Portuguese vocabulary

Last updated

Most of the Portuguese vocabulary comes from Latin because Portuguese is a Romance language.

Contents

Historical map of the Portuguese language (Galaico-portugues) since the year 1,000 Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif
Historical map of the Portuguese language (Galaico-português) since the year 1,000

However, other languages that came into contact with it have also left their mark. In the thirteenth century, the lexicon of Portuguese had about 80% words of Latin origin and 20% of pre-Roman Gallaecian and Celtiberian, Germanic, Greek and Arabic origin. [1]

Pre-Roman languages of Portugal

Pre-Roman languages of Iberia circa 300 BC Iberia 300BC-en.svg
Pre-Roman languages of Iberia circa 300 BC

Traces of the languages from native peoples of western Iberia (Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici or Conii) persist in Portuguese, as shown below. Most of the pre-Roman placenames or rivers in Portugal originate from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian and Celtiberian languages. There are also a few Iberian, Basque and Tartessian components in Portuguese.

List of Portuguese words of Iberian and Basque origin

Iberian-Basque

  • manteiga "butter" ***Uncertain origin, possibly Lat. mantica [2]

Projections on Iberian vocabulary, toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate just a few dozen words in total.[ citation needed ]

Basque

The Basque influence in Portuguese is believed to have entered mainly through Spanish, because many of those who took part in the Reconquista and later repopulation campaigns in Portugal, were of Basque lineage.[ citation needed ]

  • carrasco "executioner" or "Portuguese oak", from Basque karraska "thunder, crash of falling tree" [3]
  • sarna "scabies" from Medieval Latin (7th century, Isidore of Seville, Origines, 4.8.68), but as serna attested in Theodorus Priscianus (Constantinople, 4th century). Trumper (2004) however, after studying the variants of the word in the Latin medical treatises, proposes a Hispano-Celtic origin; cf. Middle Welsh sarn "mess" and sarnaf "to wreck". [4]
Names of Basque origin
Forenames
  • Inácio variant of Ignatius. ***Of uncertain origin. Often claimed an Etruscan-Latinised derivation but probably Pre-Roman Iberian, Celtiberian or Basque see* Íñigo, Íñaki
    Variants: Egnatius (Ancient Roman), Iñaki (Basque), Ignasi (Catalan), Ignác (Czech), Ignaas (Dutch), Iggy (English), Ignace (French), Ignatz (German), Ignác (Hungarian), Ignazio (Italian), Ignas (Lithuanian), Ignacy (Polish), Ignatiy (Russian), Ignac, Ignacij, Nace (Slovene), Ignacio, Nacho, Nacio (Spanish)[ citation needed ]
  • Vasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven' [5] [ better source needed ]
  • Xavier, from Basque Xabier, from etxe berri , meaning 'new house' or 'new home' [6] [ better source needed ]
  • Ximeno, [7] a variant of the medieval Basque given name Semen, root seme < senbe 'son' as found in the ancient Aquitanian name Sembetten, attested form "sehi" as 'child', hypothetical ancient root *seni (cf. Koldo Mitxelena and modern form "senide" = 'brother or sister', 'relative')
Surnames
  • Velasco derived from Basque "belasko", 'small raven' [5]

Celtic

Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tene cultures Hallstatt LaTene.png
Overview of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures

Although there is not a comprehensive study or wordcount on how much Celtic, (particularly Gallaecian [8] and words from the Hispano-Celtic group) survived in Portuguese (and Galician); [9] it is fair to say that after Latin, this is the second largest component in the Portuguese culture and language. [10] Projections on Celtic vocabulary (some words may have come via French borrowings starting in the 12th century), toponyms and derivations in Portuguese, indicate over 3,000 words. [11] The Celtic substratum is often overlooked, [12] due to the strong Latinisation of Celtic-derived [13] words in Portuguese and the ancient linguistic threads of pre-Roman origin.

List of Portuguese words of Celtic origin

Placenames

Celtic nameModern location/town name
Anobra Anobra *Likely derived from ānniyobris "hill,"ring" (Cf. old Irish ainne "ring"), [14]
Aritium oppidum vetusCasal da Várzea
Aritium Vetus Alvega
Ardila Ardila
Armona Ilha de Armona
Arauca Arouca [15]
Equabonna/Aquabona Coina
Axabrica/Axabrix Xabregas
Boidobr(ig)a Boidobra, a combination of two elements: 1. *boudi [16] or *boudo- 'victory' (Welsh budd 'gain, benefit') and 2. "briga".
Bracara Braga
Brigantia Bragança
Budens Budens
Caetobriga/Caetobrix/Kaitobrix Setúbal
Calabria > Caliabriga Castelo Calabre
Cambra<Calambriga Vale de Cambra (Aveiro), Casal de Cambra (Sintra)
Cale Vila Nova de Gaia; Portucale; Portugal [17]
Castralbo(a) Penalva do Castelo [18] [12]
Caxarias from the Celtic root *cax, oak-tree [19]
Colobre Alcolobre *(Colobre, 935 C.E.): the first element derives from *kʷolu- 'wheel' [20]
Conímbriga Conímbriga *Coimbra, [21]
Corucho* Coruche,* [22] [23]
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi> Marialva
Collippo Leiria [17]
Ebora Évora
Eburobrittium Óbidos
Jurumegna Juromenha
Lacobriga Lagos
Lamecum Lamego
Lemos Lemos, Lemenar, Lemenhe [24]
Londobris Berlengas
Longobriga Longroiva
Civitas Aravorum <Aravi> Marialva (Mêda)
Malaceca/Malateca Marateca
Mirobriga Miróbriga
Moron Castelo de Almorol
Pendraganum Pedrógão Grande
Terena Terena

Names

Forenames

Portuguese nameOrigin and meaning
Artur Arthur * The meaning of this name is unknown. It could be derived from the Celtic elements artos "bear" combined with viros "man" or rigos "king". Alternatively it could be related to an obscure Roman family name Artorius. [25]
Brandão Brendanus * Latinized form of the Irish name Bréanainn, which was derived from a Welsh word meaning "prince". Saint Brendan was a 6th-century Irish abbot who, according to legend, crossed the Atlantic and reached North America with 17 other monks. [26]
Breno Brennus * Latinized form of a Celtic name (or title) that possibly meant either "king, prince" or "raven". Brennus was a Gallic leader of the 4th century BC who attacked and sacked Rome. [27]
Brígida Brighid * Irish, meaning "exalted one". In Irish mythology this was the name of the goddess of fire, poetry and wisdom, the daughter of the god Dagda. [28]
Tristão Drust * Pictish name probably derived from Celtic drest meaning "riot" or "tumult". This name was borne by several kings of the Picts, including their last king Drust X, who ruled in the 9th century. [29]
Viriato Viriathus * From the Latinised name Viriathus or Viriatus, derived from Celtic viriae ("bracelets"). Viriathus was a leader of the Lusitani (a tribe of Portugal) who rebelled against Roman rule in the 2nd century BC. [30]

Surnames

A considerable number of the Portuguese surnames (spread in all Portuguese-speaking countries and ex-colonies today) is Celtic or of Latinised, Celtic-borrowings. This is not a comprehensive list of those.

