1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election

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1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election
Flag of Minnesota (1983-2024).svg
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  Jesse Ventura 1996 (cropped).jpg Norm Coleman, official portrait (108th Congress).jpg Hubert Humphrey III (cropped).jpg
Nominee Jesse Ventura Norm Coleman Skip Humphrey
Party Reform Republican Democratic (DFL)
Running mate Mae Schunk Gen Olson Roger Moe
Popular vote773,713717,350587,528
Percentage36.99%34.29%28.09%
1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election results map by county.svg
MN Governor 1998.svg
Ventura:     30–40%     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%     >90%
Coleman:     30–40%     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%     >90%
Humphrey:     30–40%     40–50%     50–60%     60–70%     70–80%     80–90%     >90%
Other:     40–50%     60–70%
Tie:     30–40%     40–50%     50%     No votes
Governor before election

Arne Carlson
Republican

Elected Governor

Jesse Ventura
Reform

The 1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election took place on November 3, 1998. Reform Party candidate Jesse Ventura, the former mayor of Brooklyn Park and a former professional wrestler, won office, defeating Republican St. Paul mayor Norm Coleman and DFL state attorney general Skip Humphrey. He succeeded Republican incumbent Arne Carlson. Ventura's victory as a third-party candidate was considered a historic major upset. [1]

Contents

As of 2025, the election marks the only time a Reform Party candidate won a major government office. It also remains the last time a third-party candidate won any statewide election in Minnesota. Ventura's vote share of 36.99% is the lowest for a Minnesota gubernatorial election winner since 1890.

DFL primary

Candidates

Polling

Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Mark
Dayton		Mike
Freeman		Skip
Humphrey		Doug
Johnson		John
Marty		Ted
Mondale		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [3] [A] August 28–30, 1998317 (LV)± 5.6%23%10%38%4%–10%15%
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998326 (LV)± 5.5%10%13%32%4%3%12%26%
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998319 (LV)± 5.6%7%9%35%6%5%11%26%

Results

Democratic primary results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Democratic (DFL) Skip Humphrey 182,562 36.95%
Democratic (DFL) Mike Freeman 93,71418.97%
Democratic (DFL) Doug Johnson 91,88818.60%
Democratic (DFL) Mark Dayton 88,07017.83%
Democratic (DFL) Ted Mondale 36,2377.33%
Democratic (DFL) Ole Savior1,5980.32%
Total votes494,069 100.0%

Republican primary

Candidates

Norm Coleman was elected mayor of St. Paul in 1993 as a Democrat with almost 55% of the vote. In 1996, he switched parties to become a Republican after years of heat from his party. [7] He won re-election as mayor in the heavily Democratic city with almost 59% of the vote in 1997.

Polling

Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Joanne
Benson		Dick
Borrell		Norm
Coleman		Bill
Dahn		Allen
Quist		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [3] [A] August 28–30, 1998317 (LV)± 5.8%––75%11%–14%
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998309 (LV)± 5.7%20%2%39%–13%26%
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998319 (LV)± 5.6%14%–37%–11%34%

Results

Coleman won the Republican nomination by winning the primary with token opposition. [8]

Republican primary results
PartyCandidateVotes%
Republican Norm Coleman 127,957 91.32%
Republican Bill Dahn12,1678.68%
Total votes140,124 100.00%

General election

Candidates

Ventura ran unopposed in his party's primary. [9]

Campaign

Humphrey was seen as the initial favorite, having scored a $6 billion settlement with the tobacco industry in May of that year. [10] The DFL primary saw candidates mostly focusing on issues, rather than attacking Humphrey. Humphrey had lost the party's endorsement to Mike Freeman. The primary was nicknamed the "My Three Sons" campaign, owing to the political pedigree of three of the candidates, and Mark Dayton, heir to the Dayton fortune. [11] Humphrey was endorsed by the Star Tribune in the run up to November.

