1941 Virginia gubernatorial election

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1941 Virginia gubernatorial election
Flag of Virginia (1931-1950).png
  1937 November 4, 1941 1945  
  Colgate Darden (VA).png Senator B Muse 1936.jpg
Nominee Colgate Darden Benjamin Muse
Party Democratic Republican
Popular vote98,68021,896
Percentage80.6%17.9%

1941 Virginia gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
County and independent city results
Darden:      50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%     >90%
Muse:      50–60%     60–70%

Governor before election

James H. Price
Democratic

Elected Governor

Colgate Darden
Democratic

In the 1941 Virginia gubernatorial election, incumbent Governor James H. Price, a Democrat, was unable to seek re-election due to term limits. U.S. Representative Colgate Darden was nominated by the Democratic Party to run against Republican former Virginia State Senator Benjamin Muse.

Contents

Background

For the previous four decades Virginia had almost completely disenfranchised its black and poor white populations through the use of a cumulative poll tax and literacy tests. [1] So restricted was suffrage that it has been calculated that a third of Virginia's electorate during the first half of the twentieth century comprised state employees and officeholders. [1] This limited electorate allowed Virginian politics to be controlled for four decades by the Byrd Organization, as progressive "antiorganization" factions were rendered impotent by the inability of almost all their potential electorate to vote. [2] Historical fusion with the "Readjuster" Democrats, [3] defection of substantial proportions of the Northeast-aligned white electorate of the Shenandoah Valley and Southwest Virginia over free silver, [4] and an early move towards a "lily white" Jim Crow party [3] meant Republicans retained a small but permanent number of legislative seats and local offices in the western part of the state. [5] Nevertheless, in gubernatorial elections during this period the Republican vote was mostly in the nature of a protest, and in most elections between 1925 and 1949 turnout was higher in the Democratic primary than the general election. [6]

Reconsolidation of Organization control

The preceding gubernatorial election, for the only time in the Byrd machine's history, had seen it defeated in the primaries [a] by the relatively liberal Price. [8] However, continuing conservative control of the state legislature and the complete failure of FDR's attempt to deny conservative Senators Byrd and Carter Glass federal patronage, [7] meant that Price could not deliver significant reforms. This was seen in Roosevelt's antiorganization nomination to the Western District federal court, Floyd H. Roberts being defeated 9–72, [9] and that Virginia's electorate is known to have been overwhelmingly opposed to Roberts. [7] FDR also failed to have an antiorganization man installed as Attorney for that same district court, [10] whilst organization leader Colgate Darden recaptured the Second Congressional District from New Dealer Norman R. Hamilton.

By the 1940 Democratic State Convention, the liberals from three years back had been completely routed,and even such old New Dealers as John W. Flannagan Jr. were supporting Byrd. [8] No strong opposition candidate could be found by Martin Hutchinson, and Darden's two primary opponents were state senators not allied with either party faction. [8]

Darden would win extremely easily in both the primary and the general election, with the ordinarily extremely low turnout being further reduced by the absence of many voters serving in World War II. [11]

Democratic nomination

Candidates

1941 Virginia Democratic gubernatorial primary [13]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Colgate W. Darden, Jr. 105,655 76.58%
Democratic Vivian L. Page 19,52614.15%
Democratic Hudson Cary 12,7939.27%
Majority 86,12962.43%
Turnout 137,9744.60%
Democratic hold Swing

General election

Candidates

Results

1941 Virginia gubernatorial election [16]
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Democratic Colgate Darden 98,680 80.58% −2.20%
Republican Benjamin Muse 21,89617.88%+2.10%
Communist Alice Burke1,0960.89%+0.11%
Socialist Hilliard Bernstein7870.64%+0.64%
Majority 76,78462.70%−4.30%
Turnout 122,4594.09%
Democratic hold Swing