A – L
  • Abrunheiro, Abrunho, Abrunhosa, from Protoceltic *agrīnio, [31] [32] [33] [34]
  • Arouca, Aroucas, Arouquela Latinised from Celtic *arauca [15]
  • Bacelar, Bacelo, from *baccos- 'young man, lad' akin to Gaulish and Breton bach [35]
  • Bico, Bicudo, also Bica, Bicalho, from Proto-Celtic *bekko 'beak, kiss', [36] [37] [38] cognate of Italian becco, French bec.
  • Carqueijo, Carquejo, Carqueja 'gorse', from Celtic *carcasia, *querquesia, or similar. [39] [40] < Indo-European *pérkus|*pérkus ~ *pr̥kʷéu-|t=oak. Compare pre-Roman tribal name Mla Querquerni
  • Caxaria, Caxarias, Caxigo, from the Celtic root *cax < CASSĪCOS ‘oak-tree’ [19]
  • Cerveja also Cervejaria from Vulgar Latin *cerevisia derived from Gaulish [41] Cognates: Old French cervoise, Provençal, Spanish cerveza; akin to Old Irish coirm, Welsh cwrw, Breton korev.
  • Coelho, Coelhos, Coelhoso also Coelha, Coelhas, from Irish coinân, Cornish conyn, Manx coneeyn, Gaelic coineanach, Welsh cwningen, alternatively from Celtiberian *cun-icos 'little dog' [42]
  • Colmeia, from a Celtic form *kolmēnā 'made of straw', [43] from *kolmos 'straw', which gave Leonese cuelmo; cf. Welsh calaf "reed, stalk", Cornish kalav "straw", Breton kolo "stalk").
  • Lage, Lages, Laginha also Laginhas from the medieval form lagena, from proto-Celtic *ɸlāgenā, [44] cognate of Old Irish lágan, láigean, Welsh llain 'broad spearhead, blade'; akin to Irish láighe 'mattock, spade'.
  • Lemos, from Celtic lemo, elm-tree. [19]
  • Lotsa, Louza, Lousão, Lousã, Lousado, Louzado, Loisa, Lousano, also Lousan, Lousada from Proto-Celtic *laws [45]
M – Z
  • Magalhães, also Magalhaes and Magalhã from Celtic magal [46] 'great, grandiose'. Toponymic of towns with the same name.
  • Menino, from medieval mennino, from proto-Celtic *menno-, [36] akin to Old Irish menn 'kid (goat)', Irish meannán, Welsh myn, Breton menn.
  • Minhoca, from medieval form *milocca, from Proto-Celtic *mîlo-, [36] [47] akin to Asturian milu, merucu 'earthworm', Irish míol 'worm, maggot', Welsh, Breton mil 'animal'
  • Rego, also Rêgo from proto-Celtic *ɸrikā 'furrow, ditch', [48] [49] [50] akin to Welsh rhych, Breton reg, Scottish/Irish riach 'trace left from something'; cognate of French raie, Occitan, Catalan rega, Basque erreka, Italian riga 'wrinkle'.
  • Seara, also Seareiro, Senra, from medieval senara, a Celtic compound of *seni- 'apart, separated' (cf. Old Irish sain 'alone', Welsh han 'other') and *aro- 'ploughed field'. [51] [52] (cf. Welsh âr, Irish ár 'ploughed field').
  • Truta, from Celtic *tructa- freshwater fish of the salmon family. [53] Cognate of French truite, English trout, Catalan truita, Spanish trucha, Italian trota.
  • Vassalo Latinised 'vassalum' from proto-Celtic *wasto-, [36] [54] cognate of French vassal, Spanish vasallo, Middle Irish foss 'servant', Welsh gwas 'servant; lad', Breton gwaz

General vocabulary

Germanic languages

The main Germanic influence in Portuguese were the Suebi and Visigoths (also Buri and Vandals).[ citation needed ]

Their vocabulary in Portuguese is often related to warfare/military topics, animals texugo (badger), natural world orvalho (dew), Human qualities like franqueza (frankness, candour), orgulho (pride), some verbs like ganhar (to gain), town and placenames such as Aldão, [145] Alderete, Albergaria-a-Velha, Albergaria-a-Nova (from Gothic 'haribergo'), Ermesinde and Esposende, where sinde and sende for instance; are derived from the Germanic "sinths" (military expedition), numerous Suebi [146] derivations like, Freamunde (from 'Fredemundus'), Vermunde, Amonde (Onomondi), Samonde, Gimonde, Aldão,[ citation needed ] Guadramil, Gondomil, Samil, Gosende, Guilhofrei (from Geodefredis), Esmoriz, Esmeriz (toponymics of Hermeric, king of the Suebians), Alhariz (toponymic of Aliaricus), Oriz, Touriz, Roriz, Gavieira, Gondoriz, Gondizalves, Gondar, Gondomar (from Gundomarus), Gondarém, Gudim, Guimarães (from Vimara), Torres Vedras (from Turres Veteras, 'old tower' [147] ), Sousa, Terras de Sousa and Terras de Bouro (land of the Buri), Serra do Bouro, Bouro, are found mainly in the Minho (Braga) and Douro (Porto) regions- these two provinces present the highest concentration of Germanic toponyms in the Iberian Peninsula, as they historically correspond to old the Suebic Kingdom in the middle-ages. [148]

Maps about the King Rechila of the Suebi conquests (438-448). Rechila.gif
Maps about the King Rechila of the Suebi conquests (438-448).

Many of the Germanic words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Gallaecia (Northern Portugal and Galicia) in the 5th century, and also by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585 and ruled until the 8th century AD. It is very difficult to establish how the Suebi and Visigoth dialects differed from each other during that period, how much linguistic assimilation occurred, and therefore almost impossible to classify words with etymological certainty. [149]

List of Portuguese words of Germanic origin

Because they have different Germanic origins, this list is divided into words that come from English, Frankish, Langobardic, Middle Dutch, Middle High German, Middle Low German, Old English, Old High German, Old Norse, Old Swedish, and Visigothic and finally, words which come from a Germanic root, where the specific source is unknown or uncertain. Projections indicate over 600 Germanic words in Portuguese,[ citation needed ] with a tendency to increase due to English, German and other modern influences. Some of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other languages. Some of these words have alternate etymologies and may also appear on a list of Galician words from a different language. Some words contain non-Germanic elements. Any form with an asterisk (*) is unattested and therefore hypothetical.

from Frankish

  • estandarte= a military standard: from Old French estandart, probably from Frankish (*)standhard "standard that marks a meeting place", (implicit sense: "that which stands firmly"), from (*)standan "to stand", (from Germanic (*)standan, from the IE root (*)sta- "to stand" [150] ) + (*)hard "hard, firm", see ardid below in Germanic section.
  • forro= lining(garment), liner, ceiling(house) from Frankish fôdare [151]
  • forrar(v)= to cover, to insulate, to wallpaper, to line, to sheathe [151]
  • desforra= vindication, revenge, revanche [151]
  • ginja= sweet cherry from Frankish *wihsila- [152]
  • guante= glove, gauntlet: from Frankish (*)want "gauntlet." [153]
  • megengra(o), muzengro, majangro= titmouse (bird), from Frankish meisinga, this in turn related to Celtic meann, menn(small). [154]
  • tasca= tavern, inn: from Frankish *taska [155]

from Norwegian

  • slalom= slalom (from the Morgedal/Seljord dialect of Norwegian 'slalåm': "sla," meaning slightly inclining hillside, and "låm," meaning track after skis [156]

