Vasto

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Vasto
Città del Vasto
Il Faro di Punta Penna-2007.jpg
Lighthouse of Punta Penna, the second tallest in Italy and seventh tallest in the world
Flag of Vasto.svg
Vasto-Stemma-3.svg
Location of Vasto
Vasto
Italy provincial location map 2016.svg
Red pog.svg
Vasto
Location of Vasto in Italy
Italy Abruzzo location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Vasto
Vasto (Abruzzo)
Coordinates: 42°07′00″N14°42′25″E / 42.11667°N 14.70694°E / 42.11667; 14.70694
Country Italy
Region Abruzzo
Province Chieti (CH)
Government
  MayorFrancesco Menna (Partito Democratico)
Area
[1]
  Total
70.65 km2 (27.28 sq mi)
Elevation
138 m (453 ft)
Population
 (January 1, 2023) [2]
  Total
40,692
  Density580/km2 (1,500/sq mi)
Demonym Vastesi
Time zone UTC+1 (CET)
  Summer (DST) UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
66054
Dialing code 0873
Patron saint Saint Michael
Saint daySeptember 29
Website Official website

Vasto (Abruzzese: lù Uàštë; Ancient Greek : Ἱστόνιον, romanized: Histonion, Latin : Histonium) is a comune on the Adriatic coast of the Province of Chieti, in southern Abruzzo, Italy. During the Middle Ages it was called Guastaymonis, Vasto d'Aimone or Waste d'Aimone. [3] Fascist Italy called the city Istonio, but it was renamed Vasto in 1944.

Contents

History

Ancient period

According to legend, the town was founded by Diomedes, the Greek hero. The earliest archaeological relics date to 1300 BC. Histonium was one of the key towns of the Frentani, located on the Adriatic coast, about 9 kilometres (6 mi) south of the promontory called Punta Penna.

Ancient geographers cited the town as located in the territory of the Frentani and apparently under Julius Caesar [4] did not obtain the rank of a colonia, but continued to bear the title of a municipium, as we learn from some inscriptions. [5] Under the Roman Empire, the municipium of Histonium was a flourishing and opulent town, further attested by the existing ruins of an ancient Roman theatre, baths, and other public edifices, besides numerous mosaics, statues, and columns of granite or marble. [6]

Among the numerous inscriptions which have been found, one of the most curious records the fact of a young boy named Lucius Valerius Pudens having at thirteen years of age won the prize for Latin poetry in the contest held at Rome in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. [7] The name of Histonium is still found in the Itineraries of the fourth century [8] and it probably never ceased to exist on its present site, though ravaged successively by the Goths, the Lombards, the Franks, and the Arabs.

Castello Caldoresco in Piazza Rossetti Vasto piazza Rossetti.jpg
Castello Caldoresco in Piazza Rossetti

Histonium had no natural port, and it is not improbable that in the days of its prosperity it depended on the port at the Punta Penna, where the current harbour that is the Porto di Vasto  [ it ] and the lighthouse are located, where there is good anchorage, and where Roman remains have also been found, which have been regarded, but probably erroneously, as those of the settlement of Buca. [9]

Middle Ages

Cathedral of San Giuseppe Cattedrale di San Giuseppe a Vasto.JPG
Cathedral of San Giuseppe
Palazzo d'Avalos Vasto 2011-08 by-RaBoe-018.jpg
Palazzo d'Avalos

After the collapse of the Western Roman Empire, the region was occupied by Germanic tribes until Justinian's Byzantine re-conquest, which included the province of Samnium, of which Histonium was a key town. However soon after Justinian's death, Histonium fell to the Lombards and incorporated into the Duchy of Benevento. Later, circa 774 AD, the town was conquered by the Franks. Subsequently, in 1053, the Normans under Robert Guiscard in turn captured it along with the Duchy of Benevento. Around 1076, Histonium was renamed Guastaymonis, or the Waste of Aimone (Italian : Il Guasto d'Aimone), following raids, hence its current name. From the 13th century it was part of the Kingdom of Naples, which later merged into the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

In the 15th century the city's urban structure was transformed by the condottiero Giacomo Caldora, who had become its lord. The Caldora family built new city walls still seen today, including the Torre Bassano tower in Piazza Rossetti, the Torre Diomede in Vico Storto del Passero, the Torre Diamante in Piazza Verdi and Porta Catena, and with Castello Caldoresco as its primary defensive outpost.

In 1566, Turkish Ottoman naval forces, led by Piyale Pasha, destroyed much of the city by fire, including the Castello Caldoresco, the Church of Santa Margherita and the Palazzo d'Avalos (formerly a home of Vittoria Colonna – close confidante of Michelangelo – now the Musei di Palazzo d'Avalos).

From Spanish rule until Italy's Unification

Under the Spanish rule of southern Italy, Vasto became fief of the Marquis d'Avalos, and under the reign of Cesare Michelangelo (marquis from 1697 to 1729), Vasto reached its zenith. Only superficially shaken by revolutionary events in 1799 (a short-lived Republic of Vasto was immediately overthrown by the sanfedista, or loyalists), the city's history was reflected in the nation's throughout the Restoration to the Unity of Italy when a liberal elite governed.

The poet and scholar Gabriele Rossetti was born in Vasto on 28 February 1783. Rossetti's published works include literary criticism, Romantic poetry such as his long poem Il Veggente in Solitudine of 1846, and his autobiography. Gabriele went into political exile in 1821, settling in London, England.

He was the father of well-known pre-Raphaelite painter Dante Gabriel Rossetti and poet Christina Rossetti. Gabriele died on 24 April 1854 and is buried in London's Highgate Cemetery with his wife Frances Polidori.

