed to be in life. Through illustrating the importance of names, Peltier explains the different names he has, such as Tate Wikuw, which translates to "Wind Chases the Sun" in the Dakota language, which was his great-grandfather's name, and Gwarth-ee-lass which translates to "He Leads the People"(Peltier 61).[9] Along with the importance of names in terms of Indigenous identity, this section of Peltier's memoir further showcases the struggles of Indigenous sovereignty and agency as Peltier notes that he, along with every other person of the Ikce Wicasa Ithe Common/Original people) have their land and identities under occupation. Through noting that Indigenous nations and identities are under occupation, the section highlights the volumes of racial profiling and how the prison industrial complex targets and thrives off of Indigenous peoples. Peltier illuminates the genocidal projects of the PIC (Prison Industrial Complex) throughout this section in showcasing not only the importance of names and how names are essential in Indigenous identity but also how, through colonization and the PIC replicating colonization in prisons, the harmful effects these systems have affected Indigenous Peoples.
Part iv - Becoming Political
Peltier writes about his entry into and past work for Indigenous movements. Upon seeing Indigenous people being brutalized for trying to maintain and protect their rights, which are guaranteed under federal treaties and not upheld by the U.S. government, he began fighting for civil and Indigenous rights with AIM. He discusses how the U.S. government was primarily interested in taking Indigenous land through means of brutalization, murder, and wrongful incarceration for colonial and extractive reasons. As an AIM member, he participated in the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) takeover in November 1972, which began as a peace march called the “Trail of Broken Treaties” that escalated due to BIA and security officials attempting to forcefully remove protestors. He also worked with AIM to help find work for Indigenous people and worked in an alcohol rehab program as well as spiritual work. In 1975, Peltier arrived at the Oglala nation to help protect the Indigenous people living there who were being murdered.[107] He and other AIM warriors were sent to defend the residents of the land, not as a para-military force.[108] However, they were ambushed and forced to defend themselves with the small supply of defensive arms they had. Peltier reflects on how the government hid information and lied to place blame on him and AIM members as aggressors in the exchange.[9]
Part v - That Day at Oglala
This chapter goes over Peltier’s experience on the day of the attack on his people at Oglala. Peltier was staying in a “tent city” with other AIM members on Harry and Cecilia Jumping Bull’s property. The Lakota Elders had asked for their protection from the GOON squads who “had been terrorizing the [ Pine Ridge Reservation] for months” (Peltier126).[9] On June 26, 1975, their group, which included women, children, and elders, was attacked by “lawmen, GOONs, SWAT teams, vigilantes, BIA police, you name it” (129).[9] Peltier’s group did not want to immediately retaliate. However, two FBI agents, Jack R. Coler and Ronald A. Williams were killed and the violence against Peltier’s group escalated. Despite being convicted for their murders, Peltier denies killing the two FBI agents and says that he would have tried to stop whoever was the true assailant. Peltier and his people managed to escape the attack and all survived, except for Joe Killsright Stuntz. While running away, the group stopped for prayer and Peltier says they were led to safety by an eagle. Peltier thanks those who gave them sanctuary after the attack and those who cheered on and aided their escape. While Peltier’s group hid, police went on a large manhunt and terrorized the Pine Ridge Reservation looking for them. Elders in Peltier’s group decided they would hide until Sun Dance in August where they could thank Wakan Tanka for saving their lives, but police caught and arrested members of the group one by one until Peltier decided to flee to Canada. He hoped for safety among the Indigenous communities there and possibly political asylum, as he did not trust the American government to give him a fair trial, or even possibly to let him live.