Langobardic:

  • rufia, rufião= ruffian, thug, bully: from Langobardic *hruf [157]

from Middle Dutch

from Middle High German

  • estroina= fast liver, bohemian, spend-thrifty, reveller, vagabond: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- [159] or Old Eng. *strēon- [160]
  • estroinice= pleasure seeker's, bohemian conduct or behaviour: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- [159] or Old Eng. *strēon- [160]
  • estroinar (v)= living the high-life, to live beyond one's means: from Mid. High Ger. *striunen- [159] or Old Eng. *strēon- [160]

from Middle Low German

from Old English

  • arlequim= harlequin: from Italian arlecchino, from Old French Herlequin "mythic chief of a tribe", probably from Middle English Herle king, from Old English Herla cyning, Herla Kyning literally King Herla, a king of Germanic mythology identified with Odin/Woden. Cyning "king" is from Germanic (*)kunjan "family" (hence, by extension royal family), from the IE root (*)gen- "to birth, regenerate". [161]
  • bote= a small, uncovered boat: from Old French bot, from Middle English bot, boot, from Old English bāt, from Germanic (*)bait-, from the IE root (*)bheid- "to split". [162]
  • caneco= jug: from Old English *canne < from Proto-Germanic kunnan/kanna [163]
  • caneca= mug: *see above
  • este= east: from French est, from Middle English est, from Old English ēast, from Germanic (*)aust-, from the IE root (*)awes-, aus "to shine". [164]
  • norte= north: from Old French nord, from Old English north, from Germanic (*)north-, from the IE root (*)nr-to "north", from (*)nr- "wikt:under, to the left" [165]
  • oeste= west: from Middle English west, from Old English west, from Germanic (*)west-, from (*)wes-to-, from (*)wes-, from (*)wespero- "evening, dusk" [166]
  • sul= south (combining form): from Old French sud "south", from Old English sūth, from Germanic (*)sunthaz, from the IE root (*)sun-, swen-, variants of (*)sāwel- "sun" [167]

from Old Norse

  • bife= steak, beefsteak: from English beefsteak, from beef (ultimately from Latin bōs, bovis "cow", from the IE root (*)gwou- "ox, bull, cow" [168] ) + steak , from Middle English steyke, from Old Norse steik "piece of meat cooked on a spit", from Germanic (*)stik-, see estaca below in the Germanic section.
  • guindar [v]= to lift, to be pretentious from (Old) French guinder from Old Norse vinda 'to toss' [169]
  • guinda= hoisting rope from Old Norse vinda
  • guindaste= crane, winch via French guindeau < Old French guindas, from Old Norse vindáss [170]
  • vaga= wave possibly from Old Norse vagr or Gothic vega from Germanic vigan[ citation needed ] [171] akin to French 'vague'

from Old Swedish

from Gothic, Suebian

  • Aguerridamente (fiercely, bravely) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Aguerrido (fierce, courageous, fighter) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Aguerrir [v], Aguerreirar [v] (to fight, to combat, to challenge without fear) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • albergar[v] (to host or shelter someone) from Gothic haribergo [175]
  • albergue (hostel, youth hostel) from Gothic haribergo [175]
  • aleive (treason, traitor) from Gothic lavjan [175]
  • aleivosia (treason, deception) from Gothic lavjan [175]
  • aleivoso (person/act of a treacherous nature, traitor) from Gothic lavjan [175]
  • ardil= (trap, trick, conspiracy) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) 'hard' or Frankish ardjan [176]
  • ardiloso= (cunning, deceptive, tricky) from Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 (hardus) 'hard' or Frankish ardjan [176]
  • aringa (military camp) from Gothic hrings [175]
  • Atreguar[v] (to discuss/negotiate conditions of a truce) from Gothic trigivo [175]
  • Banca (banks, banking system, bench) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Bancário (bank, banker)from Gothic banka [175]
  • Banco (bank, bench) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Banqueiro (banker, financier) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Brasa from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasalisco from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasão from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Braseiro from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasido from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasil (Brazil) from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Brasonado from Gothic *bras, brasa [177]
  • Destacar[v] (to assign troops, to stand out, to surpass) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Destaque (surpass, highlight) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • duende= elf, gnome, from *tomt [178] akin to Swedish 'tomten'
  • Elmo from Gothic hilms [175]
  • Escanção (sommelier) from Gothic skankja [175]
  • Escançar[v], Escancear[v], Escanchar[v] (to measure and serve wine) from Gothic skankja [175]
  • Espora (spur) from Gothic spaúra [175]
  • Esporão (spur) from Gothic spaúra [175]
  • Estaca (stake) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Estacada (stockade) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Estacar[v] (to stake) from Gothic stakka [175]
  • Fona from Gothic fon [175]
  • Fornir[v] from Gothic frumjan [175]
  • Godo/Gótico from Gothic guthans [175]
  • Guerra, Guerreio (war, conflict) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerreão (troublemaker, ruffian) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerrear[v] (to fight) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerreiro (warrior, fighter) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guerrilha (guerrilla) from Gothic wirro [175]
  • Guia (guide) from Gothic wida [175]
  • Guiar[v] (to guide, to lead, to drive a vehicle) from Gothic wida [175]
  • Intrabancário (interbanking (system), interbank) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Lasca (chip, splinter) from Gothic laska [175]
  • Lascar[v] (to cleave, to flake smthg off, to chip smthg) from Gothic laska [175]
  • Lascarino or Lascarinho (joker, troublemaker, petty thief) from Gothic laska [175]
  • Marta from Gothic marthus [175]
  • Multibanco (Cash dispenser, ATM) from Gothic banka [175]
  • Roca from Gothic ruka [175]
  • Tampa from Gothic tappa [175]
  • Tascar[v] from Gothic taskon [175]
  • Texugo or Teixugo (badger) from Gothic *thahsuks, shortening of *thahsus- [179]
  • Trégua (truce) from Gothic trigivo [175]
  • Triscar[v] from Gothic thriskan [175]
  • Ufa from Gothic ufjo [175]
  • Ufanear[v] or Ufanar[v] (to glorify, to praise) from Gothic ufjo [175]
  • Ufano (glorious, vain) from Gothic ufjo [175]
  • Vaga (wave) from Gothic vega < vigan [171]

