Harrisonburg, Virginia

Not to be confused with Harrisburg, Virginia.

Harrisonburg, Virginia
Independent city
City of Harrisonburg
Rockingham County Courthouse in Court Square in downtown Harrisonburg
Seal
Nickname(s):  The Friendly City, Rocktown, H'burg, The Burg, Friendly by Nature
Harrisonburg enclaved within the Rockingham County
Location of Harrisonburg in the Commonwealth of Virginia
Harrisonburg Show map of Virginia Harrisonburg Show map of the United States
Coordinates: 38°26′58″N78°52′08″W / 38.44944°N 78.86889°W / 38.44944; -78.86889
Country	United States
State	Virginia
County	None (Independent city)
Founded	1779
Incorporated	1916
Founded by	Thomas Harrison
Named for	Thomas Harrison
Government
• Type	Council-manager government
•  City Manager	Ande Banks [1]
•  Mayor	Deanna R. Reed (D) [2]
•  City Council [3]	Council Members Deanna R. Reed (D) Laura Dent (D) Christopher B. Jones (D) Monica Robinson (D) [4] Dany Fleming (D) [5]
•  House Delegate	Tony Wilt (R)
•  State Senator	Mark Obenshain (R)
Area [6]
• Total	17.39 sq mi (45.04 km2)
• Land	17.34 sq mi (44.91 km2)
• Water	0.05 sq mi (0.13 km2)
Elevation	1,325 ft (404 m)
Population  (2020)
• Total	51,814
• Density	3,000/sq mi (1,200/km2)
Time zone	UTC-5 (EST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP Codes	22801–22803, 22807
Area code	540
FIPS code	51-35624 [7]
GNIS feature ID	1498489 [8]
Website	www.harrisonburgva.gov

Harrisonburg is an independent city in the Shenandoah Valley region of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. It is also the county seat of the surrounding Rockingham County, ^[9] although the two are separate jurisdictions. At the 2020 census, the population was 51,814. ^[10] The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines the city of Harrisonburg with Rockingham County for statistical purposes into the Harrisonburg, Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area, which had an estimated population of 126,562 in 2011. ^[11]

Harrisonburg is home to James Madison University (JMU), a public research university with an enrollment of over 20,000 students, ^[12] and Eastern Mennonite University (EMU), a private, Mennonite-affiliated liberal arts university. Although the city has no historical association with President James Madison, JMU was nonetheless named in his honor as Madison College in 1938 and renamed as James Madison University in 1977. ^[13] EMU largely owes its existence to the sizable Mennonite population in the Shenandoah Valley, to which many Pennsylvania Dutch settlers arrived beginning in the mid-18th century in search of rich, unsettled farmland. ^[14]

The city has become a bastion of ethnic and linguistic diversity in recent years. Over 1,900 refugees have been settled in Harrisonburg since 2002. ^[15] As of 2014, Hispanics or Latinos of any race make up 19% of the city's population. ^[16] Harrisonburg City Public Schools (HCPS) students speak 55 languages in addition to English, with Spanish, Arabic, and Kurdish being the most common languages spoken. ^[17] Over one-third of HCPS students are English as a second language (ESL) learners. ^[18] Language learning software company Rosetta Stone was founded in Harrisonburg in 1992, ^[19] and the multilingual "Welcome Your Neighbors" yard sign originated in Harrisonburg in 2016. ^[15]

History

Harrisonburg was named for Thomas Harrison (1704–1785), an early settler.

The earliest documented English exploration of the area prior to settlement was the Knights of the Golden Horseshoe Expedition, led by Lt. Gov. Alexander Spotswood, who reached Elkton, and whose rangers continued and in 1716 likely passed through what is now Harrisonburg.

Harrisonburg, previously known as "Rocktown," was named for Thomas Harrison, a son of English settlers. ^[21] In 1737, Harrison settled in the Shenandoah Valley, eventually laying claim to over 12,000 acres (4,900 ha) situated at the intersection of the Spotswood Trail and the main Native American road through the valley. ^[22]

In 1779, Harrison deeded 2.5 acres (1.0 ha) of his land to the "public good" for the construction of a courthouse. In 1780, Harrison deeded an additional 50 acres (20 ha). ^[23] This is the area now known as "Historic Downtown Harrisonburg."

In 1849, trustees chartered a mayor–council form of government, although Harrisonburg was not officially incorporated as an independent city until 1916. Today, a council–manager government administers Harrisonburg. ^[24]

On June 6, 1862, an American Civil War skirmish took place at Good's Farm, Chestnut Ridge near Harrisonburg between the forces of the Union and the forces of the Confederacy at which the C.S. Army Colonel, Turner Ashby (1828–1862), was killed.

The city has expanded in size over the years. ^[25]

Newtown

When enslaved peoples in the Shenandoah Valley were freed in 1865, they established a town called Newtown near modern-day Harrisonburg. ^[26] This town was eventually annexed by the independent city of Harrisonburg some years later, probably around 1892. Today, the old city of Newtown is in the Northeast section of Harrisonburg in the area referred to as Downtown Harrisonburg. ^[27] It remains the home of the majority of Harrisonburg's predominantly Black churches, such as First Baptist and Bethel AME. The modern Boys and Girls Club of Harrisonburg is located in the old Lucy Simms schoolhouse that was used for Black students in the days of segregation. ^[28]

Project R4 and R16

A large portion of this Black neighborhood was dismantled in the 1960s when – in the name of urban renewal – the city government used federal redevelopment funds from the Housing Act of 1949 to force Black families out of their homes and then bulldozed the neighborhood. This effort, called "Project R-4", focused on the city blocks east of Main, north of Gay, west of Broad, and south of Johnson. This area makes up 32.5 acres. "Project R-16" is a smaller tag on project which focused on the 7.5 acres south of Gay street. ^{[29] [27] [30] [31] [32]}