Results by county or independent city

1941 Virginia gubernatorial election by county or independent city [16]
Colgate W. Darden Jr.
Democratic
Benjamin Muse
Republican
Alice Burke
Communist
Hilliard E. Bernstein
Socialist
MarginTotal votes cast
#%#%#%#%#%
Accomack County 76994.70%364.43%50.62%20.25%73390.27%812
Albemarle County 61490.56%598.70%30.44%20.29%55581.86%678
Alleghany County 64658.20%45240.72%70.63%50.45%19417.48%1,110
Amelia County 21482.95%4316.67%10.39%00.00%17166.28%258
Amherst County 79493.74%313.66%172.01%50.59%76390.08%847
Appomattox County 60595.58%264.11%10.16%10.16%57991.47%633
Arlington County 2,30282.27%45116.12%250.89%200.71%1,85166.15%2,798
Augusta County 1,08081.20%24218.20%40.30%40.30%83863.01%1,330
Bath County 28062.08%16336.14%30.67%51.11%11725.94%451
Bedford County 79585.85%12713.71%40.43%00.00%66872.14%926
Bland County 43359.64%28338.98%40.55%60.83%15020.66%726
Botetourt County 77973.77%26825.38%80.76%10.09%51148.39%1,056
Brunswick County 50897.69%112.12%10.19%00.00%49795.58%520
Buchanan County 1,48275.27%42021.33%331.68%341.73%1,06253.94%1,969
Buckingham County 41191.33%388.44%00.00%10.22%37382.89%450
Campbell County 45894.24%193.91%81.65%10.21%43990.33%486
Caroline County 29991.16%257.62%10.30%30.91%27483.54%328
Carroll County 70546.72%76250.50%231.52%191.26%-57-3.78%1,509
Charles City County 8392.22%44.44%33.33%00.00%7987.78%90
Charlotte County 63997.41%121.83%40.61%10.15%62795.58%656
Chesterfield County 59084.89%10314.82%20.29%00.00%48770.07%695
Clarke County 24892.54%186.72%00.00%20.75%23085.82%268
Craig County 22474.42%7524.92%10.33%10.33%14949.50%301
Culpeper County 41292.38%316.95%20.45%10.22%38185.43%446
Cumberland County 19490.65%198.88%10.47%00.00%17581.78%214
Dickenson County 1,08270.17%42927.82%140.91%171.10%65342.35%1,542
Dinwiddie County 49190.93%499.07%00.00%00.00%44281.85%540
Elizabeth City County 35690.36%338.38%20.51%30.76%32381.98%394
Essex County 10490.43%97.83%10.87%10.87%9582.61%115
Fairfax County 2,29880.74%47016.51%491.72%291.02%1,82864.23%2,846
Fauquier County 65190.04%689.41%30.41%10.14%58380.64%723
Floyd County 23434.06%44664.92%20.29%50.73%-212-30.86%687
Fluvanna County 25393.36%165.90%20.74%00.00%23787.45%271
Franklin County 88983.08%17616.45%40.37%10.09%71366.64%1,070
Frederick County 38078.03%10621.77%10.21%00.00%27456.26%487
Giles County 92476.43%26521.92%120.99%80.66%65954.51%1,209
Gloucester County 38991.10%358.20%20.47%10.23%35482.90%427
Goochland County 32392.29%174.86%61.71%41.14%30687.43%350
Grayson County 2,04245.67%2,37953.21%260.58%240.54%-337-7.54%4,471
Greene County 12782.47%2314.94%21.30%21.30%10467.53%154
Greensville County 28093.96%175.70%10.34%00.00%26388.26%298
Halifax County 1,38898.02%140.99%130.92%10.07%1,37497.03%1,416
Hanover County 69684.67%8810.71%242.92%141.70%60873.97%822
Henrico County 38677.82%9819.76%30.60%91.81%28858.06%496
Henry County 38591.67%307.14%30.71%20.48%35584.52%420
Highland County 23359.90%15038.56%51.29%10.26%8321.34%389
Isle of Wight County 51596.62%173.19%10.19%00.00%49893.43%533
James City County 9191.00%99.00%00.00%00.00%8282.00%100
King and Queen County 12390.44%85.88%32.21%21.47%11584.56%136
King George County 13285.71%1610.39%42.60%21.30%11675.32%154
King William County 23195.45%114.55%00.00%00.00%22090.91%242
Lancaster County 25687.97%3311.34%00.00%20.69%22376.63%291
Lee County 2,33181.16%40714.17%812.82%531.85%1,92466.99%2,872
Loudoun County 72092.78%546.96%20.26%00.00%66685.82%776
Louisa County 96686.40%12511.18%151.34%121.07%84175.22%1,118
Lunenburg County 31696.34%113.35%10.30%00.00%30592.99%328
Madison County 22974.59%7223.45%41.30%20.65%15751.14%307
Mathews County 34194.46%195.26%00.00%10.28%32289.20%361
Mecklenburg County 52194.04%285.05%50.90%00.00%49388.99%554
Middlesex County 20597.62%52.38%00.00%00.00%20095.24%210
Montgomery County 81073.04%28825.97%50.45%60.54%52247.07%1,109