from Germanic languages

  • abandonar (v)= to abandon: from Old French a bandon, from a + bandon "control" from ban "proclamation, jurisdiction, power", from Germanic (*)banwan, (*)bannan "to proclaim, speak publicly" [180] [181]
  • Aguardar[v] (to wait i.e. at a queue) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer [175]
  • alemão= of Germany (adjective), the German language: from Late Latin Alemanni, an ancient Germanic tribe, from Germanic (*)alamanniz (represented in Gothic alamans), from ala- "all" + mannis, plural of manna-/ mannaz "man" (Gothic manna) from the IE root (*)man- "man" [182]
  • Barão, Baronesa (baron, baroness) from Germanic baro [175]
  • bóia= a buoy: probably from Old French boie, from Germanic, possibly from Old High German bouhhan, from Germanic (*)baukna- "signal", from the IE root (*)bha- "to shine" [183]
  • Branca (female name, white female) from Germanic blanka [175]
  • Branco (common Portuguese surname) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branco (white, pale) from Germanic blank [175]
  • branco= white, white person, blank: from Vulgar Latin (*)blancus, from Germanic (*)blank- "to shine", from the IE root. [184]
  • Brancura (whiteness) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branqueio (to bleach, to whiten or launder smthg i.e. money laundering) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branquela (pejorative for White person) from Germanic blank [175]
  • Branquicento (of faded, pale appearance) from Germanic blank [175]
  • brincadeira= joyful play, joke, prank from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. [185] [186]
  • brincar= to play from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. [185] [186]
  • brinquedo= toy from Proto-Germanic *blīkaną/blinkaną. [185] [186]
  • churrasco, churrasqueira, churrascaria, churrascar[v]= from Suebian/Gothic SAURUS [187] [ better source needed ]
  • Escarnecedor, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarnicação, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarniçador, etc. from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarniçar[v] (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarninhamente, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarninho, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escárnio, from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • Escarnir[v] *Escarniçar[v] (to mock, to show contempt for someone or a situation) from Germanic skernjan [188]
  • estaca= a stake: from Germanic (*)stak-, from the IE root (*)steg- "pale, post pointed stick". [189]
  • Ganhar[v] (to gain) from Germanic waidanjan [175]
  • Ganho (gain, profit) from Germanic waidanjan [175]
  • Gavião (hawk) from Germanic gabilans [175]
  • Guarda (guard, warden, police) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer [175]
  • Guardar[v] (to guard, to safekeep, to protect) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer [175]
  • guardar= to guard, watch over, keep, observe (a custom): from Germanic (*)wardōn "to look after, take care of", from the IE root (*)wor-to-, "to watch", from (*)wor-, (*)wer- "to see, watch, perceive" [190]
  • Guardião (guard, legal guardian) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan Gothic wer [175]
  • Resguardar[v] (to shelter, to cover, to protect smthg or someone i.e. from the elements) from Germanic wardaz, Visigothic wardjan, Suebian wardon Gothic wer [175]
  • Roubador (robber, thief) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • Roubalheira (robbery, theft) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • Roubar[v] (to rob) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • Roubo (robbery) from Germanic raubon [175]
  • sopa = soup, [191] [192]
  • venda= blindfold: from Proto-Germanic * bǐnda- [193]

Others

A

Germanic Names

Ancient Roman-derived names are the most numerous in Portugal and Portuguese-speaking countries. Together with Germanic-derived names they constitute the majority of those (and similarly to most European/Western countries inherited also a number of ancient Greek and Hebrew names) today. With globalisation, a number of new Germanic names (and other origins) exist in Portuguese. Because they stem from the same root, Portuguese and Galician share common Germanic names, inherited from the Suevi (who settled in northern Portugal and Galicia in 409 AD), Visigoths, Vandals, Buri and other Germanic peoples, were often the most common Portuguese-Galician names during the early and high Middle Ages. This article deals with Germanic personal names recorded and used in northern Portugal, Galicia and its adjoining regions: territories of the kingdom of the Suebi during the early Middle Ages from its 409 settlement to the 12th century.

"(...) Igitur dum inter nos intemptio uertitur ad diuidendum mancipia de parentorum nostrorum Guntine et Rosule de neptos senatoris Siserici et Esmorice et de suos iermanos. Ideo que euenit in portione de filios Gunterodis, id est: Argiuitus, Gentibus, Tratiuigia, Recedrudi, Gaudiosus, Tequelo, Iulia, filios Stanildi, Sitiuidis, Gluscudilum, Framildi, Ruderigus, Sonobrida, Sabarigis, Argeleuba, Ostosia, Guntedrudia, Uitiza et Leuba, Guntildi, Iulia, Ragesindus, Sanildi cum sua filia Ermegundia, Seniorina, Uisteuerga, Sisulfus, Branderigus, Astruildi (...)"

Germanic and Latin names in a 10th-century Galician document. [194]

Germanic names

Germanic personal names in a 961 Galician document: Mirellus, Viliefredus, Sedeges, Evenandus, Adolinus, Sedoni, Victimirus, Ermoygus and others, with some Latin and Christian names Tumbo de Sobrado.jpg
Germanic personal names in a 961 Galician document: Mirellus, Viliefredus, Sedeges, Evenandus, Adolinus, Sedoni, Victimirus, Ermoygus and others, with some Latin and Christian names

Germanic names were the most common personal names in Portugal-Galicia (Gallaecia) during the early and high Middle Ages, surpassing Christian and Roman names in number and popularity. [195] The names, primarily of East Germanic origin, were used by the Suebi, Goths, Vandals and Burgundians. With the names, the Galicians-Portuguese inherited the Germanic onomastic system; a person used one name (sometimes a nickname or alias), with no surname, occasionally adding a patronymic. More than 1,000 such names have been preserved in local records. [196] and in local toponyms. [197]

Many of the Germanic names were composite, with the second element usually a noun with the same gender of the bearer. Others were hypocorisms formed from a composite name or deriving from it. [198] Less frequently, a name was a noun or an adjective.

These names were transmitted to the Suevi with the usual Germanic rules of inheritance, [199] which were variations (passing one element of the name; Rechiar was the son of Rechila, who was the son of Hermeric) and alliteration (names beginning with the same sound; Maldras was the son of the nobleman Masila). Full names were later transmitted from grandfather to grandson (commemoration), following a trend common until the present in most of western Europe.

Adaptations

In addition to the conversion of many Germanic endings into Romance or Latin endings, the names had phonetic adaptations [200] such as the change of word stress from the first to the penultimate syllable, the conversion of most [þ] into [t] or [d] and the conversion of [h] into [k] before a consonant. [W] was initially preserved, although noted as [u] or [oy] before becoming [gw] (or, less commonly, [b]). These early inherited names underwent Western Romance and Galician changes from Latin, such as consonant lenition and palatalization. This contributed to a large number of variants in recorded names; Ostrofredus was recorded in Portugal-Galicia as Ortofredus, Ostofredo, Ostouredus, Ostrofedone, Stobredo and Strofredo. [201]

Names used by the Suevi

The following names, used by the Suevi of Gallaecia during the fifth and sixth centuries, were recorded in chronicles, inscriptions and acts of local ecclesiastical councils: Hermericus, Heremigarius, Rechila, Rechiarius, Agriulfum, Maldras, Massila, Framta, Frumarius, Rechimundus, Remismundus, Veremundus, Chararici, Ariamirus, Ildericus, Theudomirus, Miro, Nitigisius, Uittimer, Anila, Remisol, Adoric, Eboricus, Siseguntia f, Audeca, Malaricus, Pantardus, Neufila, Hildemirus, Commundus, Ermaricus, Sunila, Becilla, Gardingus, Argiovitus, Gomedei, Rodomiro, Ermengontia f, Remisiwera f, Thuresmuda f, Suinthiliuba f.

