List of Galician words of Germanic origin

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This is a list of Galician words which have Germanic origin. Many of these words entered the language during the late antiquity, either as words introduced into Vulgar Latin elsewhere, or as words brought along by the Suebi who settled in Galicia in the 5th century, or by the Visigoths who annexed the Suebic Kingdom in 585. Other words were incorporated to Galician during the Middle Ages, mostly proceeding from French and Occitan languages, as both cultures had a massive impact in Galicia during the 12th and 13th centuries. More recently other words with Germanic origin have been incorporated, either directly from English or other Germanic languages, or indirectly through Spanish, Portuguese, Italian or French.

Contents

Most of these words are shared with Portuguese, presenting sometimes minor spelling or phonetic differences.

All along this article, any form with an asterisk (*) is an unattested reconstruction, being therefore hypothetical.

Words incorporated in the Late Antiquity and High Middle Ages

Words exclusive to Galician, or with an early presence in local documents, have been frequently attributed to the Suebi who settled in Galicia and northern Portugal in 411, [1] or alternatively to the Visigoths who annexed the Suebi kingdom in 585, although the later didn't settle in Galicia prior to the 8th century: [2]

Some words were already recorded in Visigothic legal documents: tiufatus, gardingus, escancia, sagio, [18] while some others (beyond the aforementioned) have a very early documentation in Latin documents from Galicia: varón (baro "male, man", 9th century), barragán "young, strong man" (10th century), escançan "serf (cup bearer)" (11th century), gasalian and gasaliana "companion, comrade" (9th century), saio "official" (9th century), tiufatus "commander" (10th century), roán "reddish" (raudane, 10th century in León), garda "watch" (guardia, 10th century), nastro "strip" (nastalo, 11th century, in Braga), osa "boot" (9th century), sopa "sop, soup" (soparia, 10th century), roupa "clothes" (raupa, 11th century), roubar "to rob" (raubare, 12th century), albergaria "inn" (11th century), teixón "badger" (Texunarias, first years of the 12th century), esculca "watchtower" (10th century), estaca "stake" (11th century), espora "spoor" (11th century), ganhar "to obtain", gado "cattle" (9th century), frasco "flask" (flascas, 9th century, in Asturias).

Usually, some words shared by Galician, Portuguese, Spanish, and sometimes also Catalan, Occitan or Italian, are considered of Gothic extraction: agasallar, aio, arenga, aspa, ataviar, banda, bando, barragán, bramar, brigar, brotar, casta, escanzán, escanzar, espeto, espía, espita, espora, estaca, estala, fato, gavián, gaita, galardón, ganso, garda, gardián, agasallar, gorir, grampa, grima, íngreme, látego, louzán, luva, malado, marta, rapar, rico, ripa, roán, roca, roupa, taco, tascar, teixugo, tosquiar. toldo, tregua, triscar. [19] Other words as albergue, esculca, escuma, fresco, gañar, guerra, helmo, roubar, sopa, teixón, xabrón, which can be found in all of the Western Romance languages, are more frequently considered to be Germanic loanwords incorporated into Vulgar Latin, maybe in Gaul. [20] [21] [22]

Map showing the historical linguistic context of the Iberian peninsula during the second millennium of our era Linguistic map Southwestern Europe-en.gif
Map showing the historical linguistic context of the Iberian peninsula during the second millennium of our era

There is a number of Germanic words which Galician shares with French, but which are unknown in Spanish; these are either nautical direct borrowings, early importations into Iberia which felt out of use in Spanish, or loans produced independently in Galician [23] and French: gaspallar "to shatter, to trash" (French gaspailler), faísca "ashfly" (Falisca, 12th century, French flammèche), ripar "to scratch off" and ripo, ripanzo "comb" (French riper), estricar "to stretch" (Old French : estriquer), especar "to prop, to shore" (Old French esprequer), lapear "to lick" (French laper), rafar "to wear away" (Old French raffer).

There are other words of Germanic origin which are characteristically Galician, being mostly unknown in Spanish: graba "ditch, trench", íngreme, esgrevio "rough, steep", deluvar "to peel, to rub", maga "sardine's guts", gaspeto "nail", bremar "to be anxious, to fret", gulapo "gulp", rispar "to snatch, to rub", tripar, trispar "to tread", tripadela "stomp", gueste "food offered to a group of workers", estinga "stingray", espolarte "bottlenose dolphin, killer whale", falcatrúa "evil deed, treason, cheat, mischief", rampelo "thin person/horse/cow", garimar "to lend, to bring close", escarpa "splinter, thorn; rough bark (of a tree)", fouveiro "blonde", tasca "type of net", anazar "to mix something with liquids", nafre "nose" and esnafrar "to hurt one's nose".

