Eastern Romance languages

Last updated
Eastern Romance
Geographic
distribution
Southeast Europe
Eastern Europe
Linguistic classification Indo-European
Early forms
Subdivisions
Language codes
ISO 639-3
Glottolog east2714  (Eastern Romance)
Map-balkans-vlachs.png
Regions inhabited nowadays by Eastern Romance-speakers

The Eastern Romance languages [1] are a group of Romance languages. The group, also called the Balkan Romance or Daco-Romance languages, [1] comprises the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), the Aromanian language and two other related minor languages, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian. [2] [3] [4]

Contents

Some classifications also include the extinct Dalmatian language (otherwise included in the Italo-Dalmatian group) as part of the Eastern Romance subgroup, [5] [6] [7] considering Dalmatian a bridge between Italian and Romanian. [8] [9]

Languages

Eastern Romance comprises Romanian (or Daco-Romanian), Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian, according to the most widely accepted classification of the Romance languages. [1] [10] [11] [12] [13] The four languages sometimes labelled as dialects of Romanian [1] and were developed from a common ancestor [13] mostly referred as Common Romanian. [14] They are surrounded by non-Romance languages. [15] Judaeo-Spanish (or Ladino) is also spoken in the Balkan Peninsula, but it is rarely listed among the other Romance languages of the region because it is rather an Iberian Romance language that developed as a Jewish dialect of Old Spanish in the far west of Europe, and it began to be spoken widely in the Balkans only after the influx of Ladino-speaking refugees into the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. [12]

Internal classification

Within the Glottolog database, the languages are classified as follows: [16]

Peter R. Petrucci, by contrast, states that Common Romanian had developed into two major dialects by the 10th century, and that Daco-Romanian and Istro-Romanian are descended from the northern dialect, while Megleno-Romanian and Aromanian are descended from the southern dialect. [17]

Samples of Eastern Romance languages

Note: the lexicon used below is not universally recognized.

Istro-Romanian [18] [19] [20] Aromanian [21] [22] Megleno-Romanian [23] RomanianItalianSpanishPortugueseFrenchLatin sourceEnglish
pićorciciorpiciorpiciorgamba(pierna)pernajambepetiolus/gambaleg
kľeptucheptukľeptupieptpettopechopeitopoitrinepectuschest
bireghinebinibinebenebienbembienbenewell, good
bľeråazghirarizberzbiera/a rageruggirerugirrugirrugirbēlāre/rugīreto roar
fiľuhiljiľufiufigliohijofilhofilsfiliusson
fiľahiljeiľefiicăfigliahijafilhafillefīliadaughter
ficåthicatficatfegatohígadofígadofoiefīcātumliver
fihireirea fiessereserserêtrefuī/esse/sumto be
fľerheruierufierferrohierroferroferferrumiron
vițeluyitsãlvițålvițelvitello(ternero)viteloveauvitelluscalf
(g)ľermiermughiarmiviermevermeverme (gusano)vermeververmisworm
viuyiughiuviuvivovivovivovif/vivantvīvus/vīvēnsalive
viptyiptuviptcibo (vitto)comida (victo)comida (vitualha)victuaille (archaic)victusfood, grain, victuals
mľe(lu)njelm'ielmielagnello(cordero), añal (archaic)anho, cordeiroagneauagnelluslamb
mľårenjarem'arimieremielemielmelmielmelhoney

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Schulte 2009, p. 230.
  2. Hammarström, Forkel & Haspelmath 2019, .
  3. Agard 1984, p. 250.
  4. Hall 1950, p. 16.
  5. Swiggers 2011, p. 272.
  6. Sampson 1999, p. 298.
  7. Hall 1950, p. 24.
  8. Posner 1996, p. 195.
  9. Harris 1997, p. 22.
  10. Mallinson 1988, p. 23.
  11. Posner 1996, pp. 217–218.
  12. 1 2 Lindstedt 2014, p. 168.
  13. 1 2 Maiden 2016, p. 91.
  14. Sala, Marius (2012). De la Latină la Română][From Latin to Romanian]. Editura Pro Universitaria. p. 33. ISBN   978-606-647-435-1.
  15. Posner 1996, p. 217.
  16. Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2023-07-10). "Glottolog 4.8 - Eastern Romance". Glottolog . Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.7398962 . Retrieved 2023-11-20.
  17. Petrucci 1999, p. 4.
  18. Bărdășan, Gabriel (2011), Lexicul Istroromân Moștenit din Latină. Suprapuneri și Diferențieri Interdialectale [Istro-Romanian vocabulary inherited from Latin. Interdialectal Overlaps and Differentiations] (in Romanian), archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 via diacronia.ro
  19. Dănilă, Ioan (2007), "Istroromâna în viziunea lui Traian Cantemir", The Proceedings of the "European Integration – Between Tradition and Modernity" Congress[Istro-Romanian in the vision of Traian Cantemir] (in Romanian), vol. 2, pp. 224–231, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 via diacronia.ro
  20. Burlacu, Mihai (2010). "Istro-Romanians: The Legacy of a Culture". The IstroRomanian in Croatia.
  21. Caragiu Marioțeanu, Matilda, "Dialectul Aromân" [The Aromanian Dialect](PDF), Avdhela Project – Library of Aromanian Culture (in Romanian), archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-10-24, retrieved 2019-09-01
  22. Vătășescu, Cătălina (2017), "Atlasul lingvistic al dialectului aromân, bază pentru cercetarea raporturilor aromâno-albaneze" [The linguistic atlas of the Aromanian dialect as a ground for a comparative research with the Albanian language], Fonetică și dialectologie (in Romanian), vol. XXXVI, pp. 215–221, archived from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01 via diacronia.ro
  23. Dialectul Meglenoromân (PDF), archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-25, retrieved 2019-09-01

Sources