Many of the names, used by kings such as Miro, Reckila and Theudemirus, were used for local toponyms: Mirón, [202] Requián, Requiás, Requiás and Receá, [203] Tuimil and Toimil. [204]

Roots

The following is a list of the roots used to form Germanic personal names in Galicia-Portugal and northwestern Iberia. Many are related to war, victory, fame, boldness, strength and warlike qualities (bald-, funs-, hild-, gund-, nand-, rod-, seg-, send-), totemic animals (ar-, wulf-, ber-, ebur-) and weapons (brand-, bruni-, rand-, saru-); many others refer to knowledge, love and other peaceful qualities (fred-, leob-, mun-, ragi-, rad-, uin-). Some refer to the condition of ruler or master (fro-, ric-, vald-, Froya, Theodinus, Tructinus, Hendinus). Another group refers to the tribe, nation or country (conia-, fulc-, teod-, leod-, man-, truct-, gavi-, gogi-, kend-), and another appears to refer to Huns (Hun-), Suevi (Sav-), Goths (Gut-), Vandals (Vandal-), Celts (Vala-), Vendians/Slavs (Venet-), Galindians/Balths (Galind-), Franks (Frank-), Saxons (Sax-), Angles (Engl-), Danes (Dan-) and other peoples. Although some elements are identical to others found in Celtic anthroponymy (And-, Dag-, -mar, -riks), others appear to be adaptations of Latin words and names incorporated in the Danube region: Florens, Fortis, Crescens.

Forms marked with an asterisk are unrecorded and hypothetical. PGmc is an abbreviation for Proto-Germanic.

Feminine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of feminine names include:

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic feminine names include:

Masculine roots

Elements common as the second syllable of masculine names include:

Suffixes used to derive hypocoristic masculine names are:

Superlative and comparative suffixes were also used in forming personal names: -iza: Boniza, Wittiza -istaz: Ariastre, Belestrio, Fromesta, Remestro, Segestro

Other suffixes imply origin or relationship:

Toponyms

Many of these names are also toponyms (towns, parishes, villages, hamlets and fields), usually in the form of a Latin or Germanic genitive of the owner's name and sometimes preceded by the type of property (a Portuguese-Galician word of Latin, Germanic or pre-Latin origin) such as vila (villa, palace, estate), vilar (hamlet) castro (castle), casa (house), porta (pass, ford), agro (field), sa (Germanic sala; hall, house), busto (dairy), cabana (cabin), lama (pastures), fonte (well, spring), pena (fort), pomar (orchard) and vale (valley). This kind of name is present all over Northern Portugal:

b) Sigefredo (Siegfried = victorious peace), Gondomar (the first element means «sword»), Arganil (from hargis, army), Adães e Adufe (from hathus = fight); hildis (= fight) and Tagilde, etc.; Tresmonde, Trasmil, etc. from thras (= dispute); for Ermesinde and Esposende comes sinths (= military expedition). Also citing Antenor Nascentes pg. XXI of his "Dicionário Etimológico da Língua Portuguesa":

Several thousand such toponyms are known in northern and central Portugal, Galicia, western Asturias and other territories which were part of the Suebi kingdom.