Suffixes

At least two Germanic suffixes became productive in Galician, Portuguese and Spanish. The first one is -iskaz (medieval francisco 'French', grecisco 'Greek', alemaniscus 'German', frisiscus 'Frisian', mauriscus 'Moor'; personal names Uandaliscus 'Vandal', Uniscus 'Hun', Unisco 'Hun woman'; [24] the second one is -ingaz, [25] [26] whence the Galician reguengo 'royal property' (regalengo, in the 10th century), avoengo 'property of the lineage' (abolenga, 10th century), abadengo 'monastical property' (12th century), mullerengo 'effeminate', andarengo 'swift', tourengo 'heat, mating season of the cattle', millarengo 'linnet', podenco 'hound' ...

List of words

Aspa or sarillo Noe haspel.jpg
Aspa or sarillo
Bretema in the coast of Galicia Bretema Costa da Vela.jpg
Brétema in the coast of Galicia
Foro or constitutional charter of 1228 of the Bo Burgo ('Good-Burg') of Castro Caldelas ForoBoBurgo.jpg
Foro or constitutional charter of 1228 of the Bo Burgo ('Good-Burg') of Castro Caldelas
Estinga (stingray) Common stingray tynemouth.jpg
Estinga (stingray)
Faiscas (embers) Bonfire Embers.jpg
Faíscas (embers)
A gaiteiro playing a gaita (bagpipe) Galician gaita.JPG
A gaiteiro playing a gaita (bagpipe)
Ganso (gander or goose) Domestic Goose.jpg
Ganso (gander or goose)
Goldra (weld) Reseda luteola habitat.jpg
Goldra (weld)
Laverca (skylark) Skylark 2, Lake District, England - June 2009.jpg
Laverca (skylark)
Lobio (vine bower) Angrois, tipico emparrado sobre las ruas.jpg
Lobio (vine bower)
Luvas (gloves) Red gloves.jpg
Luvas (gloves)
Meixengra (tit) Parus ater01.jpg
Meixengra (tit)
Poutegas (Cytinus hypocistis) Cytinus hypocistis-.jpg
Poutegas (Cytinus hypocistis)
Teixugo (badger) Badger-badger.jpg
Teixugo (badger)

Other Germanic words incorporated during the Middle Ages

Many other words of Germanic origin were incorporated into the Galician language, most notably from during the 12th and 13th centuries, from French and Occitan, as French and Occitan culture (through the Cluniac reform and Cistercian monks; French noblemen, migrants, pilgrims and stonemasons; and Provençal lyrics) had a massive cultural impact in Galicia during the Middle Ages.

Another large number of words, related to seafaring and navigation, were incorporated also through French, English, Dutch, or Frisian navigators.

guaita (shore rockling) Gaidropsarus mediterraneus.jpg
guaita (shore rockling)
Balcon (balcony) Santiago ILGA 01-01.jpg
Balcón (balcony)
Bandeira (flag) Reino de Galicia-kingdom of Galicia-Maximiliano.jpg
Bandeira (flag)
Esmaltes (glazed tiles) in Pontevedra Pontevedra-Alameda-Esmaltes de Carlos Sobrino 1.jpg
Esmaltes (glazed tiles) in Pontevedra
Galopando (galloping) Muybridge race horse animated.gif
Galopando (galloping)
renarte (fox), also known as raposo or golpe Zorro en su habitat.jpg
renarte (fox), also known as raposo or golpe

Seafaring

Grampin (grapnel) Herne Bay Museum 039.jpg
Grampín (grapnel)

Recent Germanic loanwords

Some other Germanic words have been incorporated recently, from English, Dutch, French, or Italian, but frequently with the intermediation of Spanish. Among them:

A few words have been taken directly from English navigators during the last centuries:

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Cf. Ferreiro 2001: 30; Kremer 2004: 133-148; Kremer 2004b: 9-25; Rivas 1989: 51; Carvalho Calero 1979: 59; Hilty 2005: 473-480
  2. ↑ "The small proprietors in contrast were men of overwhelmingly Celtic, Roman and Suevic stock, not Visigoths, for in the century since Leovigild's conquest of the Suevic kingdom in 585 there had been no perceptible Visigothic migration to the northwest.", Bishko, Charles Julian (1984). Spanish and Portuguese monastic history, 600-1300. London: Variorum Reprints. p. 21. ISBN   978-0-86078-136-3.
  3. ↑ Rivas 1989: 51; Rivas 2007: 150-152; Coromines 1997 s.v. marcar
  4. ↑ DuCange s.v. grani
  5. 1 2 3 Kremer 2004: 140
  6. ↑ Ferreiro 2001: 19
  7. 1 2 3 Kremer 2004: 140, 146
  8. ↑ Kremer 2010: 13
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rivas 1989: 51
  10. ↑ Orel 2003 s.v. *laiwarikōn
  11. ↑ Kremer 2004: 146
  12. ↑ Rivas 2007: 84-85
  13. 1 2 Rivas 2007: 150-152
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Carvalho Calero 1979: 58
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Hilty 2005: 475
  16. 1 2 Martins: 6
  17. ↑ REW 8864
  18. ↑ Kremer 2004: 12
  19. ↑ Kremer 2004: 139; Hilty 2005: 475
  20. ↑ Kremer 2004: 139
  21. ↑ Ferreiro 2001: 20
  22. ↑ Dworkin 2012: 69- 73
  23. ↑ Suebic origin have been proposed for some of them, cf. Rivas 1989: 51
  24. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 400-401
  25. ↑ Kremer 2004: 137-138
  26. ↑ Dworkin 2012: 77
  27. ↑ DCECH s.v. abeitar
  28. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Orel 2003 s.v.
  29. ↑ Rivas Quintas 2015: 21-22
  30. ↑ Kroonen 2013: 121
  31. ↑ REW §3985; Orel 2003 s.v.
  32. ↑ REW §4045; Orel 2003, s.v. bergō
  33. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2008: 127
  34. ↑ cf. Carvalho Calero 1979: 58
  35. ↑ GERT §32; REW §456; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  36. ↑ DCECH s.v. anca; Orel 2003 s.v. xanxaz II
  37. ↑ DCECH s.v. angazo
  38. ↑ REW §4209
  39. ↑ REW §4054; Orel 2003 s.v.
  40. ↑ REW §4069; Orel 2003 s.v.
  41. ↑ REW §8601; Orel 2003 s.v.
  42. ↑ DCECH s.v. braco; Kroonen 2015: 73
  43. ↑ REW §933; Varela Sieiro 2008: 306; Varela Sieiro 2003: 134; Orel 2003 s.v.
  44. 1 2 REW §929
  45. ↑ REW §929; Orel 2003 s.v.
  46. ↑ Hilty 2005: 475; Coromines 1997 s.v.
  47. 1 2 REW §981
  48. ↑ REW §1004; Orel 2003 s.v.
  49. ↑ cf. Montenegro Rúa, Enrique Jorge (2011). "SANTA EULALIA DE BÓVEDA Y EL CASTRO DE CORVAZAL: UNA APROXIMACIÓN AL ESTUDIO ARQUEOLÓGICO DE LO PRÓXIMO" (PDF). Férvedes (7): 175–184. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
  50. 1 2 cf. Orel 2003 s.v.
  51. ↑ REW §1273; Orel 2003 s.v.
  52. ↑ REW §1276
  53. ↑ Rivas Quintas 2015: 83; Kroonen 2013: 71
  54. ↑ DCECH s.v. bregar; Orel 2003 s.v.
  55. ↑ DCECH s.v. bramar
  56. ↑ REW §1270
  57. ↑ DCECH s.v. brétema; Hilty 2005: 475; Orel s.v. 2003
  58. ↑ Cf. REW §1312; Orel 2003 s.v.; Rivas 2007: 150-152
  59. ↑ Cf. REW §1321; Orel 2003 s.v.
  60. ↑ Cf. REW §1349; Orel 2003 s.v.