Nansemond County 42697.93%92.07%00.00%00.00%41795.86%435
Nelson County 1,07791.66%705.96%211.79%70.60%1,00785.70%1,175
New Kent County 10591.30%97.83%10.87%00.00%9683.48%115
Norfolk County 1,36697.85%241.72%20.14%40.29%1,34296.13%1,396
Northampton County 40797.14%122.86%00.00%00.00%39594.27%419
Northumberland County 22190.95%187.41%31.23%10.41%20383.54%243
Nottoway County 32690.30%339.14%20.55%00.00%29381.16%361
Orange County 42292.95%245.29%10.22%71.54%39887.67%454
Page County 98777.53%27721.76%30.24%60.47%71055.77%1,273
Patrick County 78893.25%475.56%70.83%30.36%74187.69%845
Pittsylvania County 1,13891.85%806.46%141.13%70.56%1,05885.39%1,239
Powhatan County 22891.94%187.26%20.81%00.00%21084.68%248
Prince Edward County 40091.12%347.74%20.46%30.68%36683.37%439
Prince George County 16482.00%3316.50%21.00%10.50%13165.50%200
Prince William County 36290.27%348.48%41.00%10.25%32881.80%401
Princess Anne County 83897.56%212.44%00.00%00.00%81795.11%859
Pulaski County 1,03787.07%14512.17%40.34%50.42%89274.90%1,191
Rappahannock County 19888.79%2310.31%00.00%20.90%17578.48%223
Richmond County 18293.81%115.67%10.52%00.00%17188.14%194
Roanoke County 1,27367.32%59231.31%180.95%80.42%68136.01%1,891
Rockbridge County 77882.94%15516.52%30.32%20.21%62366.42%938
Rockingham County 1,84759.54%1,16837.65%290.93%581.87%67921.89%3,102
Russell County 2,21172.33%78025.52%351.14%311.01%1,43146.81%3,057
Scott County 1,42353.64%1,14743.23%501.88%331.24%27610.40%2,653
Shenandoah County 1,24747.31%1,37652.20%50.19%80.30%-129-4.89%2,636
Smyth County 1,62061.74%95936.55%271.03%180.69%66125.19%2,624
Southampton County 78298.36%131.64%00.00%00.00%76996.73%795
Spotsylvania County 25591.40%207.17%10.36%31.08%23584.23%279
Stafford County 18578.06%4920.68%20.84%10.42%13657.38%237
Surry County 24193.77%155.84%10.39%00.00%22687.94%257
Sussex County 41995.88%184.12%00.00%00.00%40191.76%437
Tazewell County 1,10672.33%37524.53%181.18%301.96%73147.81%1,529
Warren County 63893.69%416.02%10.15%10.15%59787.67%681
Warwick County 11587.79%1612.21%00.00%00.00%9975.57%131
Washington County 1,03072.74%35625.14%181.27%120.85%67447.60%1,416
Westmoreland County 30491.29%278.11%20.60%00.00%27783.18%333
Wise County 3,14589.83%3349.54%120.34%100.29%2,81180.29%3,501
Wythe County 74968.21%33930.87%60.55%40.36%41037.34%1,098
York County 20393.12%115.05%31.38%10.46%19288.07%218
Alexandria City 53990.44%477.89%61.01%40.67%49282.55%596
Bristol City 1,08793.30%695.92%60.52%30.26%1,01887.38%1,165
Buena Vista City 34082.93%6515.85%40.98%10.24%27567.07%410
Charlottesville City 49891.38%448.07%30.55%00.00%45483.30%545
Clifton Forge City 67678.06%16919.52%111.27%101.15%50758.55%866
Danville City 64093.16%405.82%60.87%10.15%60087.34%687
Fredericksburg City 97491.71%635.93%201.88%50.47%91185.78%1,062
Hampton City 24395.67%93.54%10.39%10.39%23492.13%254
Harrisonburg City 1,14476.32%33222.15%110.73%120.80%81254.17%1,499
Hopewell City 90477.86%21618.60%302.58%110.95%68859.26%1,161
Lynchburg City 82888.56%9510.16%50.53%70.75%73378.40%935
Martinsville City 82186.60%858.97%272.85%151.58%73677.64%948
Newport News City 55686.47%7311.35%91.40%50.78%48375.12%643
Norfolk City 4,00596.60%1182.85%160.39%70.17%3,88793.75%4,146
Petersburg City 53281.97%11317.41%10.15%30.46%41964.56%649
Portsmouth City 1,46593.79%784.99%100.64%90.58%1,38788.80%1,562
Radford City 67674.70%21623.87%50.55%80.88%46050.83%905
Richmond City 11,71592.65%7245.73%1311.04%750.59%10,99186.92%12,645
Roanoke City 1,96471.97%71326.13%361.32%160.59%1,25145.84%2,729
South Norfolk City 30595.31%92.81%10.31%51.56%29692.50%320
Staunton City 48086.64%7112.82%00.00%30.54%40973.83%554
Suffolk City 37998.19%61.55%00.00%10.26%37396.63%386
Williamsburg City 9691.43%87.62%00.00%10.95%8883.81%105
Winchester City 30879.18%8120.82%00.00%00.00%22758.35%389
Totals98,68080.58%21,89617.88%1,0960.89%7870.64%76,78462.70%122,459