Notes

  1. ↑ "ASPECTOS DA CONSTITUIÇÃO DO LÉXICO PORTUGUÊS". filologia.org.br.
  2. ↑ "Consulte o significado / definição de manteiga no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo". Priberam.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  3. ↑ BDELC 1967.
  4. ↑ Trumper 2004, p. 4, footnote 13.
  5. 1 2 Mike Campbell (2017-07-02). "Vasco". Behind the name. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  6. ↑ Mike Campbell (2018-02-12). "Xavier". Behind the name. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  7. ↑ Omaechevarria 1949.
  8. ↑ "List" (PDF). academiagalega.org. Retrieved 2020-07-11.
  9. ↑ Durão, Carlos (2015). Vocabulário ortográfico da Galiza. Academia Galega da Língua Portuguesa. ISBN   978-84-944990-0-5. OCLC   952984613.
  10. ↑ Gamito, Teresa (10 September 2005). "The Celts in Portugal". E-Keltoi. 6 (1).
  11. ↑ [Filppula, Markku, and Juhani Klemola. “Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol. 115, no. 1, 2014, pp. 33–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757. Accessed 20 Jan. 2024. Filppula, Markku, and Juhani Klemola. “Celtic Influences in English: A Re-Evaluation.” Neuphilologische Mitteilungen, vol. 115, no. 1, 2014, pp. 33–53. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/43344757. Accessed 20 Jan. 2024.]{{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  12. 1 2 Teixeira, Madalena Teles de Vasconcelos Dias (2 June 2009). "Os estrangeirismos no léxico português: uma perspectiva diacrónica". Filologia e Linguística Portuguesa. 10–11: 81. doi: 10.11606/issn.2176-9419.v0i10-11p81-100 . hdl: 10400.15/691 .
  13. ↑ Carvalho, Manuel José Gonçalves de (1999). Povoamento e vida material no concelho de Aveiro: apontamentos para um estudo histórico-toponímico (Thesis). hdl:10773/26209.
  14. ↑ Prósper (2002) p. 376.
  15. 1 2 "Arouca | Definição ou significado de Arouca no Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia". Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora.
  16. ↑ Delamarre, Xavier [in French] (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental[Dictionary of the Gaulish language: A linguistic approach to Old Continental Celtic]. Vol. (Collection des Hespérides, 9), 3rd edition, Éditions Errance. Errance. page boudi- of 83-84. ISBN   978-2877722377.
  17. 1 2 Moralejo Álvarez, Juan José (2008). Callaica nomina: estudios de onomástica gallega (PDF). Fundación Pedro Barrié de la Maza. ISBN   978-84-95892-68-3. OCLC   433621571. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-09-30. Retrieved 2020-11-22.[ page needed ]
  18. ↑ Caridad Arias, Joaquín (2004). Los fenómenos de homonimia y homofonía en la toponomástica y su repercusión en las etimologías cultistas y populares de la Europa Occidental (Thesis). hdl:915/9915.
  19. 1 2 3 "As árvores na toponímia portuguesa" [Trees in Portuguese Toponymy]. March 2007.
  20. ↑ 2009, p. s.v. kʷol-u-..
  21. ↑ "Coimbra | Definição ou significado de Coimbra no Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia". Infopédia - Dicionários Porto Editora.
  22. ↑ "lingua celta Archivos - An Síol Brigh: A Galicia enxebre". Progael.com. Archived from the original on 2018-08-31. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  23. ↑ "Coruche | Definição ou significado de Coruche no Dicionário Infopédia de Toponímia".
  24. ↑ https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Joao-Pinho-5/publication/336837081_As_arvores_na_toponimia_portuguesa_Trees_in_Portuguese_toponymy/links/5db58d75a6fdccc99da4774c/As-arvores-na-toponimia-portuguesa-Trees-in-Portuguese-toponymy.pdf [ bare URL PDF ]
  25. ↑ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Artur".
  26. ↑ "User-submitted name Brandão - Behind the Name".
  27. ↑ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Brennus".
  28. ↑ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Bridget".
  29. ↑ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Drust".
  30. ↑ "Meaning, origin and history of the name Viriato".
  31. 1 2 Ward A. (1996), s.v.
  32. 1 2 Matasović 2009, s.v.
  33. ↑ cf. Meyer-Lübke 294.
  34. ↑ "Dicionario-Portada - Real Academia Galega". academia.gal. Retrieved 2016-07-06.
  35. 1 2 3 "s.v. *baccos". 2010-07-21. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  36. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Matasović 2008, [ page needed ].
  37. 1 2 Ward 1996, s.v. BECLOS.
  38. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1013.
  39. 1 2 Gonzalo Navaza (2006). Fitotoponimia Galḣega. A Coruña: Fundación Barrié. pp. 168–170. ISBN   978-8495892539.
  40. 1 2 Corominas, Joan; Pascual, José A. (1991–1997). "carquesa". Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Madrid: Gredos.
  41. ↑ Meyer-Lübke, s.v. 1830.
  42. 1 2 Ballester & Quinn 2002.
  43. ↑ cf. Varela Sieiro (2008 , pp. 205–206)
  44. 1 2 Ward 1996, s.v. LĀGENĀ.
  45. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. Lîwank.
  46. ↑ Halliwell-Phillipps, James Orchard (1861). Rambles in Western Cornwall by the Footsteps of the Giants: With Notes on the Celtic Remains of the Land's End District and the Islands of Scilly. London: J. R. Smith. p. 203. OCLC   1181567664.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 Ward 1996, s.v..
  48. 1 2 Matasović 2008, s.v. frikā.
  49. 1 2 Ward 1996, s.v. RIKS.
  50. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 7299.
  51. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. serna.
  52. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *aro-.
  53. 1 2 "s.v. 4307". Encyclopedie.arbre-celtique.com. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  54. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 9166.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Mariño Paz 1998.
  56. ↑ Prósper (2002) p. 90.
  57. 1 2 Matasović 2009, s.v..
  58. ↑ "Palaeohispanica 10 (2010), pp. 99-111" (PDF).
  59. ↑ Grzega 2001: 50.
  60. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 English (2018-06-06). "Dictionary of Continental Celtic Place-Names (Introduction and Elements) (Falileyev, 2007) | Celts | Map". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2019-06-03.
  61. ↑ Salgado, Benigno Fernández (2004). Dicionario Galaxia de usos e dificultades da lingua galega. Editorial Galaxia. ISBN   978-84-8288-752-4.
  62. ↑ "Définition Arpent - C'est quoi ou que veut dire Arpent ?". dicocitations.lemonde.fr.
  63. ↑ DCECH 1992, s.v. BROLLAR.
  64. ↑ Rivas Quintas 1991, p. 17.
  65. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ward 1996.
  66. ↑ cf. Meyer-Lübke (1911 , s.v. 294)
  67. ↑ Ménage, Gilles (1750). Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue françoise par M. Ménage, avec les Origines françoises de M. de Caseneuve, les Additions du R. P. Jacob et de M. Simon de Valhébert, le Discours du R. P. Besnier sur la science des étymologies et le Vocabulaire hagiologique de M. l'abbé Chastelain... le tout mis en ordre, corrigé et augmenté par A. F. Jault,... auquel on a ajouté le Dictionnaire des termes du vieux françois, ou Trésor des recherches et antiquités gauloises et françoises de Borel, augmenté des mots qui y étaient oubliés, extraits des dictionnaires de Monet et Nicot,... Libr. Briasson.
  68. ↑ Rey, Alain (25 October 2011). Dictionnaire Historique de la langue française. NATHAN. ISBN   978-2-321-00013-6.
  69. ↑ Dottin, G. (1905). "La langue des anciens Celtes" (PDF). Revue des Études Anciennes. 7 (1): 33–64. doi:10.3406/rea.1905.1374.[ permanent dead link ]
  70. ↑ Janssens, Ugo (2008). Ces Belges, "les plus braves": histoire de la Belgique gauloise. Lannoo Uitgeverij. ISBN   978-2-87386-539-9.
  71. 1 2 3 Matasović 2008, s.v..
  72. ↑ "Bouc : définition de BOUC, subst. masc. | La langue française". February 11, 2019.
  73. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. BORWOS.
  74. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1235.
  75. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1252.
  76. ↑ Émile Littré; François Gannaz (mise en forme). "Littré - brin - définition, citations, étymologie". Littre.org. Retrieved 2019-06-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  77. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. KAGOS.
  78. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1480.
  79. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1542.
  80. 1 2 Meyer-Lübke 2387
  81. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1552.
  82. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1550.
  83. ↑ Bascuas, Edelmiro (2002). Estudios de hidronimia paleoeuropea gallega. Univ Santiago de Compostela. ISBN   84-9750-026-1.
  84. 1 2 3 4 Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1541.
  85. ↑ Bullet, Jean-Baptiste (1768). "Mémoires sur la langue celtique - Google Books" . Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  86. 1 2 Matasović 2008.
  87. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1721.
  88. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. quejigo.
  89. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v.*casso-.
  90. ↑ DCECH s.v. centollo
  91. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1830.
  92. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 1988.
  93. ↑ Donkin 1864, s.v..
  94. 1 2 3 "Temáticos: Palabras de origen picto o britónico en el léxico gallego". Progael.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-05. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  95. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2008, pp. 205–206.
  96. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 2386.
  97. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 2387.
  98. ↑ Prósper 2002, p. 242.
  99. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003, pp. 293–294.
  100. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *durno-.
  101. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 2754.
  102. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 448.
  103. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. GABIT.
  104. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *gab-yo-.
  105. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 3627.
  106. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. GORIT.
  107. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *gwer-o-.
  108. ↑ Brown, Raymond (1985): Evidence for pre-Greek speech on Crete from Greek alphabetic sources, p. 296
  109. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 4884.
  110. ↑ Búa 2007, p. 34.
  111. ↑ Coromines 1973, s.v. legua.
  112. ↑ cf. Meyer-Lübke (1911 , s.v. 4911)
  113. ↑ DCECH s.v. lerca