According to Bob Sullivan, an intern working in the city planner's office in 1958, the city planner at the time, David Clark convinced the city council that Harrisonburg had slums. Newtown, a low socioeconomic status housing area, was declared a slum. Federal law mandated that the city needed to have a referendum on the issue before R4 could begin. The vote was close with 1,024 votes in favor and 978 against R4. In 1955, following the vote, the Harrisonburg Redevelopment and Housing Authority was established to carry out the project. All of the group's members were White men. Invoking the power of eminent domain, the government forced people in Newtown to sell their homes. ^[33] Residents were offered payments for their homes far below their true real estate value. Many people couldn't afford a new home and had to move into public housing projects. Other families left Harrisonburg. It is estimated between 93 and 200 families were displaced. ^{[30] [29]}

In addition to families, many of the businesses of Newtown that were bought out could not afford to reestablish themselves. Locals say many prominent Black businesses like the Colonnade, which served as a pool hall, dance hall, community center, and tearoom, were unable to reopen. ^[34] Kline's, a White-owned business, was one of the few businesses in the area that was able to reopen. The city later made $500,000 selling the seized property to redevelopers. Before the project, the area brought in $7000 in taxes annually. By 1976, the areas redeveloped in R4 and R16 were bringing in $45,000 in annual taxes. These profit gains led Lauren McKinney to regard the project as “one of only two ‘profitable’ redevelopment schemes in the state of Virginia.” ^[29]

Cultural landmarks were also influenced by the projects. Although later rebuilt, the Old First Baptist Church of Harrisonburg was demolished. ^{[34] [35]} Newtown Cemetery, a Historic African American Cemetery, was also impacted. Although it appears that no burials were destroyed, the western boundary was paved over and several headstones now touch the street. ^{[36] [34]}

Infrastructure

Interstate 81, a main roadway in Harrisonburg

Major highways in Harrisonburg include Interstate 81, the main north–south highway in western Virginia and the Shenandoah Valley. Other significant roads serving the city include U.S. Route 11, U.S. Route 33, Virginia State Route 42, Virginia State Route 253 and Virginia State Route 280.

In early 2002, the Harrisonburg community discussed the possibility of creating a pedestrian mall downtown. Public meetings were held to discuss the merits and drawbacks of pursuing such a plan. Ultimately, the community decided to keep its Main Street open to traffic. From these discussions, however, a strong voice emerged from the community in support of downtown revitalization.

On July 1, 2003, Harrisonburg Downtown Renaissance ^[37] was incorporated as a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization with the mission of rejuvenating the downtown district. ^[38]

In 2004, downtown was designated as the Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District on the National Register of Historic Places and a designated Virginia Main Street Community, ^[39] with the neighboring Old Town Historic District residential community gaining historic district status in 2007. Several vacant buildings have been renovated and repurposed for new uses, such as the Hardesty-Higgins House and City Exchange, used for the Harrisonburg Tourist Center and high-end loft apartments, respectively.

In 2008, downtown Harrisonburg spent over $1 million in cosmetic and sidewalk infrastructure improvements (also called streetscaping and wayfinding projects). The City Council appropriated $500,000 for custom street signs to be used as "wayfinding signs" directing visitors to areas of interest around the city. Another $500,000 were used to upgrade street lighting, sidewalks, and landscaping along Main Street and Court Square. ^[40]

In 2014, Downtown Harrisonburg was named a Great American Main Street by the National Main Street Association and downtown was designated the first culinary district in the commonwealth of Virginia.

Norfolk Southern also owns a small railyard in Harrisonburg. The Chesapeake and Western corridor from Elkton to Harrisonburg has very high volumes of grain and ethanol. The railroad serves two major grain elevators inside the city limits. In May 2017 Norfolk Southern 51T derailed in Harrisonburg spilling corn into Blacks Run. No one was injured.

Shenandoah Valley Railroad interchanges with the NS on south side of Harrisonburg and with CSX and Buckingham Branch Railroad in North Staunton.

Harrisonburg Transit provides public transportation in Harrisonburg. Virginia Breeze provides intercity bus service between Blacksburg, Harrisonburg, and Washington, D.C. ^[41]

Culture

Larkin Arts

Harrisonburg has won several awards ^[42] in recent years, including "#6 Favorite Town in America" by Travel + Leisure in 2016, ^[43] the "#15 Best City to Raise an Outdoor Kid" by Backpacker in 2009, ^[44] and the "#3 Happiest Mountain Town" by Blue Ridge Country Magazine in 2016. ^[45]

Harrisonburg holds the title of "Virginia's first Culinary District" (awarded in 2014). ^[46] The "Taste of Downtown" (TOD) week-long event takes place annually to showcase local breweries and restaurants. ^[47] Often referred to as "Restaurant Week," the TOD event offers a chance for culinary businesses in downtown Harrisonburg to create specials, collaborations, and try out new menus. ^[48]

The creative class of Harrisonburg has grown alongside the revitalization of the downtown district. The designation of "first Arts & Cultural District in Virginia" was awarded to Downtown Harrisonburg in 2001. ^[49] Contributing to Harrisonburg's cultural capital are a collection of education and art centers, residencies, studios, and artist-facilitated businesses, programs, and collectives.