Coleman started as a strong challenger to Humphrey. Coleman received the Republican endorsement over more conservative candidates Allen Quist and Joanne Benson. Coleman ran as a social conservative, opposing abortion and gay marriage. He also campaigned on using the state's budget surplus to cut taxes, as well as expanding the state's school choice program to include school vouchers. [12]

Ventura spent around $300,000 and combined it with an aggressive grassroots campaign that featured a statewide bus tour, pioneered use of the Internet for political purposes, and aired quirky TV ads designed by Bill Hillsman, who forged the phrase "Don't vote for politics as usual." [13] Unable to afford many television ads, Ventura mainly focused on televised debates and public appearances, preaching his brand of libertarian politics. His speech at a parade in rural Minnesota during the summer attracted what organizers of the annual event described as one of its largest audiences. He ran on cutting taxes, reducing state government, and reducing public school classroom sizes to a 17 to 1 ratio. He also supported a public debate on the viability of legalized prostitution. [14]

Polling

A poll taken in June showed that Coleman would defeat any other Democratic candidate than Humphrey; Humphrey would defeat Coleman 44% to 34%. However, Ventura polled in the double digits. No other candidate in the Reform Party's brief history in Minnesota has received more than 5 percent of the votes in a statewide election. [15] Following the primary election in September, a poll on October 20 showed Humphrey leading 35% to Coleman (34%) and Ventura (21%). But the Star Tribune poll suggested that Ventura's surge with the voters had come mostly at Humphrey's expense. Since the primary, Humphrey's support among likely voters had dropped by 14 percentage points, while Coleman's had increased by 5 percentage points. [16]

Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Norm
Coleman (R)		Skip
Humphrey (D)		Undecided
Market Solutions Group [17] [B] October 27–30, 19981,007 (A)± 3.0%27%30%35%8%
Mason-Dixon [18] [A] October 23–25, 1998816 (RV)± 3.5%23%33%34%10%
Market Solutions Group [17] [B] October 15–18, 1998806 (LV)± 3.5%21%34%35%10%
Mason-Dixon [19] [A] October 10–13, 1998825 (RV)± 3.5%15%31%44%10%
Mason-Dixon [3] [A] August 28–30, 1998812 (RV)± 3.5%13%29%43%15%
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%7%30%46%17%
Hypothetical polling
Coleman vs. Humphrey
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Norm
Coleman (R)		Skip
Humphrey (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [18] [A] October 23–25, 1998816 (RV)± 3.5%42%41%17%
Mason-Dixon [17] October 10–13, 1998825 (LV)± 3.5%31%44%25%
Minnesota Star Tribune [17] September 16–20, 19981,009 (A)± 4.3%29%49%22%
Mason-Dixon [17] August 28–30, 1998812 (LV)± 3.5%29%43%28%
Minnesota Star Tribune [17] July 23–28, 19981,007 (LV)± 3.0%35%39%26%
Mason-Dixon [17] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (LV)± 3.5%30%46%24%
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998827 (RV)± 3.5%33%39%28%
Ventura vs. Coleman vs. Dayton
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Norm
Coleman (R)		Mark
Dayton (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [3] [A] August 28–30, 1998812 (RV)± 3.5%12%34%35%19%
Ventura vs. Coleman vs. Freeman
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Norm
Coleman (R)		Mike
Freeman (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [3] [A] August 28–30, 1998812 (RV)± 3.5%12%36%32%20%
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%13%30%39%18%
Ventura vs. Coleman vs. Johnson
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Norm
Coleman (R)		Doug
Johnson (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [3] [A] August 28–30, 1998812 (RV)± 3.5%8%40%25%27%
Ventura vs. Coleman vs. Mondale
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Norm
Coleman (R)		Ted
Mondale (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [3] [A] August 28–30, 1998812 (RV)± 3.5%11%32%35%21%
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%11%36%37%16%
Ventura vs. Benson vs. Freeman
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Joanne
Benson (R)		Mike
Freeman (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%13%28%35%24%
Ventura vs. Benson vs. Humphrey
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Joanne
Benson (R)		Skip
Humphrey (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%10%20%55%15%
Ventura vs. Benson vs. Mondale
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Joanne
Benson (R)		Ted
Mondale (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%11%24%45%20%
Ventura vs. Quist vs. Freeman
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Allen
Quist (R)		Mike
Freeman (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%14%19%36%31%
Ventura vs. Quist vs. Humphrey
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Allen
Quist (R)		Skip
Humphrey (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%12%17%56%15%
Ventura vs. Quist vs. Mondale
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Jesse
Ventura (Rf)		Allen
Quist (R)		Ted
Mondale (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [4] [A] May 30 – June 1, 1998806 (RV)± 3.5%12%18%51%19%
Coleman vs. Freeman
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Norm
Coleman (R)		Mike
Freeman (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998827 (RV)± 3.5%36%29%35%
Coleman vs. Mondale
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Norm
Coleman (R)		Ted
Mondale (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998827 (RV)± 3.5%34%33%33%
Benson vs. Freeman
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Joanne
Benson (R)		Mike
Freeman (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998827 (RV)± 3.5%27%30%43%
Benson vs. Humphrey
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Joanne
Benson (R)		Skip
Humphrey (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998827 (RV)± 3.5%25%49%26%
Benson vs. Mondale
Poll sourceDate(s)
administered		Sample
size [a] 		Margin
of error		Joanne
Benson (R)		Ted
Mondale (D)		Undecided
Mason-Dixon [5] [A] February 20–22, 1998827 (RV)± 3.5%26%37%37%