  114. ↑ Matasovic 2009, s.v. *wliskā.
  115. ↑ "CNRTL s.v. lotte". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  116. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. OLCĀ.
  117. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *folkā.
  118. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 6050.
  119. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. QEZDI.
  120. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 6450.
  121. ↑ "Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués". ilg.usc.gal.
  122. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. ROTIS.
  123. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003, pp. 103–105.
  124. ↑ de Vaan 2008, p. 534.
  125. ↑ Coromines 1997.
  126. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. tascar.
  127. ↑ "Miscelânea Céltica" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  128. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. TONDOS.
  129. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8987.
  130. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. TOGIT.
  131. ↑ "Miscelânea Céltica" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-03-22. Retrieved 2021-01-22.
  132. ↑ "Fitotoponimia galega" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-01-04. Retrieved 2021-01-27.
  133. ↑ da Cunha 2014, p. 773.
  134. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8570.
  135. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *tarankyo-.
  136. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. 8585.
  137. 1 2 "Trencha". Portal das Palabras. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  138. 1 2 "Trencha". DIGALEGO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2016. Retrieved 17 June 2016.
  139. ↑ Osu, Sylvester N.; Garric, Nathalie; Toupin, Fabienne (2010). Construction d'identité et processus d'identification. Peter Lang. ISBN   978-3-0343-0356-9.
  140. ↑ Coromines 1997, s.v. varga.
  141. ↑ "Cnrtl S.V. Barge". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  142. ↑ Ward 1996, s.v. WORÊDOS.
  143. ↑ Matasović 2008, s.v. *ufo-rēdos.
  144. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, s.v. *betulus, *betullus.
  145. 1 2 3 Head, Brian F.; Semënova-Head, Larisa (2013). "Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua" [Traces of the Sueva presence in the northwest of the Iberian peninsula: in ethnology, archeology and language]. Revista Diacrítica (in Portuguese). 27 (2): 257–277.
  146. ↑ "La Onomástica Sueva". Xenealoxia.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  147. ↑ "De Turres Veteras A Torres Vedras". Columbia.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  148. ↑ "La Onomástica Sueva - Xenealoxía.org - Genealogía de Galicia". Xenealoxia.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  149. ↑ Lorenzo Vázquez, Ramón (1992). Joseph M. Piel (Thesis). hdl:10347/4870.
  150. ↑ "Speech Analysis Essay". Bartleby. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  151. 1 2 3 S.A, Priberam Informática. "Consulte o significado / definição de forro no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo". dicionario.priberam.org.
  152. ↑ "GUIGNE : Etymologie de GUIGNE". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  153. ↑ "gauntlet 1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-11-15. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  154. ↑ cite url=https://ewatlas.net/desfayes/390.php
  155. ↑ "Etimologia : tasca". Etimo.it. 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  156. ↑ Kunnskapsforlagets idrettsleksikon. Oslo: Kunnskapsforlaget, 1990, p.273.
  157. ↑ "Ruffian | Define Ruffian at". Dictionary.com. 2014-01-19. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  158. ↑ "reu- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-03. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  159. 1 2 3 "Duden | streunen | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Synonyme, Herkunft" (in German). Duden.de. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  160. 1 2 3 "DWDS – Streuner". Dwds.de. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  161. ↑ "gen- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-07-04. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  162. ↑ "bheid- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-12-12. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  163. ↑ "can | Origin and meaning of can by Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  164. ↑ "Aus- the American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2009-01-25. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  165. ↑ "ner-1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-12-10. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  166. ↑ "wes-pero- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  167. ↑ "south. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-24. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  168. ↑ "Gwou- the American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2009-01-24. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  169. ↑ "GUINDER : Etymologie de GUINDER". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  170. ↑ "GUINDEAU : Etymologie de GUINDEAU". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  171. 1 2 Émile Littré; François Gannaz (mise en forme). "Littré - vague - définition, citations, étymologie". Littre.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  172. ↑ "DYNAMITE : Etymologie de DYNAMITE". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  173. ↑ Émile Littré; François Gannaz (mise en forme). "Littré - renne - définition, citations, étymologie". Littre.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  174. 1 2 "TUNGSTÈNE : Etymologie de TUNGSTÈNE". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  175. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 "Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa (DPLP)". Priberam.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  176. 1 2 "ardido - Wikcionario" (in Spanish). Es.wiktionary.org. 26 April 2017. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  177. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "CNRTL s.v. braise". Cnrtl.fr. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  178. ↑ "988 (Svensk etymologisk ordbok)". Runeberg.org. 2016-01-17. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  179. ↑ "Língua Portuguesa s.v. texugo". Infopedia.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  180. ↑ "abandon. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-08-10. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  181. ↑ "bh-2. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-02. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  182. ↑ "man-1. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-05-19. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  183. ↑ "Bh-1. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-10-18. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  184. ↑ "Bhel-1. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2006-08-13. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  185. 1 2 3 Kroonen, Guus (2013). "*blanka-". Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. 11. Leiden, Boston: Brill. p. 67. ISBN   978-90-04-18340 7.
  186. 1 2 3 "blink | Origin and meaning of blink by Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  187. ↑ "Germanismos Pouco Estudados Do Galego-português" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  188. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Consulte o significado / definição de escarnir no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo". Priberam.pt. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  189. ↑ "steig- The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-04. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  190. ↑ "wer-3. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000". Archived from the original on 2007-02-10. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  191. ↑ "Duden | Suppe | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition, Synonyme, Herkunft" (in German). Duden.de. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  192. ↑ Émile Littré; François Gannaz (mise en forme). "Littré - soupe - définition, citations, étymologie". Littre.org. Retrieved 2018-12-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  193. ↑ S.A, Priberam Informática. "Consulte o significado / definição de venda no Dicionário Priberam da Língua Portuguesa, o dicionário online de português contemporâneo". dicionario.priberam.org.
  194. ↑ In Colección Diplomática de Galicia Histórica. Santiago (1901), p. 225-226.
  195. ↑ Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 81-83.
  196. ↑ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 98-101.
  197. ↑ A few thousand Galician and Portuguese toponyms derive from the genitive form of a Germanic anthroponym. Cf. Sachs (1932).
  198. ↑ Cf. Searle (1897). p. xii-xiv.
  199. ↑ Flom, George T. (1917). "Alliteration and Variation in Old Germanic Name-Giving". Modern Language Notes. 32 (1): 7–17. doi:10.2307/2915654. hdl: 2027/uiuo.ark:/13960/t1xd76f4g . JSTOR   2915654. S2CID   166110632.
  200. ↑ Cf. Sachs (1932) p. 14-23.
  201. ↑ Cf. Boullón Agrelo (1999) p. 342; and Rivas Quintas (1991) p. 242.
  202. ↑ Piel (1937) p. 48.
  203. ↑ Piel (1939) p. 79.
  204. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 95-96.
  205. ↑ For this and other Proto-Germanic reconstructions: V. Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology; and G. Köbler (2007) Germanisches Wörterbuch.
  206. ↑ Boullón Agrelo (1999) s.v. Ganildi.
  207. ↑ Piel (1933) p. 225.
  208. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 40-41.
  209. ↑ Moralejo Laso, Abelardo (1977). Sobre grafía y pronunciación de los topónimos gallegos (Thesis). hdl:10347/3119.
  210. 1 2 3 Azevedo, Maria Luísa Seabra Marques de (9 March 2006). Toponímia moçárabe no antigo Condado Conimbricense (Thesis). hdl:10316/716.
  211. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 58.
  212. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 60-61.
  213. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 59-61.
  214. ↑ "Sobre o antropónimo Vímara".
  215. ↑ "CVC. Rinconete. Lengua. Tópica. Galicia y sus topónimos (II), por Jairo J. García Sánchez".
  216. ↑ Sachs (1932) p. 78.
  217. 1 2 Lima, Adriana Tavares (11 December 2012). De Bracara Augusta a Braga: análise toponímica de um concelho português (Thesis). doi: 10.11606/D.8.2012.tde-01032013-125451 .