Some of these programs include:

• Larkin Arts, a community art center that opened in 2012 and has four symbiotic components: an art supply store, a fine arts gallery, a school with three classrooms, and five private studio spaces. ^{[50] [51]}
• Old Furnace Artist Residency (OFAR) ^[52] and SLAG Mag: Artist residency and arts&culture quarterly zine focused on community engagement and social practice projects started in 2013. ^[53]

A Little Free Library in Harrisonburg

• The Super Gr8 Film Festival, founded in 2009. The 2013 festival featured more than 50 locally produced films, and all of the films in the festival were shot using vintage cameras and Super 8 film. ^[54]
• Arts Council of the Valley, including the Darrin-McHone Gallery and Court Square Theater, provides facilities and funding for various arts programs and projects. ^[55]
• OASIS Fine Art and Craft, opened in 2000, is a cooperative gallery of over 35 local artists and artisans exhibiting and selling their work. It offers fine hand-crafted pottery, jewelry, fiber art, wood, metal, glass, wearable art, paintings, and photography. ^[56]
• The Virginia Quilt Museum, established in 1995, is dedicated to preserving, celebrating, and nurturing Virginia's quilting heritage. It features a permanent collection of nearly 300 quilts, a Civil War Gallery, antique and toy sewing machines, and rotating exhibits from across the United States. ^[57]

Historic sites

The Harrison House (formerly the Thomas Harrison House)

The modern city of Harrisonburg grew up around this modest stone house, which until recently was thought to have been erected for Thomas Harrison ca. 1750. But new research and a dendrochronology study completed by James Madison University in 2018 has determined that it was built ca. 1790; Harrison died in 1785. Harrison laid out the town that was to bear his name on fifty acres of his holdings and was also instrumental in having Harrisonburg established as the Rockingham County seat in 1780. Prior to confirmation of the date of construction, it was believed that the first courts were held in this building, which is also associated with Bishop Francis Asbury, a pioneer leader of the Methodist Episcopal church, who often visited Harrison and conducted some of the county's first Methodist services. While the original Thomas Harrison house no longer exists, this building remains an early example of stone vernacular architecture in the Shenandoah Valley, and a contributing building in the Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District. Its window architraves are cut from solid walnut timbers. This house remained in the Harrison family until 1870, which is probably why it was long-thought to have been Thomas Harrison's. ^{[58] [59]}

Hardesty-Higgins House

Home to Harrisonburg's first mayor Isaac Hardesty, the house bears his name and the name of the physician, Henry Higgins, who began construction in 1848. Isaac Hardesty was born in 1795 and became the city's first Mayor by charter on March 16, 1849, incorporating the town of Harrisonburg. Hardesty completed construction of the home by 1853 and lived in the house with his wife, Ann, and two children. He was a successful business man, apothecary, and merchant, and he served on the board of directors of the Valley Turnpike Company. ^[60]

Isaac Hardesty supported the Union and moved from Harrisonburg during the early part of the Civil War. The Strayer sisters occupied the house and, during their stay, the sisters hosted Union General Nathaniel Banks. The house served as an inn after the war and was home to the Virginia Craftsman, makers of handcrafted furniture, from the 1920s to the 1980s. ^[60]

Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District

The approximately 100 acre Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District ^[61] embraces the historic commercial and institutional core of the city. The principal axis of the district is Main Street, which runs approximately north–south through the district. Another principal thoroughfare is Liberty Street, which parallels Main Street. The principal cross axis is Market Street (US Highway 33), which intersects with Main Street on the east side of Court Square. ^[62] The Romanesque Revival/Renaissance Revival 1896-97 Rockingham County Courthouse commands the square, and surrounding blocks arc densely developed with early twentieth century high-rise bank buildings and other commercial buildings from the 1870s through the 1950s. Most residential buildings dates to after the Civil War, when South Main Street developed as Harrisonburg's elite residential avenue. Notable houses from the period include Victorian/Queen Anne masterpieces such as Ute 1890 Joshua Wilton House and rarities such as the late 1880s Octagon House. Several fine Gothic Revival churches date to the early years of the twentieth century. Industrial buildings and warehouses date largely to the first half of the twentieth century and include the 1908 City Produce Exchange, a poultry shipping plant, and the late 1920s Maphis Chapman Co. gas storage tank factory. A complex of mid-twentieth century cinder block warehouses clusters near the 1913 Chesapeake Western Railway Station and the 1920-21 Rockingham Milling Co. roller mill on Chesapeake Avenue. Alter World War I automobile dealerships appeared in the downtown area. An outstanding example is the 1920 Rockingham Motor Co., an inspired Tudor Revival/Art Deco design. Architectural modernism achieved popularity in the 1940s and early 1950s at the end of the period of significance. Harrisonburg's downtown experienced a number of losses during the late twentieth century, but the recent rehabilitation of several key buildings demonstrates a growing commitment to the preservation of the district's historic character. ^[62]

Other sites

In addition to the Thomas Harrison House, Hardesty-Higgins House, Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District, and Old Town Historic District, the Anthony Hockman House, Rockingham County Courthouse, Lucy F. Simms School, Whitesel Brothers, and Joshua Wilton House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. ^[63]

Media

Harrisonburg is home to a local television station, several local radio stations, newspapers and independent online news organizations. Local media organizations include:

• WHSV-TV (ABC Affiliate)
• WMRA public radio
• The Daily News-Record newspaper
• The Harrisonburg Citizen, an independent online news organization
• Rocktown Now, part of Saga Communications
• The Breeze, the independent student newspaper at James Madison University
• The Weather Vane, the student-run newspaper at Eastern Mennonite University

Geography

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 17.4 square miles (45.1 km²), of which 17.3 square miles (44.8 km²) is land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km²) (0.3%) is water. ^[64] The City of Harrisonburg comprises six watersheds, with Blacks Run being the primary watershed with 8.67 miles of stream and a drainage area of over 9000 acres. The city also drains into the Chesapeake Bay Watershed. Harrisonburg is in the western part of the Shenandoah Valley, a portion of the Valley and Ridge physiographic province. ^[65] Generally, the area is a rolling upland with local relief between 100 and 300 feet. ^[65]

Demographics

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1860	1,023		—
1870	2,036		99.0%
1880	2,831		39.0%
1890	2,792		−1.4%
1900	3,521		26.1%
1910	4,879		38.6%
1920	5,875		20.4%
1930	7,232		23.1%
1940	8,768		21.2%
1950	10,810		23.3%
1960	11,916		10.2%
1970	14,605		22.6%
1980	19,671		34.7%
1990	30,707		56.1%
2000	40,468		31.8%
2010	48,914		20.9%
2020	51,814		5.9%
U.S. Decennial Census [66] 1790-1960 [67] 1900-1990 [68] 1990-2000 [69] 2010 [70] 2020 [71]

2020 census

Harrisonburg city, Virginia – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.

Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic)	Pop 2010 [70]	Pop 2020 [71]	% 2010	% 2020
White alone (NH)	35,391	31,454	72.35%	60.71%
Black or African American alone (NH)	2,911	3,906	5.95%	7.54%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH)	67	71	0.14%	0.14%
Asian alone (NH)	1,705	2,089	3.49%	4.03%
Pacific Islander alone (NH)	54	20	0.11%	0.04%
Some Other Race alone (NH)	112	196	0.23%	0.38%
Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH)	1,009	2,033	2.06%	3.92%
Hispanic or Latino (any race)	7,665	12,045	15.67%	23.25%
Total	48,914	51,814	100.00%	100.00%

2010 census

This graph, using information from the 2000 federal census, illustrates the uneven distribution of age due to the two universities in Harrisonburg

As of the census ^[72] of 2010, 48,914 people, 15,988 households, and 7,515 families resided in the city. The population density was 2,811.1/sq mi (1,085.4/km²). The 15,988 housing units averaged 918.9 units per square mile (354.8 units/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 78.4% White, 6.4% Black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 3.5% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 8.2% from other races, and 3.1% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 15.7% of the population, up from 8.85% according to the census of 2000.

Of the 15,988 households, 22.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 32.7% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.0% were not families. About 27.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59, and the average family size was 3.06.

In the city, the population was distributed as 15.0% under the age of 18, 48.9% from 18 to 24, 21.2% from 25 to 44, 13.2% from 45 to 64, and 9.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22.8 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $37,850, and for a family was $53,642. The per capita income for the city was $16,992. About 11.5% of families and 31.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.6% of those under age 18 and 9.5% of those age 65 or over.

Politics

United States presidential election results for Harrisonburg, Virginia ^[73]

Year	Republican		Democratic		Third party(ies)
	No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2024	6,266	36.43%	10,641	61.87%	293	1.70%
2020	5,591	32.72%	11,022	64.51%	473	2.77%
2016	6,262	34.81%	10,212	56.77%	1,513	8.41%
2012	6,565	42.10%	8,654	55.50%	374	2.40%
2008	6,048	41.21%	8,444	57.54%	183	1.25%
2004	6,165	55.89%	4,726	42.85%	139	1.26%
2000	5,741	57.65%	3,482	34.97%	735	7.38%
1996	4,945	55.33%	3,346	37.44%	646	7.23%
1992	4,935	51.24%	3,414	35.44%	1,283	13.32%
1988	5,376	64.86%	2,799	33.77%	113	1.36%
1984	5,221	68.15%	2,384	31.12%	56	0.73%
1980	3,388	58.45%	1,896	32.71%	512	8.83%
1976	3,376	63.01%	1,803	33.65%	179	3.34%
1972	3,626	77.26%	992	21.14%	75	1.60%
1968	2,859	65.69%	1,036	23.81%	457	10.50%
1964	1,820	50.70%	1,765	49.16%	5	0.14%
1960	2,172	72.04%	836	27.73%	7	0.23%
1956	2,265	78.29%	571	19.74%	57	1.97%
1952	2,238	77.82%	635	22.08%	3	0.10%
1948	1,377	58.55%	751	31.93%	224	9.52%
1944	1,302	50.04%	1,292	49.65%	8	0.31%
1940	1,000	40.31%	1,462	58.93%	19	0.77%
1936	894	38.92%	1,390	60.51%	13	0.57%
1932	665	39.30%	995	58.81%	32	1.89%
1928	1,037	62.73%	616	37.27%	0	0.00%
1924	631	49.69%	624	49.13%	15	1.18%
1920	704	53.86%	594	45.45%	9	0.69%
1916	319	47.61%	346	51.64%	5	0.75%

Like most of the Shenandoah Valley, Harrisonburg was among the first areas of Virginia where old-line Southern Democrats began splitting their tickets. The city went Republican at every presidential election from 1944 to 2004. In 2008, however, Barack Obama carried the city by a margin of 16 percent—slightly larger than the 14-point margin by which George W. Bush carried it four years earlier. The city has voted Democratic in every presidential election since then, and has become one of the few Democratic mainstays in this more conservative part of Virginia. In most elections, it is one of the few areas west of Charlottesville carried by Democrats.