  61. ↑ Cf. REW §1397, §1408; Kremer 2004: 140, 146; Rivas 1989: 51
  62. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v.; Orel 2003 s.v. bauþaz
  63. ↑ CNRTL s.v. bot
  64. ↑ REW 1299; Coromines 1997 s.v. bregar; Orel 2003 s.v.
  65. ↑ Cf. REW §1417
  66. ↑ Cf. REW §1376; GERT 329; Orel 2003 s.v.
  67. ↑ Cf. REW §1407; Varela Sieiro 2008: 41; Orel 2003 s.v.
  68. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. guiñapo
  69. ↑ REW §1708
  70. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. casta
  71. ↑ cf. DCECH s.v. cierne
  72. ↑ Cf. REW §2024
  73. ↑ REW §7970; Orel 2003 s.v.; Varela Sieiro 2003: 243
  74. ↑ REW §7973, §7974; Orel 2003 s.v.
  75. ↑ REW §7999; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  76. ↑ REW §7982; Orel 2003 s.v.
  77. ↑ REW §7979a; Orel 2003 s.v.
  78. ↑ GERT §1939; REW §8006a; Orel 2003 s.v
  79. ↑ Cf. Memidex s.v. skulk
  80. ↑ REW §8013; Orel 2003 s.v.
  81. 1 2 cf. Köbler 2007 s.v.
  82. ↑ Cf. REW §8125; Orel 2003 s.v.
  83. ↑ DCECH s.v. espía II
  84. ↑ Cf. REW §8163: Orel 2003 s.v.
  85. ↑ REW §8136-7; Orel 2003 s.v. *spexōjanan
  86. ↑ REW §3056 and §6748
  87. ↑ REW §8178; Orel 2003 s.v.
  88. ↑ REW §8002; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  89. ↑ Meyer-Lübke 1911, §7994; Orel 2003 s.v.
  90. ↑ REW §8218; Orel 2003 s.v.
  91. ↑ REW §8219; Orel 2003 s.v.
  92. ↑ DdD: Panisse 1977 s.v. stinga; Orel 2003 s.v.
  93. ↑ cf. CRNTL s.v. étriquer; Orel 2003 s.v.
  94. ↑ Cf. REW §3152
  95. ↑ REW §3158; Orel 2003 s.v.
  96. ↑ REW §3162
  97. ↑ Cf. REW §3184
  98. ↑ Cf. REW §3218
  99. ↑ REW §3305; Varela Sieiro 2003: 182
  100. ↑ REW §3174
  101. ↑ REW §3355
  102. ↑ REW §3521; Orel 2003 s.v.
  103. ↑ REW §3541; GERT §629
  104. ↑ DCECH s.v. gabarse
  105. ↑ Cf. REW §3626; Rivas 1989: 51; Carvalho Calero 1979: 58
  106. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v.; Hilty 2005: 475; Orel 2003 s.v.
  107. ↑ REW §9529; Orel 2003 s.v.; Coromines 1997 s.v.
  108. ↑ Hilty 2005: 476
  109. ↑ Pianigiani, Ottorino (1907). Vocabolario etimologico della lingua italiana. s.v. gualdrappa
  110. ↑ REW §3677; Hilty 2005: 475
  111. ↑ Cf. Coromines 1997 s.v. ganar; REW §9483; Orel 2003 s.v.; but Hilty considers that this word is a Gothicism: Hilty 2005: 476
  112. ↑ REW §9502; Orel 2003 s.v.; Hilty 2005: 475
  113. ↑ REW §3697; Orel 2003 s.v.
  114. ↑ GERT §684; CNRTL s.v. gaspiller
  115. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. gavilán
  116. ↑ Cf. REW §3828; Orel 2003 s.v.
  117. ↑ REW §4754, §4760; Orel 2003 s.v.
  118. ↑ Du Cange s.v. granones
  119. ↑ Rivas Quintas 2015: 298; Kroonen 2013: 191.
  120. ↑ REW §3867; Orel 2003 s.v.
  121. ↑ REW §3870; Orel 2003 s.v.
  122. ↑ Rivas 2007: 84-85; Orel 2003 s.v.
  123. ↑ Cf. REW §3019; GERT §1219; Orel 2003 s.v.
  124. ↑ REW §9490; Orel 2003 s.v.
  125. ↑ REW §9504; Orel 2003 s.v.
  126. ↑ REW §9507
  127. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. guedeja; Orel 1997 s.v.
  128. ↑ Cf. REW §9535, §9536; Orel 2003 s.v.
  129. ↑ REW §9554; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  130. ↑ Cf. Orel 2003, s.v.
