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Italo-Dalmatian | |
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Central Romance | |
Geographic distribution | Italy France Croatia |
Linguistic classification | Indo-European
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Subdivisions |
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Language codes | |
Glottolog | ital1286 |
The Italo-Dalmatian languages, or Central Romance languages, are a group of Romance languages spoken in Italy, Corsica (France), and formerly in Dalmatia (Croatia).
Italo-Dalmatian can be split into: [1]
The generally accepted four branches of the Romance languages are Western Romance, Italo-Dalmatian, Sardinian and Eastern Romance. But there are other ways that the languages of Italo-Dalmatian can be classified in these branches:
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Based on the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Dalby lists four languages: Italian (Tuscan), Corsican, Neapolitan–Sicilian–Central Italian, and Dalmatian. [2]
The Venetian language is added to Italo-Dalmatian when excluded from Gallo-Italic, [3] and then usually grouped with Istriot. However, Venetian is not grouped into the Italo-Dalmatian languages by Ethnologue [4] and Glottolog, [5] unlike Istriot. [6] [7] However, the major consensus among linguists is that in the dialectal landscape of northern Italy, Veneto dialects are clearly distinguished from Gallo-Italic dialects. [3]
Italian is an official language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City and western Istria (in Slovenia and Croatia). It used to have official status in Albania, Malta and Monaco, where it is still widely spoken, as well as in former Italian East Africa and Italian North Africa regions where it plays a significant role in various sectors. Italian is also spoken by large expatriate communities in the Americas and Australia. The Italian language was initially and primarily based on Florentine: it has been then deeply influenced by almost all regional languages of Italy while its received pronunciation (known as Pronuncia Fiorentina Emendata, Amended Florentine Pronunciation) is based on the accent of the Roman dialect; these are the reasons why Italian differs significantly from Tuscan and its Florentine variety. [8]
Central Italian, or Latin–Umbrian–Marchegian and in Italian linguistics as "middle Italian dialects", is mainly spoken in the regions of: Lazio (which includes Rome); Umbria; central Marche; a small part of Abruzzo and Tuscany.
The "intermediate southern dialect group", is spoken in: southern Marche; southernmost Lazio; Abruzzo; Molise; Campania (including Naples); Basilicata; and the north of both Apulia and Calabria.
The Extreme Southern Italian, known in Italian linguistics as the "extreme southern dialect group", is spoken on the island of Sicily; and in the south of both Calabria and Apulia.
le varietà linguistiche venete hanno una loro individualità: nel panorama dialettale dell'Italia settentrionale i dialetti veneti si distinguono nettamente dai dialetti gallo-italici (piemontese, ligure, lombardo).
L'indubbia toscanizzazione dell'area settentrionale (ad es. nel vocalismo tonico) e la presenza di tratti coincidenti col toscano antico (ad es. l'impersonale con omo; pòltru «puledro») e anche marginale (ad es. l'enclisi del possessivo attestata in Garfagnana e all'Elba) sono stati determinanti per associare il corso al toscano nelle classificazioni e, in certo modo, per metterne in secondo piano l'originalità. Gli studiosi, tuttavia, hanno rilevato subito la continuità col sardo nell'area meridionale e ipotizzato una maggiore unità linguistica dell'isola precedente il periodo toscano, così come hanno individuato concordanze con i dialetti meridionali (ad es. la sonorizzazione delle consonanti sorde). Recentemente è stata avanzata l'ipotesi di un'area intertirrenica che accorperebbe le isole e l'Italia meridionale (Nesi 2002: 968-969; Durand 2003: 29-30).