Literature

Proto-Germanic reconstruction

Germanic personal names

Galician-Portuguese Medieval onomastics

Germanic toponymy in Galicia and Portugal

Forenames

  • Rodrigo= from Germanic Hrodric/Hrēðrīc/Rørik/Hrœrekr (Roderick, Rodrick, Roderich; a compound of hrod 'renown' + ric 'power(ful)'), from the Proto-Germanic *Hrōþirīk(i)az; it was borne by the last of the Visigoth kings and is one of the most common Lusophone personal names of Germanic origin.[ [1] ]

Surnames

  • Araújo, Araujo= toponymic, from Gothic 'Ruderic' [2]
  • (van) Zeller, VanZeller= Originally Flemish "Zellaer", in Portugal since the 13th century. From Germanic 'kellā̌ri', [3] < Lat. 'cellārium' (cellar)

Arabic

Between the 8th and mid 13th centuries, Portugal was occupied and under the influence of the Islamic Emirate of Cordoba known as (Al-Andalus). During that period, although the local populations continued to speak Western Romance, and further south Mozarabic dialects; Arabic being the elite language, lent many new words to Portuguese, thanks to a rich cultural and scientific legacy left in the Iberian Peninsula [4] and the Western world in the Middle Ages.

List of Portuguese words of Arabic origin

Influences from outside Europe

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brittonic languages</span> Celtic subfamily including Welsh, Cornish, Breton and Cumbric

The Brittonic languages form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic languages; the other is Goidelic. It comprises the extant languages Breton, Cornish, and Welsh. The name Brythonic was derived by Welsh Celticist John Rhys from the Welsh word Brython, meaning Ancient Britons as opposed to an Anglo-Saxon or Gael.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ullr</span> Norse deity

In Norse mythology, Ullr is a god associated with skiing. Although literary attestations of Ullr are sparse, evidence including relatively ancient place-name evidence from Scandinavia suggests that he was a major god in earlier Germanic paganism. Proto-Germanic *wulþuz ('glory') appears to have been an important concept of which his name is a reflex. The word appears as owlþu- on the 3rd-century Thorsberg chape.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Theodoric</span> Name list

Theodoric is a Germanic given name. First attested as a Gothic name in the 5th century, it became widespread in the Germanic-speaking world, not least due to its most famous bearer, Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nodens</span> Celtic deity

*Nodens or *Nodons is a Celtic healing god worshipped in Ancient Britain. Although no physical depiction of him has survived, votive plaques found in a shrine at Lydney Park (Gloucestershire) indicate his connection with dogs, a beast associated with healing symbolism in antiquity. The deity is known in only one other location, in Cockersand Moss (Lancashire). He was equated on most inscriptions with the Roman god Mars and associated in a curse with Silvanus. His name is cognate with that of later Celtic mythological figures, such as the Irish Nuada and the Welsh Nudd.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Taranis</span> Celtic god of thunder

In Celtic mythology, Taranis is the god of thunder, who was worshipped primarily in Gaul and Hispania but also in the Rhineland and Danube regions, amongst others. Taranis, along with Esus and Toutatis, was mentioned by the Roman poet Lucan in his epic poem Pharsalia as a Celtic deity to whom human sacrificial offerings were made. Taranis was associated, as was the Cyclops Brontes ("thunder") in Greek mythology, with the wheel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lepontic language</span> Ancient Celtic language

Lepontic is an ancient Alpine Celtic language that was spoken in parts of Rhaetia and Cisalpine Gaul between 550 and 100 BC. Lepontic is attested in inscriptions found in an area centered on Lugano, Switzerland, and including the Lake Como and Lake Maggiore areas of Italy. Being a Celtic language, its name could derive from Proto-Celtic *leikwontio-.

The Celtic calendar is a compilation of pre-Christian Celtic systems of timekeeping, including the Gaulish Coligny calendar, used by Celtic countries to define the beginning and length of the day, the week, the month, the seasons, quarter days, and festivals.

The verb go is an irregular verb in the English language. It has a wide range of uses; its basic meaning is "to move from one place to another". Apart from the copular verb be, the verb go is the only English verb to have a suppletive past tense, namely went.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celtiberian language</span> Extinct Celtic language of Iberia

Celtiberian or Northeastern Hispano-Celtic is an extinct Indo-European language of the Celtic branch spoken by the Celtiberians in an area of the Iberian Peninsula between the headwaters of the Douro, Tagus, Júcar and Turia rivers and the Ebro river. This language is directly attested in nearly 200 inscriptions dated from the 2nd century BC to the 1st century AD, mainly in Celtiberian script, a direct adaptation of the northeastern Iberian script, but also in the Latin alphabet. The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Zaragoza, dating to the early 1st century BC, labeled Botorrita I, III and IV. Shorter and more fragmentary is the Novallas bronze tablet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vates</span> Term for ancient Celtic bards, prophets and philosophers

In modern English, the nouns vates and ovate (, ), are used as technical terms for ancient Celtic bards, prophets and philosophers. The terms correspond to a Proto-Celtic word which can be reconstructed as *wātis. They are sometimes also used as English equivalents to later Celtic terms such as Irish fáith "prophet, seer".

Proto-Celtic, or Common Celtic, is the hypothetical ancestral proto-language of all known Celtic languages, and a descendant of Proto-Indo-European. It is not attested in writing but has been partly reconstructed through the comparative method. Proto-Celtic is generally thought to have been spoken between 1300 and 800 BC, after which it began to split into different languages. Proto-Celtic is often associated with the Urnfield culture and particularly with the Hallstatt culture. Celtic languages share common features with Italic languages that are not found in other branches of Indo-European, suggesting the possibility of an earlier Italo-Celtic linguistic unity.

Litavis is a Gallic deity whose cult is primarily attested in east-central Gaul during the Roman period. She was probably originally an earth-goddess. In medieval Celtic languages, various terms derived from *Litauia came to designate the Brittany Peninsula.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Celtic toponymy</span> Etymology of placenames derived from Celtic languages

Celtic toponymy is the study of place names wholly or partially of Celtic origin. These names are found throughout continental Europe, Britain, Ireland, Anatolia and, latterly, through various other parts of the globe not originally occupied by Celts.

Numerous lexemes that are reconstructable for Proto-Slavic have been identified as borrowings from the languages of various tribes that Proto-Slavic speakers interacted with in either prehistoric times or during their expansion when they first appeared in history in the sixth century. Most of the loanwords come from Germanic languages, with other contributors being Iranian, Celtic, and Turkic. Slavic loanwords sparked numerous debates in the 20th century, some of which persist today.

The Goidelic substrate hypothesis refers to the hypothesized language or languages spoken in Ireland before the arrival of the Goidelic languages.

References

  1. ↑ Dictionary of American Family Names, Oxford University Press, ISBN   0-19-508137-4
  2. ↑ "Apelido Araújo Toponímia, Etimoloxía, Heráldica e Distribución do Apelido Araújo en Apelidos de Galicia". Apelidosgalicia.org. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  3. ↑ "DWDS – Keller". Dwds.de. 2005-10-15. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  4. ↑ "The Legacy of Al-Andalus: Muslim Spain". Hispanicmuslims.com. Archived from the original on 2018-12-16. Retrieved 2018-12-04.
  5. ↑ FERREIRA, A. B. H. Novo Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa. 2ª edição. Rio de Janeiro. Nova Fronteira. 1986. p. 96,95.

Sources

This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.