  131. ↑ REW §9528; Orel 2003 s.v.; Coromines 1997 s.v. 'guiar'
  132. ↑ REW §9555; Orel 2003 s.v.
  133. ↑ Cf. REW §4130; Orel 2003 s.v.
  134. ↑ Cf. Carvalho Calero 1979: 58; REW 3834; Orel 2003 s.v.
  135. ↑ cf. REW §4905; Orel 2003 s.v.
  136. ↑ REW §4933; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  137. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. lata
  138. ↑ Hilty 2005: 475; Coromines 1997 s.v. látigo
  139. ↑ Cf. REW §4954; Orel 2003 s.v.
  140. ↑ Cf. REW §5041; Orel 2003 s.v.
  141. ↑ Cf. REW, §5083; Orel 2003 s.v.
  142. ↑ Cf. REW §4936; Orel 2003 s.v.
  143. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2008: 282
  144. ↑ Rivas 2007: 231-232
  145. ↑ Dworkin 2012: 74
  146. ↑ Cf. REW §3803
  147. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 127
  148. ↑ DCECH s.v. amagar
  149. ↑ Cf. REW §5233; Orel 2003 s.v.
  150. ↑ Cf. REW §5238; Orel 2003 s.v.; Hilty 2005: 475
  151. ↑ Cf. REW §5239; Orel 2003 s.v. *markō
  152. ↑ Cf. REW §5364; Orel 2003 s.v.
  153. 1 2 REW §5373; Orel 2003 s.v.
  154. ↑ REW §5384; Orel 2003 s.v. *marduz
  155. ↑ REW §5467; Orel 2003 s.v. *maisōn.
  156. ↑ REW §5435; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  157. ↑ Cf. REW §5914; Orel 2003 s.v;
  158. ↑ DCECH s.v. rebuznar
  159. ↑ REW §4195; Orel 2003 s.v.
  160. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 123
  161. ↑ Cf. Martins: 6; Orel 2003 s.v.
  162. ↑ Cf. REW §6509; Orel 2003 s.v.
  163. ↑ Cf. REW §6309; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  164. ↑ REW §7005; Orel 2003 s.v.*xrappjanan
  165. ↑ REW §6309; Orel 2003 s.v. *xrampaz
  166. ↑ REW §7057; Orel 2003 s.v.*xrappjanan
  167. ↑ REW §7077; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  168. ↑ REW §7315; Orel 2003 s.v.; Coromines 1997 s.v. rico
  169. ↑ Cf. REW 1911, §7319 and §7321; Orel 2003 s.v.; Carvalho Calero 1979: 58
  170. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. ripia; Orel 2003 s.v. *rebjan, and cf. REW §7298
  171. ↑ Cf. REW §7332; Orel 2003 s.v.
  172. ↑ CNRTL s.v. riper
  173. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. roano; Orel 2003 s.v.
  174. ↑ REW §7433; Orel 2003 s.v.
  175. ↑ REW §7092; Orel 2003 s.v.
  176. ↑ REW §7090; Orel 2003 s.v.
  177. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 102
  178. ↑ Kremer 2004: 140, 146; Orel 2003 s.v. *saliz
  179. ↑ REW §7507
  180. ↑ REW §8464; Orel 2003 s.v.
  181. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 243
  182. ↑ Cf. REW §7626; Martins: 6; Orel 2003 s.v.
  183. ↑ REW §8565; Orel 2003 s.v.
  184. 1 2 REW §8579; Orel 2003 s.v.
  185. ↑ Cf. REW §8592; Orel 2003 s.v.
  186. ↑ REW §8593; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  187. ↑ REW §8606; Orel 2003 s.v.
  188. ↑ Rivas 2007: 415-416
  189. ↑ Cf. Dworkin s.v. tetta; REW §8759; Orel 2003 s.v.
  190. ↑ GERT 2181; Coromines 1997 s.v.; Orel 2003 s.v.
  191. ↑ Cf. REW §8719; Orel 2003 s.v.
  192. ↑ Cf. Coromines 1997 s.v. tormo
  193. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. esquilar; Orel 2003 s.v.