Notes

  1. Price was sufficiently popular among all sections of Virginia's extremely limited electorate that the Byrd machine did not run its own candidate against it. [7]

References

  1. 1 2 Kousser, J. Morgan (1974). The Shaping of Southern Politics: Suffrage Restriction and the Establishment of the One-Party South, 1880-1910. Yale University Press. pp. 178–181. ISBN   0-300-01696-4.
  2. Key, Valdimer Orlando (1949). Southern Politics in State and Nation. pp. 20–25.
  3. 1 2 Heersink, Boris; Jenkins, Jeffrey A. (March 19, 2020). Republican Party Politics and the American South, 1865-1968. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–221. ISBN   978-1107158436.
  4. Moger, Allen (1938). "The Rift in Virginia Democracy in 1896". The Journal of Southern History . 4 (3): 295–317. doi:10.2307/2191291. JSTOR   2191291.
  5. Phillips, Kevin P. (1969). The Emerging Republican Majority. Arlington House. pp. 193, 219. ISBN   0870000586.
  6. Heinemann, Ronald (August 4, 2023). "Prelude to Revolution: The Rise and Fall of the Byrd Organization, 1925–49". In Rozell, Mark; Milliken, John G. (eds.). The New Dominion: The Twentieth-Century Elections That Shaped Modern Virginia. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. ISBN   9780813949727.
  7. 1 2 3 Hall, Alvin L. (July 1974). "Politics and Patronage: Virginia's Senators and the Roosevelt Purges of 1938". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 82 (3). Virginia Historical Society: 331–350.
  8. 1 2 3 Sweeney, James R. (June 1999). "'Sheep without a Shepherd': The New Deal Faction in the Virginia Democratic Party". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 29 (2): 438–459.
  9. "Confirmation of the Nomination of Floyd H. Roberts, of Virginia, to Be United States District Judge for the Western District of Virginia". VoteView. UCLA Department of Political Science.
  10. Koeniger, A. Cash (March 1982). "The New Deal and the States: Roosevelt Versus the Byrd Organization in Virginia". The Journal of American History. 68 (4). Oxford University Press: 876–896.
  11. Sabato, Larry (1977). The Democratic Party primary in Virginia: Tantamount to election no longer (Report). University of Virginia Institute of Government. p. 110.
  12. "Mrs. Roosevelt Speaks Tonight". Washington Daily News . February 1, 1941. p. 8.
  13. "VA Governor D Primary – August 05, 1941". Our Campaigns.
  14. Sherman, Richard B. (1992). The Case of Odell Waller and Virginia Justice, 1940-1942. University of Tennessee Press. p. 229. ISBN   9780870497339.
  15. "Roanoke Probe Is Required". The World-News . Roanoke City, Virginia. March 10, 1941. p. 2.
  16. 1 2 "Virginia Governor Race, November 04, 1941". Our Campaigns.