Government

Head of the City Government in the 20th Century
City Manager		Mayor			Vice-Mayor
Term	Name	Term	Name	Party	Term	Name	Party
		Sep 1946– Aug 1948 [74]	Bernard Denton
		Sep 1948– Aug 1950 [74]	Lawrence Loewner
		Sep 1950– Aug 1952 [74]
		Sep 1952– Aug 1954 [74]
		Sep 1954– Aug 1956 [74]	Walter Green		Sep 1954– Aug 1956 [75]	Dan L. Logan	R
		Sep 1956– Aug 1958 [74]	Frank C. Switzer		Sep 1956– Aug 1958 [75]
		Sep 1958– Aug 1960 [74]			Sep 1958– Aug 1960 [75]
		Sep 1960– Aug 1962 [74]			Sep 1960– Aug 1962 [75]
		Sep 1962– Aug 1964 [74]			Sep 1962– Aug 1964 [76]
		Sep 1964– Aug 1966 [74]
		Sep 1966– Aug 1968 [74]			Jun 1966 [77]	Joseph Mintzer	D
		Sep 1968– Aug 1970 [74]	Roy Hjalmar Erickson	R	Sep 1968– Aug 1970 [78] [74]	Royal Kincheloe
1969–1974	Marvin B. Milam
		Sep 1970– Aug 1972 [74]			Sep 1970– Aug 1972 [74]	Edgar Warren Denton Jr.
Sep 1974– Aug 1976 [79]		Sep 1974– Aug 1976 [79]			Sep 1974– Aug 1976 [79]
Sep 1976– Aug 1978 [80]		Sep 1976– Aug 1978 [80]			Sep 1976– Aug 1978 [80]
Sep 1978– Aug 1980 [81]		Sep 1978– Aug 1980 [81]			Sep 1978– Aug 1980 [81]	Walter Franklin Green III.
Sep 1980– Aug 1982 [82]		Sep 1980– Aug 1982 [82] [83]			Sep 1980– Aug 1982 [82] [83]
Sep 1982– Jun 1984		Sep 1982– Jun 1983			Sep 1982– Jun 1983
		Jul 1983– Jun 1984 [84]	Walter Franklin Green III.		Jul 1983– Jun 1984 [84]	Raymond C. Dingledine Jr.
Jul 1984– Jun 1986 [85]		Jul 1984– Jun 1986 [85]			Jul 1984– Jun 1986 [85]
Jul 1986– Jun 1988 [86]		Jul 1986– Jun 1988 [86]			Jul 1986– Jun 1988 [86]
Jul 1988– Jun 1990 [87]		Jul 1988– Jun 1990 [87]			Jul 1988– Jun 1990 [87]
Jul 1990 [88] – Sep 1991		Jul 1990– Jun 1992 [88]			Jul 1990– Jun 1992 [88]	Elon W. Rhodes
Oct 1991– Oct 1992 [88]	Roger D. Baker (acting)
		Jul 1992– Jun 1994 [89]	C. Robert Heath		Jul 1992– Jun 1994 [89]	John N. Neff
Nov 1992– Jun 1994 [89]	Steven E. Stewart
Jul 1994 [90] – 1997		Jul 1994– Jun 1996 [90]	John N. Neff		Jul 1994– Jun 1996 [90]	Emily R. Dingledine
		Jul 1996– Jun 1998 [91]	Rodney L. Eagle	I	Jul 1996– Jun 1998 [91]	Hugh. J. Lantz	R
1997–Sep 2000
		Jul 1998– Jun 2000 [92]			Jul 1998– Jun 2000 [92]

City Manager		Mayor			Vice-Mayor
Term	Name	Term	Name	Party	Term	Name	Party
1997–Sep 2000	Steven E. Stewart	Jul 1998– Jun 2000 [92]	Rodney L. Eagle	I	Jul 1998– Jun 2000 [92]	Hugh. J. Lantz	R
		Jul 2000– Jun 2002 [93]	Carolyn W. Frank	I	Jul 2000– Jun 2002 [93]	Dorn W. Peterson
Sep 2000– Jun 2004 [94]	Roger Baker
		Jul 2002– Jun 2004 [95]	Joseph Gus Fitzgerald	D	Jul 2002– Jun 2004 [95]	Larry M. Rogers	D
Jul 2004– Jun 2007 [96] [97]		Jul 2004– Jun 2006 [96]	Larry M. Rogers	D	Jul 2004– Jun 2006 [96]	Rodney L. Eagle	I
		Jul 2006– Dec 2008 [98]	Rodney L. Eagle	I	Jul 2006– Dec 2008 [98]	George W. Pace
Jul 2007– Dec 2010 [99]	Kurt D. Hodgen
		Jan 2009– Dec 2010 [100]	Kai Degner	D	Jan 2009– Dec 2010 [100]	Richard A. Baugh	D
Jan 2011–October 31, 2017 [101]		Jan 2011– 2012 [101]	Richard A. Baugh	D	Jan 2011– 2012 [101]	Ted Byrd	R
		Jan 2013– Dec 2014 [102]	Ted Byrd	R	Jan 2013– Dec 2014 [102]	Charles R. Chenault	I
		Jan 2015– Dec 2016 [103]	Christopher B. Jones	D	Jan 2015– Dec 2016 [74]	Richard Baugh	D
		January 3, 2017– January 1, 2019 [104]	Deanna R. Reed	D	January 3, 2017– January 1, 2019 [105]
November 1, 2017–January 15, 2018 [106]	Ande Banks (acting)
January 16, 2018–December 31, 2021 [107]	Eric Campbell
		January 2, 2019– January 3, 2021 [108]			January 2, 2019– January 3, 2021 [108]	Sal Romero	D
		January 4, 2021– January 2, 2023 [109]			January 4, 2021– January 2, 2023 [109]
January 1, 2022–January 2, 2023 [1]	Ande Banks (acting)
January 3, 2023–incumbent [110]	Ande Banks	January 3, 2023–incumbent [110]			January 3, 2023–incumbent [110]	Laura Dent	D

Education

School systems

Serving about 4,400 students (K–12), Harrisonburg City Public Schools comprises six elementary schools, two middle schools, and two high schools. Eastern Mennonite School, a private school, serves grades K–12 with an enrollment of about 386 students. ^[111]

Higher education

James Madison University is the largest higher education institution in Harrisonburg.