Debate

1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election debates
No.DateHostModeratorLink Reform Republican Democratic
Key:
 P Participant  A Absent  N Not invited  I Invited  W  Withdrawn
Jesse Ventura Norm Coleman Skip Humphrey
1Oct. 1, 1998 League of Women Voters Judy Duffy C-SPAN PPP
2Oct. 16, 1998 League of Women Voters Catherine Severin C-SPAN PPP
3Oct. 24, 1998 KARE (TV), KMSP-TV,
KSTP-TV & KTCA 		Ken Stone Twin Cities PBS PPP
4Oct. 30, 1998Insight News, KMOJ,
KTCA-TV, MPR & Star Tribune 		Karen Louise Boothe
Lori Sturdevant		 C-SPAN PPP

Results

1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election swing map by county.svg
1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election trend map by county.svg
1998 Minnesota gubernatorial election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Reform Jesse Ventura 773,713 36.99% New
Republican Norm Coleman 717,35034.29%−29.04%
Democratic (DFL) Skip Humphrey 587,52828.09%−6.02%
Green Ken Pentel7,0340.34%n/a
Libertarian Frank Germann1,9320.09%−0.80%
Grassroots Chris Wright 1,7270.08%−1.12%
People's Champion Fancy Ray McCloney 9190.04%n/a
Socialist Workers Thomas Fiske7870.04%−0.14%
Write-ins776n/a
Majority56,3632.69%
Turnout 2,091,76660%
Reform gain from Republican Swing

Results breakdown

By county: [20] [21]