Part vi - A Life in Hell
Peltier accounts his arrest in Canada on February 6, 1976. Following his arrest, the FBI suborned and coerced Myrtle Poor Bear to provide false affidavits against Peltier, claiming she was an eyewitness to the killing of two FBI agents on the Pine Ridge Reservation in June of 1975 and an ex-girlfriend of Peltier’s.[9] Despite Peltier's unjust and inhumane treatment since his arrest in Canada, he refuses to be made a victim, emphasizing his status as a warrior who finds his strength in Sun Dance.[9] After being falsely promised a fair trial, Peltier signed the extradition papers to facilitate his return to the United States, where he received two life sentences on June 1, 1977, and was transferred to the U.S. Penitentiary at Leavenworth, Kansas.[9] The FBI elaborately orchestrated Peltier’s sentencing through fabricated evidence and “willful illegality” as they desperately needed a public “scapegoat” to pay for the deaths of two of their agents.[9] Peltier describes the “unconstitutional” treatment he has experienced since his imprisonment, including surviving an assassination plot and prison escape during his transfer to Lompoc prison in 1979.[9] Further, Peltier recounts a recurring and changing dream he experienced while in solitary confinement, which he conveys in the form of a story titled “The Last Battle”.[9] Peltier also describes the “inipi, or sweat-lodge ceremony” he participated in every Saturday at Leavenworth, through which he was able to feel a “blessed freedom” and total escape despite his imprisonment.[9]
Part vii - A Message to Humanity
In the final section of his memoir, Peltier envisions humanity’s mutual future. He discusses the necessity of respect, compassion, and collaboration among all people. He encourages the reader to celebrate humanity’s differences and to find strength in togetherness and common humanity. He finds hope in children and anticipates a “Great Healing” toward a better future.[9] To realize this vision, Peltier emphasizes the necessity for real effort and change in the present. He writes about the importance of individual action and underlines the need for Indigenous sovereignty, economic reparations, and the return of land. He rejects the United States' legal system and argues that its resources should be used in support of the people instead of building courtrooms and prisons. He connects struggles against oppression worldwide and uses the dismantling of apartheid in South Africa as an example of positive change resulting from difficult struggle.
Peltier concludes with a selection of four poems that reiterate the broader themes of the section. “We are not separate” emphasizes humanity’s need for unity, “forgiveness” implores the reader to extend forgiveness to everyone, and “difference” finds strength in both similarity and diversity.[9] Finally, Peltier ends his memoir with a call to action; in “the message,” he affirms the obligation of each individual to act and writes that silent inaction is itself a message of complicity.[9]
↑ Robideau died February 17, 2009, in Spain from seizures related to brain injuries from the car explosion.[citation needed]
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References
↑ Peltier, Leonard (1999). Prison Writing: My Life is My Sundance. New York: St. Martin's Press. p.61. ISBN0-312-20354-3.
1 2 3 Sandage, Diane, and Richard T. Schaefer. "Peltier, Leonard (1944–)." Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Society. Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications, 2008. Web.
1 2 Glisson, Susan M. The Human Tradition in the Civil Rights Movement. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2006. Web.
↑ Matthiessen, Peter (1992). In the Spirit of Crazy Horse: The Story of Leonard Peltier and the FBI's War on the American Indian Movement. Penguin Books. pp.34–35, 37, 39, 50–51, 61–63, 65, 106–9, 111–14, 116, 118, 120, 121–125, 130, 135–36, 141, 142, 144, 148, 155, 192, 197, 220, 222, 223, 232, 234, 248, 252, 253, 263, 288, 299, 403, 419, 480, 507, 535, 574, 575. ISBN978-0140144567.
↑ Privitera, John J. "Toward a Remedy for International Extradition by Fraud: The Case of Leonard Peltier", Yale Law & Policy Review 2.1 (1983): 49-61. Web.
↑ Lappas, Thomas, and Gary L. Anderson. "Oglala, Incident At." Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice. Thousand Oaks, California, USA: Sage Publications, 2007. Web.
↑ Meister, Mark, and Ann Burnett. "Rhetorical Exclusion in the Trial of Leonard Peltier." American Indian Quarterly 28.3/4 (2004): 719-42. ProQuest Central, Research Library. Web.
"Writer Sues Peltier", Kansas City Star, July 3, 1992.
Churchill, Ward and Jim Vander Wall: The COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars Against Dissent in the United States. South End Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1990, 2002. ISBN0-89608-648-8.
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