• James Madison University (public)
• Eastern Mennonite University (private, Mennonite-affiliated)
• National College (private, for-profit) [defunct]
• American National University (private, for-profit) [defunct]

High schools

• Harrisonburg High School
• Rocktown High School

Middle schools

• Skyline Middle School
• Thomas Harrison Middle School

Elementary schools

• Bluestone Elementary
• Smithland Elementary
• Spotswood Elementary
• Stone Spring Elementary
• Waterman Elementary
• W.H. Keister Elementary

Other schools

• Elon W. Rhodes Early Learning Center
• Great Oak Academy

Technical schools

• Massanutten Technical Center
• Massanutten Regional Governors School

Private schools

• Redeemer Classical School
• Eastern Mennonite School
• Blue Ridge Christian School

Points of interest

• Hardesty-Higgins House Visitor Center
• Edith J. Carrier Arboretum
• Downtown Harrisonburg
• Harrisonburg's Old Post Office Mural (Now US Bankruptcy Court)
• Virginia Quilt Museum - located downtown and dedicated to preserving, celebrating, and nurturing Virginia's quilting heritage. The museum was established in 1995 and features a permanent collection of nearly 300 quilts, a Civil War Gallery, antique and toy sewing machines, and rotating exhibits from across the United States. ^[57]
• Heritage Oaks Golf Course

Events

• The Alpine Loop Gran Fondo road-cycling event hosted by professional cyclist Jeremiah Bishop starts and finishes in downtown Harrisonburg. ^[112]
• The annual Harrisonburg International Festival celebrates international foods, dance, music, and folk art. ^[113]
• Valley Fourth - Downtown Harrisonburg's Fourth of July celebrations that bring in over 12,000 people. The festival includes a morning run, food trucks, beer and music garden, kids' area, art market, craft and clothing vendors, and fireworks.
• Christmas/Holiday Parade- dates vary.
• Taste of Downtown - food event, yearly in March.
• MACROCK - an independent music conference held in the downtown area of Harrisonburg, Virginia the first weekend of April annually since 1997
• Skeleton Festival - This event blends aspects of Halloween and Dia de los Muertos in a big, community celebration. Activities kick off with trick-or-treating at downtown businesses and culminate with a fun, all-ages party at the Turner Pavilion & Park. The festival features kid, dog, and adult costume contests; face painting; fire dancing; food trucks; live music; a community ofrenda; video art; "trunk or treating"; wacky shacks, goober blobs and whisker biscuits. www.skeletonfestival.com
• Rocktown Beer & Music Festival- This event is very well attended each Spring. It features over 75 different beers and ciders. The band lineup changes each year and food is supplied by some of the local downtown restaurants. www.rocktownfestival.com

Sports

• Eastern Mennonite Royals (NCAA Division III, Old Dominion Athletic Conference)
  • 2010 Division III Men's Basketball Elite 8 qualifiers
  • 2004 Women's Basketball Sweet 16 qualifiers
• Harrisonburg Turks (Valley Baseball League)
• Harrisonburg Turks (minor league baseball) (1939 to 1941 Virginia League, 1939 league champions)
• James Madison Dukes (NCAA Division I, Football Bowl Subdivision, Sun Belt Conference)
  • 1994 NCAA Division I Field Hockey National Champions
  • 2004 NCAA Division I-AA Football National Champions
  • 2016 NCAA Division I Football Championship National Champions
  • 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Lacrosse National Champions

Climate

The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally cool to cold winters. Harrisonburg has a humid subtropical climate, Cfa on climate maps according to the Köppen climate classification, but has four clearly defined seasons that vary significantly, if not having brief changes from summer to winter. ^[114] The USDA hardiness zone is 6b, which means average minimum winter temperature of −5 to 0 °F (−21 to −18 °C).

Notable people

Born

• Illiterate Light, alternative-rock duo ^[115]
• David Avison, American photographer and physicist
• Brian Bocock, former MLB player
• Pasco Bowman II, Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit (1983–1999)
• Nelson Chittum, former MLB player
• James H. Cravens, U.S. Representative from Indiana (1841–1843)
• Clement Conger, White House Curator (1970–1990)
• Dell Curry, former NBA player; father of NBA players Stephen Curry and Seth Curry
• Page Dunlap, former LPGA Tour member and 1986 winner of the individual NCAA Division I Women's Golf Championship
• Dan Forest, 34th Lieutenant Governor of North Carolina (2013–2021)
• Brenan Hanifee, MLB pitcher
• Alan Knicely, former MLB player
• Tom Lough, former modern pentathlete and competitor in the 1968 Summer Olympics ^[116]
• Old Crow Medicine Show, Americana string band
• John Paul Jr., U.S. Representative from Virginia (1922–1923); U.S. Attorney for the Western District of Virginia (1929–1932); Judge for the Western District of Virginia (1932–1958), whose school desegregation rulings set off Massive Resistance by Virginia officials
• Thomas F. Riley, Brigadier general in the Marine Corps, later served as Orange County Supervisor 1974–1994
• Jeremiah Sullivan, Justice of the Indiana Supreme Court
• Kaitlyn Vincie, Fox NASCAR reporter and NASCAR Race Hub presenter
• Happy the Man, progressive rock band

Raised

• Samuel B. Avis, U.S. Representative from West Virginia (1913–1915)
• Charles B. Gatewood, United States Military Academy graduate and United States Army Lieutenant who convinced Chiricahua Apache leader Geronimo to surrender to the Army in 1886
• John H. Gibbons, nuclear physicist; Director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (1993–1998)
• William Conrad Gibbons, historian and Vietnam War expert
• Akeem Jordan, former NFL player
• Edgar Amos Love, co-founder of Omega Psi Phi fraternity
• John Otho Marsh Jr., U.S. Representative from Virginia (1963–1971); Secretary of the Army (1981–1989)
• Bill Mims, Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia (2010–2022); former Attorney General of Virginia (2009–2010)
• Ralph Sampson, former NBA player
• Howard Stevens, former NFL player
• Maggie Stiefvater, bestselling young adult fiction author
• Josh Sundquist, paralympian, bestselling author, and motivational speaker
• Kristi Toliver, current WNBA player and NBA assistant coach
• Landon Turner, current NFL player
• John Wade, former NFL player