CountyColemanVotesHumphreyVotesVenturaVotesOthersVotes
Aitkin 31.6%2,44730.3%2,34737.4%2,8970.6%47
Anoka 29.3%37,11119.7%24,97550.7%64,1000.3%363
Becker 41.4%5,03035.7%4,34922.4%2,7210.5%62
Beltrami 39.8%5,87235.9%5,28923.0%3,3871.3%195
Benton 33.2%4,38820.8%2,75045.6%6,0270.4%47
Big Stone 31.9%91240.0%1,14427.5%7860.5%15
Blue Earth 30.9%7,03124.9%5,66643.8%9,9730.6%111
Brown 45.2%5,15021.2%2,41733.3%3,7940.4%44
Carlton 31.0%3,92942.9%5,43925.5%3,2260.6%70
Carver 39.9%11,47916.1%4,62143.8%12,6060.3%88
Cass 42.0%4,78128.9%3,28828.7%3,2680.5%55
Chippewa 28.3%1,72134.0%2,06437.4%2,2710.3%19
Chisago 28.0%5,37618.9%3,62152.8%10,1380.4%71
Clay 34.7%6,20043.5%7,76621.8%3,7970.5%91
Clearwater 44.8%1,43935.0%1,12419.5%6250.7%24
Cook 38.6%1,01039.6%1,04618.0%4743.8%100
Cottonwood 39.6%2,42030.8%1,88429.2%1,7880.5%29
Crow Wing 39.7%9,55926.0%6,25733.9%8,1620.4%104
Dakota 37.3%56,24222.0%33,25340.4%60,9090.3%484
Dodge 37.4%2,61921.2%1,48441.0%2,8670.4%27
Douglas 42.1%6,32323.3%3,50334.3%5,1620.3%41
Faribault 34.2%2,77829.3%2,38236.0%2,9230.4%34
Fillmore 39.7%3,35933.4%2,82326.2%2,2190.7%56
Freeborn 39.5%5,46333.3%4,60526.9%3,7060.5%65
Goodhue 33.9%6,78622.7%4,54743.0%8,6100.5%92
Grant 30.6%1,05531.6%1,08937.5%1,2940.3%10
Hennepin 31.9%155,31130.2%147,05936.9%179,9541.0%4,778
Houston 48.8%3,61637.7%2,79712.0%8911.5%111
Hubbard 42.6%3,69730.1%2,60926.7%2,3170.7%57
Isanti 27.3%3,71919.6%2,66552.9%7,2090.3%36
Itasca 37.8%7,18141.6%7,91119.8%3,7680.8%143
Jackson 34.9%1,79633.5%1,72831.1%1,6050.5%24
Kanabec 29.0%1,89521.1%1,37449.6%3,2380.3%17
Kandiyohi 34.5%6,28729.3%5,33735.9%6,5300.2%45
Kittson 32.2%75750.3%1,18516.5%3891.0%23
Koochiching 46.4%2,72134.9%2,34718.1%1,0640.56%31
Lac Qui 27.6%1,13339.5%1,62132.4%1,3300.4%16
Lake 30.1%1,76642.2%2,47226.4%1,5451.3%75
LOTW 41.5%83742.2%85214.3%2882.1%41
Le Sueur 30.4%3,58222.2%2,61447.1%5,5510.3%35
Lincoln 36.4%1,12936.7%1,13626.3%8150.6%18
Lyon 39.1%4,04328.7%2,96631.7%3,2770.6%66
McLeod 30.9%4,75415.9%2,44952.8%8,1260.3%50
Mahnomen 41.8%82136.5%71620.7%4061.1%21
Marshall 40.5%1,95941.5%2,00817.2%8340.8%38
Martin 38.8%3,67626.7%2,53434.2%3,2430.2%23
Meeker 31.3%3,32019.7%2,08348.6%5,1530.4%39
Mille Lacs 31.0%2,89821.4%1,99847.2%4,4040.4%39
Morrison 40.6%5,37721.9%2,89937.0%4,9050.6%78
Mower 34.9%5,52939.3%6,23425.2%3,9900.7%111
Murray 38.7%1,81934.5%1,62026.2%1,2330.6%30
Nicollet 33.2%4,34525.9%3,38440.3%5,2720.6%78
Nobles 39.0%3,26531.8%2,66428.7%2,4040.4%34
Norman 31.4%1,02449.7%1,62118.3%5960.6%19
Olmsted 42.7%19,48026.8%12,20530.1%13,7100.4%199
Otter Tail 45.0%10,78529.1%6,98225.3%6,0690.5%116
Pennington 38.8%2,22639.3%2,25321.4%1,2260.6%35
Pine 26.9%2,86925.6%2,73047.1%5,0270.4%48
Pipestone 46.8%2,12735.7%1,62116.6%7520.9%43
Polk 40.7%2,34743.5%4,46215.5%1,6990.4%44
Pope 33.6%1,95432.9%1,73836.1%2,0990.3%17
Ramsey 32.4%69,24032.1%68,61934.6%73,9930.8%1,714
Red Lake 39.6%84243.3%92016.0%3391.1%24
Redwood 42.8%3,14022.5%1,65434.5%2,5330.2%17
Renville 30.7%2,51425.4%2,07943.7%3,5830.3%24
Rice 29.7%6,73228.5%6,51841.3%9,4440.7%170
Rock 47.7%1,83236.1%1,38415.5%5960.7%25
Roseau 49.8%2,97531.2%1,86318.1%1,0811.0%57
St. Louis 28.1%24,43947.3%41,20823.8%20,6820.8%17
Scott 34.9%12,07516.7%5,78748.1%16,6120.3%97
Sherburne 32.1%8,13916.4%4,16351.2%13,0040.3%73
Sibley 32.1%2,26117.9%1,26249.7%3,4970.3%24
Stearns 38.5%20,73121.7%11,69639.2%21,1160.6%320
Steele 38.5%5,39921.6%3,02239.7%5,5590.3%37
Stevens 40.7%2,05229.9%1,50728.9%1,4550.5%25
Swift 26.7%1,41035.1%1,85238.0%2,0060.2%11
Todd 39.3%4,29322.4%2,42637.9%4,1460.5%60
Traverse 34.2%73333.7%72131.5%6740.7%14
Wabasha 35.8%3,36323.6%2,22140.2%3,7760.4%41
Wadena 43.1%2,56325.9%1,53730.3%1,7821.1%63
Waseca 35.8%3,06422.3%1,90441.4%3,5430.5%42
Washington 35.8%32,56522.2%20,20541.7%37,9100.3%300
Watonwan 33.4%1,71127.9%1,42938.3%1,9650.4%19
Wilkin 43.2%1,18132.6%89223.4%6390.8%22
Winona 42.9%7,85633.7%6,17622.1%4,0391.3%235
Wright 32.1%11,95716.2%6,02751.4%19,1240.3%106
Yellow Medicine 29.8%1,62833.7%1,83836.0%1,9660.5%25
Totals34.29%717,35028.09%587,52836.99%773,7130.63%13,175

