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The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin. They are the only extant subgroup of the Italic branch of the Indo-European language family.
Romanian is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova. Romanian is part of the Eastern Romance sub-branch of Romance languages, a linguistic group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin which separated from the Western Romance languages in the course of the period from the 5th to the 8th centuries. To distinguish it within the Eastern Romance languages, in comparative linguistics it is called Daco-Romanian as opposed to its closest relatives, Aromanian, Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian. It is also spoken as a minority language by stable communities in the countries surrounding Romania, and by the large Romanian diaspora. In total, it is spoken by 25 million people as a first language.
The Gallo-Romance branch of the Romance languages includes in the narrowest sense the langues d'oïl and Franco-Provençal. However, other definitions are far broader and variously encompass the Occitan or Occitano-Romance, Gallo-Italic or Rhaeto-Romance languages.
Vernacular is the ordinary, informal, spoken form of language, particularly when perceived as being of lower social status in contrast to standard language, which is more codified, institutional, literary, or formal. More narrowly, a particular variety of a language that meets the lower-status perception, and sometimes even carries social stigma, is also called a vernacular, vernacular dialect, nonstandard dialect, etc. and is typically its speakers' native variety. Despite any such stigma, modern linguistics regards all nonstandard dialects as full-fledged varieties of a language with their own consistent grammatical structure, sound system, body of vocabulary, etc.
The Accademia della Crusca, generally abbreviated as La Crusca, is a Florence-based society of scholars of Italian linguistics and philology. It is one of the most important research institutions of the Italian language, as well as the oldest linguistic academy in the world.
The Eastern Romance languages are a group of Romance languages. The group, also called the Balkan Romance or Daco-Romance languages, comprises the Romanian language (Daco-Romanian), the Aromanian language and two other related minor languages, Megleno-Romanian and Istro-Romanian.
The Della Cruscans were a circle of European late-18th-century sentimental poets founded by Robert Merry (1755–98).
Central Italian refers to the dialects of Italo-Romance spoken in the so-called Area Mediana, which covers a swathe of the central Italian peninsula. Area Mediana is also used in a narrower sense to describe the southern part, in which case the northern one may be referred to as the Area Perimediana, a distinction that will be made throughout this article. The two areas are split along a line running approximately from Rome in the southwest to Ancona in the northeast.
The internal classification of the Romance languages is a complex and sometimes controversial topic which may not have one single answer. Several classifications have been proposed, based on different criteria.
Graziadio Isaia Ascoli was an Italian linguist.
Western Romance languages are one of the two subdivisions of a proposed subdivision of the Romance languages based on the La Spezia–Rimini Line. They include the Gallo-Romance, Occitano-Romance and Iberian Romance branches. Gallo-Italic may also be included. The subdivision is based mainly on the use of the "s" for pluralization, the weakening of some consonants and the pronunciation of “Soft C” as /t͡s/ rather than /t͡ʃ/ as in Italian and Romanian.
Nigel Vincent is a British linguist. He is Professor Emeritus of General and Romance Linguistics at the University of Manchester. He is best known for his work on morphology, syntax, and historical linguistics, with particular focus on the Romance languages.
Anna Elbina Morpurgo Davies, was an Italian philologist who specialised in comparative Indo-European linguistics. She spent her career at Oxford University, where she was the Professor of Comparative Philology and Fellow of Somerville College.
Sardinian is conventionally divided, mainly on phonological criteria, into three main varieties: Campidanese, Logudorese, and Nuorese. The last of these has a notably conservative phonology, compared not only to the other two varieties, but also to other Romance languages as well.
Adam Noel Ledgeway, FBA is an academic linguist, specialising in Italian and other Romance languages. Since 2015, he has been Chair of the Faculty of Modern and Medieval Languages at the University of Cambridge; he has also been Professor of Italian and Romance Linguistics at the University since 2013 and a Fellow of Downing College, Cambridge, since 1996. After completing his undergraduate degree at the University of Salford, Ledgeway studied for his master's degree at the University of Manchester, which also awarded him his doctorate in 1996. He took up a temporary assistant lectureship at Cambridge in 1997, which was made permanent the following year, before being promoted to lecturer in 2001 and senior lecturer three years later.
The re-latinization of Romanian is the reinforcement of the Romance features of the Romanian language that started in the 18th and 19th centuries. Romanian adopted a Latin-based alphabet to replace the Cyrillic script and borrowed many words from French as well as from Latin and Italian, in order to acquire the lexical tools necessary for modernization. This deliberate process coined words for recently introduced objects or concepts (neologisms), added Latinate synonyms for some Slavic and other loanwords, and strengthened some Romance syntactic features. Some linguistic researchers emphasize that the use of this term is inappropriate as it conflates the larger process of modernization of the language with the more extreme, and in the end unsuccessful, current of eliminating non-Latin influences, and, secondly, the term's lack of precision is susceptible to lead to confusion as the Latin character of the Romanian language had already been noticed since at least the 15th century.
Old Romanian is the period of Romanian language from the 16th century until 1780. It continues the intermediary stage when the dialect continuum known as ‘Daco-Romanian’ developed from Common Romanian, and Modern Romanian, the period of Romanian language set in post-Enlightenment times.
Gianfranco Folena was an Italian linguist, philologist, and academic.
The Lausberg area is a part of southern Italy that covers much of Basilicata and the northern edge of Calabria, where Southern Italian dialects characterized by atypical Italo-Romance vowel developments are spoken. It is named after the German philologist Heinrich Lausberg, who brought the area to the attention of mainstream scholarship in 1939.
Marius Sala was a Romanian linguist, member of the Romanian Academy. His activity gained international academic recognition in the study of Romance languages.
References
- ↑ "University of Oxford faculty website".
- ↑ "Professor Martin Maiden FBA". The British Academy. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ "Professor Martin Maiden Awarded an Honorary Doctorate by University of Bucharest". Faculty of Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics, University of Oxford. 4 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ "Professor Martin Maiden Awarded Commander in the Ordinul Naţional & Idquo Serviciul Credincios". Faculty of Linguistics, Philology and Phonetics, University of Oxford. 4 January 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ "Martin Maiden". Academy of Europe.
- ↑ "Martin Maiden". Downing College, Cambridge. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
- ↑ "L'Accademia della Crusca nomina 13 nuovi accademici corrispondenti". Accademia della Crusca (in Italian). 6 November 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
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