Resident

• Jeremiah Bishop, cross-country mountain bike racer
• John T. "Judge" Harris, U.S. Representative from Virginia (1859–1861, 1871–1881)
• Daryl Irvine, former MLB player
• John R. Jones, brigadier general in Confederate States Army
• Gus Niarhos, former MLB player
• Mark Obenshain, Republican nominee in Virginia Attorney General Election of 2013; member of the Senate of Virginia (2004–present)
• Charles Triplett "Trip" O'Ferrall, U.S. Representative for Virginia (1883–1894), 42nd Governor of Virginia (1894–1898)
• John Birdsell Oren, U.S. Coast Guard Rear admiral
• Sofia Samatar, award-winning writer ^[117]
• Howard Zehr, pioneer of restorative justice

See also

• Harrisonburg Department of Public Transportation
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Harrisonburg, Virginia
• Virginia Mennonite Conference

References and notes

1. Harrisonburg, VA (January 14, 2022). "City Manager search moves forward with selection of firm" (PDF). City of Harrisonburg Press Release. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
2. "Mayor Deanna R. Reed". City of Harrisonburg, VA. December 27, 2016.
3. "City Council | City of Harrisonburg, VA". Harrisonburgva.gov. August 24, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
4. "Council Member Monica Robinson". City of Harrisonburg, VA. January 5, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
5. "Council Member Dany Fleming". City of Harrisonburg, VA. January 5, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
6. "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
7. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 31, 2008.
8. "Harrisonburg – Populated Place". Geographic Names Information System . USGS . Retrieved May 8, 2008.
9. "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
10. "Harrisonburg city, Harrisonburg city, Virginia". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved January 30, 2022.
11. "Table 1. Annual Estimates of the Population of Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2011". 2011 Population Estimates. United States Census Bureau, Population Division. April 20, 2009. Archived from the original (CSV) on April 27, 2012. Retrieved June 4, 2012.
12. "JMU Facts & Figures". James Madison University. Retrieved September 15, 2015.
13. "JMU Historical Timeline". JMU Centennial Office. Retrieved December 5, 2006.
14. Schum, Guy (February 14, 2012). "The Plain People". Virginialiving.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
15. "Where Did Those 'We're Glad You're Our Neighbor' Signs Come From?". WAMU.org. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
16. USA (April 1, 2000). "Pew Research Center Hispanic Trends". Pewhispanic.org. Archived from the original on September 30, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
17. "ESL Students in HCPS". Harrisonburg.k12.va.us. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
18. "Harrisonburg City Schools - English as a Second Language". Harrisonburg.k12.va.us. Archived from the original on June 1, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
19. "Rosetta Stone History". Rosettastone.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
20. Kane, Joseph Nathan; Aiken, Charles Curry (2004). The American Counties. Scarecrow Press. p. 130. ISBN   0-8108-5036-2.
21. Harrison, J. Houston (1935). Settlers by the Long Grey Trail J.K. Ruebush. p 214-249
22. Julian Smith, 2007, Moon Virginia p. 246
23. "A Brief History of Harrisonburg". Harrisonburgva.gov. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
24. "Government Structure of Harrisonburg". Harrisonburgva.gov. April 8, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
25. "Historic Growth Map" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
26. Stephens City, Virginia was also called Newtown at this time.
27. Hagi, Randi B. (February 11, 2020). "The Legacy of Harrisonburg's 'Urban Renewal'". www.wmra.org. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
28. "Welcome [landing page]". Celebrating Simms: The story of the Lucy F. Simms School. James Madison University & the Shenandoah Valley Black Heritage Center in association with Billo Harper. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
29. Hagi, Randi B. (February 12, 2020). "The Role of Race and Money in Harrisonburg's 'Urban Renewal'". www.wmra.org. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
30. "Remembering Project R4". Eightyone.info. Archived from the original on January 16, 2009. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
31. "projects r-4 and r-16". Shenandoah Living Archive Prototype. Archived from the original on June 14, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
32. "Harrisonburg's Urban Renewal Projects, R4 & R16". Learn Share Illuminate. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
33. "A Guide to the Harrisonburg Redevelopment & Housing Authority Photographs, 1960-1987: SC 0235," Harrisonburg Redevelopment and Housing Authority Photographs, 1960-1987, SC 0235, Special Collections, Carrier Library, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA. https://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=jmu/vihart00185.xml
34. "Mapping African American Life in Harrisonburg". public.imaginingamerica.org. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
35. "First Baptist History". firstbaptisthbgva.org. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
36. "Newtown Cemetery National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (PDF). December 20, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022.
37. "Home". Harrisonburg Downtown Renaissance.
38. Bolsinger, Andrew Scot (October 28, 2002). "Downtown". Daily News-Record . Harrisonburg, VA. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
39. "Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District". Virginia Main Street Community: A National Register of Historic Places Travel Itinerary. National Park Service. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
40. Creswell, Kelly (August 14, 2007). "Harrisonburg Streetscape". WHSV TV 3. Gray Television, Inc. Archived from the original on July 16, 2011. Retrieved July 3, 2009.
41. "The Virginia Breeze: Bus from Blacksburg to Washington, DC". The Virginia Breeze: Bus from Blacksburg to Washington, DC | DRPT. Retrieved January 20, 2020.
42. "Awards and Recognitions". City of Harrisonburg, VA. July 10, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
43. "America's Favorite Towns". Travel + Leisure. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
44. "The Best Cities to Raise an Outdoor Kid: The Winning 25 - Page 3 of 6 - Backpacker". Backpacker. July 1, 2009. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
45. "The Top 61 Happiest Mountain Towns in the Blue Ridge". BlueRidgeCountry.com. Retrieved October 27, 2016.
46. Hellman, Reed (August 14, 2017). "'Farm to table' means just that in Virginia's first Culinary District". Recreation News. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
47. "Annual Events". Downtown Harrisonburg. Harrisonburg Downtown Renaissance. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
48. "Taste of Downtown". Downtown Harrisonburg. Harrisonburg Downtown Renaissance. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
49. "Main Street vibe". Harrisonburg, VA: Friendly by Nature. Harrisonburg Tourism. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
50. "SCCF OUT & ABOUT: LARKIN ARTS, HARRISONBURG". Staunton Creative Community Fund. September 17, 2012. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
51. Stacy, Sarah. "Larkin Arts hosts second annual juried art show". DNR Harrisonburg. Archived from the original on April 13, 2014.
52. "2014 Open Engagement Program". Open Engagement.
53. Jenner, Andrew. "Visiting With the Old Furnace Artist Residency". Old South High. Archived from the original on July 29, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2014.