Modern

In the early 20th century, Vasto changed its architectural and urban features. The historical centre was redrawn and the foundations were set for drastic alterations during the 1920s and 1930s, with Mussolini decreeing a name change to Istonio in 1938, the official name until the liberation of the city from the Allied Forces in 1944.

Despite a devastating landslide (1956) that dragged a significant part of the eastern ridge – now Via Adriatica – into the gorge below, the years following World War II witnessed industrial, urban, and socio-cultural development. The city also discovered its tourist vocation: besides the progressive development of its beaches in Marina di Vasto, Roman-era thermal baths, mosaics, cisterns and remains of an amphitheatre were found and restored.

During the 1970s until the recent days, the town underwent a remarkable change and a fast growth, with several housing, road and other infrastructure projects built to accommodate the emigrating population from the inner areas of Southern Abruzzo, which have made it one of the most populous of the region.

Main sights

Santa Maria Maggiore Chiesa di Santa Maria Maggiore, Vasto 2.JPG
Santa Maria Maggiore

The old part of the town (centro storico) features a number of buildings and churches dating from the 12th-18th centuries, including:

Below the hill on which the town is located, the beach resort town of Marina di Vasto offers a large sandy beach and several hotels and other facilities.

Marina di Vasto and the Golfo di Vasto in the Adriatic Sea, seen from Vasto Vasto Marina, Vasto.jpg
Marina di Vasto and the Golfo di Vasto in the Adriatic Sea, seen from Vasto

Further north the coast becomes rocky and features interesting pebble and stone beaches and coves, as well as the typical trabocchi, typical wooden fishing machines of the Southern Abruzzo coast. Amongst the natural areas, also featuring a number of sandy and rocky beaches, is the protected natural area of the Riserva Naturale di Punta Aderci, whose beaches were voted in 2014 third of the top 20 beaches in Italy. [11]

Trabocco Trabocco, localita' Canale, Vasto.jpg
Trabocco

Notable people from Vasto

Climate

Climate data for Vasto (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2000)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)23.0
(73.4)
24.5
(76.1)
28.0
(82.4)
29.1
(84.4)
34.8
(94.6)
38.4
(101.1)
40.2
(104.4)
42.5
(108.5)
38.5
(101.3)
33.2
(91.8)
27.2
(81.0)
24.3
(75.7)
42.5
(108.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)10.5
(50.9)
11.0
(51.8)
13.9
(57.0)
17.3
(63.1)
21.6
(70.9)
25.9
(78.6)
28.5
(83.3)
28.7
(83.7)
24.3
(75.7)
20.0
(68.0)
15.6
(60.1)
11.7
(53.1)
19.1
(66.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)7.7
(45.9)
8.0
(46.4)
10.6
(51.1)
13.8
(56.8)
17.9
(64.2)
22.1
(71.8)
24.7
(76.5)
24.9
(76.8)
20.7
(69.3)
16.8
(62.2)
12.7
(54.9)
8.9
(48.0)
15.7
(60.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)4.9
(40.8)
5.0
(41.0)
7.2
(45.0)
10.2
(50.4)
14.2
(57.6)
18.4
(65.1)
21.0
(69.8)
21.1
(70.0)
17.1
(62.8)
13.6
(56.5)
9.7
(49.5)
6.2
(43.2)
12.4
(54.3)
Record low °C (°F)−6.4
(20.5)
−6.8
(19.8)
−5.0
(23.0)
0.9
(33.6)
2.5
(36.5)
9.3
(48.7)
12.0
(53.6)
10.0
(50.0)
8.0
(46.4)
4.0
(39.2)
−8.0
(17.6)
−3.8
(25.2)
−8.0
(17.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches)63.3
(2.49)
53.0
(2.09)
59.7
(2.35)
51.2
(2.02)
36.8
(1.45)
33.0
(1.30)
35.2
(1.39)
42.2
(1.66)
63.0
(2.48)
75.0
(2.95)
81.4
(3.20)
87.1
(3.43)
680.9
(26.81)
Average precipitation days7.16.26.85.54.83.73.33.74.96.67.87.768.1
Source 1: Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale [12]
Source 2: Regione Abruzzo (precipitation and extremes 1951–2000) [13]

Twinnings

See also

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References

  1. "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  2. citypopulation.de. "Abruzzo Region".
  3. Abruzzo – Bradt Guide, 2nd Edition, 2013, page 268
  4. (Mela ii. 4. § 9; Pliny the Elder iii. 12. s. 17; Ptolemy iii. 1. § 18; Lib. Colon. p. 260; August Wilhelm Zumpt, De Coloniis p. 307.
  5. Orell. Inscr. 2603, 4052; Zumpt, l. c..
  6. Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 32.
  7. Romanelli, l. c. p. 34; Orell. Inscr. 2603; Mommsen, I. R. N. 5252.)
  8. Antonine Itinerary p. 314; Tabula Peutingeriana.
  9. Mommsen, lnscr. Regn. Neap. p. 274, App. p. 30; who has collected and published all the genuine inscriptions found at Histonium.
  10. Chiese di Vasto: Santa Maria Maggiore, 2014, at the URL:
  11. Legambiente, 2014 http://www.legambiente.it/contenuti/comunicati/le-spiagge-piu-belle-dell-estate-2014-cala-degli-infreschi-camerota-e-la-piu-ap
  12. "Valori climatici normali in Italia". Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale. Archived from the original on 17 September 2023. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
  13. "VALORI MEDI CLIMATICI DAL 1951 AL 2000 NELLA REGIONE ABRUZZO" (PDF). Regione Abruzzo. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 June 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.

PD-icon.svg This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Histonium". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography . London: John Murray.