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Key:
    A – all adults
    RV – registered voters
    LV – likely voters
    V – unclear

Partisan clients

References

  1. ↑ Belluck, Pam (November 5, 1998). "A 'Bad Boy' Wrestler's Unscripted Upset". The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 3, 2024. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Three famous sons and heir to a fortune battle in governor's race". Minnesota Daily. Associated Press. March 9, 1998. Retrieved August 27, 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "MPR Poll: 1998 Governor Race". Minnesota Public Radio. September 1, 1998. Archived from the original on December 24, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Minnesota Poll 1998 Governor Race". Minnesota Public Radio. June 3, 2024. Archived from the original on December 24, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Minnesota Poll 1998 Governor Race". Minnesota Public Radio. February 23, 1998. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  6. ↑ "The Minnesota Legislative Manual 1999-2000" (PDF). Minnesota Legislative Reference Library. Secretary of State Saint Paul. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  7. ↑ Johnson, Dirk (December 20, 1996). "Speculation Follows St. Paul Mayor's Switch to Republicans". The New York Times. Archived from the original on September 12, 2012. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  8. ↑ "COLEMAN: AFTER AN EASY PRIMARY SEASON, GOP NOMINEE HAS TO GET DOWN TO BUSINESS". St. Paul Pioneer Press. September 16, 1998. p. 8A. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.
  9. ↑ The Minnesota Legislative Manual 1999-2000 (PDF). Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Secretary of State. June 1999. pp. 342–343.
  10. ↑ Fisher, Marc (November 4, 1998). "Jesse 'The Body' Wins Minn. Gubernatorial Race". Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  11. ↑ Jeter, Jon (September 17, 1998). "In Polite Race, Humphrey Kept Advantage". Washington Post. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  12. ↑ Belluck, Pam (October 31, 1998). "THE 1998 CAMPAIGN: MINNESOTA; Candidates Are Neck, Neck and Neck in Governor's Race". The New York Times. Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  13. ↑ Howey, Brian A. "Brian Howey: Time to Take Over the Indiana Libertarian Party". Howey Politics Indiana. Archived from the original on August 18, 2009.
  14. ↑ Jeter, Jon (October 22, 1998). "'The Body' Slams Into Politics". The Washington Post . Retrieved October 7, 2024.
  15. ↑ Whereatt, Robert (June 3, 1998). "Minnesota Poll: Humphrey holds lead in primary and general election races". Star Tribune . Archived from the original on June 7, 2011.
  16. ↑ "NEW POLL: HUMPHREY, COLEMAN IN DEAD HEAT". St. Paul Pioneer Press. October 12, 1998. p. 3B. Archived from the original on October 20, 2012.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "CNN AllPolitics Election '98 - Minnesota 1998 Polls". CNN. Archived from the original on May 12, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  18. 1 2 "MPR Poll: 1998 Governor & Attorney General Races". Minnesota Public Radio. October 29, 1998. Archived from the original on December 24, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  19. ↑ "MPR Poll: 1998 Governor & Attorney General Races". Minnesota Public Radio. October 14, 1998. Archived from the original on December 24, 2024. Retrieved December 24, 2024.
  20. ↑ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections".
  21. ↑ "Official General Election Vote Totals by County for the Office of Governor" (PDF). Office of the Minnesota Secretary of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2008.

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