54. Jenkins, Jermiah. "Lurid Pictures + Super Gr8 Film Fest = Awesome Harrisonburg". Old South High. Archived from the original on June 29, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2014.
55. "About Us". Arts Council of the Valley. Archived from the original on April 16, 2014. Retrieved April 13, 2014.
56. "Home - OASIS Fine Art & Craft". Oasisfineartandcraft.org. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
57. "Virginia Quilt Museum". VQM.
58. "115-0008 The Harrison House (formerly the Thomas Harrison House)". www.dhr.virginia.gov.
59. "Thomas Harrison House". City of Harrisonburg, VA. May 1, 2017.
60. "Hardesty-Higgins House Visitor Center". Visit Harrisonburg Virginia in the Shenandoah Valley. January 7, 2019.
61. "Story Map Tour". harrisonburg.maps.arcgis.com.
62. "115-0187 Harrisonburg Downtown Historic District". www.dhr.virginia.gov.
63. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
64. "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
65. Ii, Thomas M. Gathright; Frischmann, Peter S. (1986). Geology of the Harrisonburg and Bridgewater quadrangles, Virginia. Vol. 60. Charlottesville, VA: Commonwealth of Virginia, Dept. of Mines, Minerals, and Energy, Division of Mineral Resources.
66. "Census of Population and Housing from 1790-2000". US Census Bureau . Retrieved January 24, 2022.
67. "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
68. "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
69. "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 6, 2014.
70. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Harrisonburg city, Virginia". United States Census Bureau .
71. "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) - Harrisonburg city, Virginia". United States Census Bureau .
72. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau . Retrieved April 30, 2016.
73. David Leip. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". Uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved December 8, 2020.
74. "Previous Council Members" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
75. "The News Leader from Staunton, Virginia on September 2, 1960 · 2". Newspapers.com. September 2, 1960. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
76. "Harrisonburg Daily News Record Archives, Nov 13, 1964, p. 1". NewspaperArchive.com. November 13, 1964. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
77. "Harrisonburg Daily News Record Archives, Jun 15, 1966, p. 1". NewspaperArchive.com. June 15, 1966. Retrieved August 1, 2021.
78. Virginia, Harrisonburg (January 7, 2013), 1969 City Council , retrieved August 1, 2021
79. "09-03-1974" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. September 3, 1974. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
80. "1976 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 13, 1976. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
81. "1978 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 3, 1978. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
82. "1980 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 8, 1980. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
83. "1982 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 12, 1982. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
84. "1983 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 1, 1983. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
85. "1984 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 10, 1984. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
86. "1986 City Council Minutes January to December" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 14, 1986. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
87. "1988 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 12, 1988. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
88. "1990 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 9, 1990. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
89. "1992 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 14, 1992. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
90. "1994 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 11, 1994. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
91. "1996 City Council Minutes Jan to Dec" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 23, 1996. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
92. "REORGANIZATION MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. July 1, 1998. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
93. "REORGANIZATION MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. July 1, 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
94. "REGULAR MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. September 12, 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
95. "MINUTES - REORGANIZATION MEETING OF CITY COUNCIL" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. July 1, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
96. "REORGANIZATION MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. July 1, 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
97. "REGULAR MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. June 26, 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
98. "REGULAR MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. July 11, 2006. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
99. "REGULAR MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. July 10, 2007. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
100. "REORGANIZATION MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 2, 2009. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
101. "REORGANIZATION MEETING" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. January 3, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
102. "Special Meeting" (PDF). The City of Harrisonburg Virginia. February 10, 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved August 8, 2022.
103. Breeze, Mike Dolzer | The (January 11, 2016). "From Wilson Hall to City Hall: An inside look at JMU alumnus Mayor Chris Jones". The Breeze. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
104. "About". Deanna Reed for Harrisonburg City Council. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
105. Kline, Jared (January 3, 2017). "Harrisonburg council chooses new mayor, approves protocol change". www.whsv.com. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
106. "Banks Named Acting Harrisonburg City Manager". WSVA News Talk Radio. Retrieved April 3, 2022.
107. "City Manager Eric Campbell". Harrisonburgva.gov. August 24, 2017. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
108. Breeze, Jamie McEachin | The (January 29, 2019). "Historic mayor, vice-mayor pair highlight city's diversity". The Breeze. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
109. "Harrisonburg re-elects Mayor Deanna Reed, Vice Mayor Sal Romero". WHSV.com. January 4, 2021. Retrieved June 20, 2021.
110. "Deanna Reed remains mayor and Laura Dent becomes vice mayor — making more history for a historic council". The Harrisonburg Citizen. January 3, 2023. Retrieved May 4, 2023.
111. Eastern Mennonite School profile Archived July 28, 2013, at the Wayback Machine .
112. "Alpine Loop Gran Fondo" . Retrieved February 6, 2014.
113. "Harrisonburg International Festival". Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
114. "Climate Summary for Harrisonburg, Virginia". Weatherbase.com. Retrieved September 30, 2017.
115. Greenberg, Rudi (January 22, 2020). "Illiterate Light and its very specific sound as a band: Massive". Washington Post.
116. "Tom Lough Olympic Results". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on December 13, 2012. Retrieved August 18, 2012.
117. Samatar, Sofia (2018). From The White Mosque Archived January 17, 2019, at the Wayback Machine CMW Journal, vol. 10, no. 4. Retrieved 2019-16-01.

External links

• City of Harrisonburg