  194. ↑ REW §8863; Orel 2003 s.v. trappōjanan
  195. ↑ Rivas 2007: 416-417
  196. ↑ Cf. REW §8927; Orel 2003 s.v.
  197. ↑ REW §8713; Orel 2003 s.v. *þrengwanan
  198. ↑ REW §8915; Orel 2003 s.v. trappōjanan
  199. ↑ REW §8715; Orel 2003 s.v.
  200. ↑ DCECH s.v. trocir
  201. ↑ REW §8864; Orel 2003 s.v.
  202. ↑ DCECH s.v. trousa
  203. ↑ REW §962; Orel 2003 s.v.
  204. ↑ Coromines s.v. jabón; Orel 2003 s.v.
  205. ↑ REW §1065
  206. ↑ cf. REW §159
  207. ↑ REW §9479; Orel 2003 s.v.
  208. ↑ REW §159
  209. ↑ REW §4032; Orel 2003 s.v.; Coromines 1997 s.v.
  210. ↑ REW §4042; Orel 2003 s.v.
  211. ↑ REW §4042
  212. ↑ Carvalho Calero 1979: 58; REW §4209; Orel 2003 s.v.
  213. ↑ cf. Coromines 1997 s.v.
  214. ↑ Cf. REW §1098
  215. ↑ REW §907
  216. 1 2 REW §928
  217. ↑ REW §1152
  218. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 369
  219. ↑ REW §924
  220. ↑ REW §1216
  221. ↑ Rivas 2007: 281; CNRTL s.v. bois
  222. 1 2 REW §1007
  223. ↑ REW §1313
  224. 1 2 Cf. REW §1347
  225. ↑ REW §1340
  226. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 325
  227. ↑ REW §1224
  228. ↑ Cf. REW §9497; Orel 2003 s.v.
  229. ↑ REW §4747
  230. ↑ REW §4686; Orel 2003 s.v.
  231. ↑ REW §2479; Orel 2003 s.v.
  232. ↑ REW §2780; Orel 2003 s.v.
  233. ↑ REW §448; Orel 2003 s.v.
  234. ↑ Donkin 1864: 56
  235. ↑ "Scot-free | Origin and meaning of scot-free by Online Etymology Dictionary".
  236. ↑ REW §8007
  237. ↑ REW §7992
  238. ↑ REW §8040; Orel 2003, s.v.
  239. 1 2 Coromines 1997 s.v.; Orel 2003 s.v.
  240. ↑ REW §7992; Orel 2003, s.v.
  241. ↑ REW §8226
  242. ↑ GERT 877
  243. ↑ REW §3304
  244. ↑ REW §3541
  245. ↑ REW §3405
  246. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. flecha; Carvalho Calero 1979: 58
  247. ↑ REW §9489; Orel 2003 s.v.
  248. ↑ REW 9505
  249. ↑ REW §9573; Orel 2003 s.v.
  250. ↑ REW 9510; Orel 2003 s.v.
  251. ↑ REW §4787; Orel 2003 s.v.
  252. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. engastar; REW §4682; Orel 2003 s.v.
  253. ↑ REW §9474; Orel 2003 s.v.
  254. ↑ REW §3757
  255. ↑ REW §4764
  256. ↑ REW 9524; Orel 2003 s.v.
  257. ↑ REW §3763; Orel 2003 s.v.
  258. ↑ Varela Sieiro 2003: 365
  259. ↑ REW §9500; Orel 2003 s.v.
  260. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v.; CNRTL s.v. huche.
  261. ↑ REW §4855; Orel 2003 s.v.
  262. ↑ REW §5084; Orel 2003 s.v.
  263. ↑ REW §5128; Orel 2003 s.v. *xlautaz
  264. ↑ REW §5265; Orel 2003 s.v. *malxaz
  265. ↑ REW §5344; Orel 2003 s.v.
  266. ↑ REW §5364; Orel 2003 s.v.
  267. ↑ REW §4080; Orel 2003 s.v.
  268. ↑ REW §9084
  269. 1 2 REW §7042; Orel 2003 s.v.
  270. ↑ REW §7172
  271. ↑ Coromines 1997 s.v. renco
  272. ↑ REW §4209; Orel 2003 s.v.
  273. ↑ REW §4206
  274. ↑ REW §4217
  275. ↑ REW, §7098; Köbler 2007 s.v.
  276. ↑ cf. Coromines 1997 s.v.; Orel 2003 s.v. *saliz
  277. ↑ REW §7932
  278. ↑ REW §7946; Orel 2003 s.v.
  279. ↑ Cf. REW §8720; Orel 2003 s.v.
  280. ↑ Cf. REW §8788; Orel 2003 s.v.
  281. ↑ Cf. REW §8938
  282. ↑ Cf. REW §8939; Coromines 1997 s.v.; Orel 2003 s.v.
  283. ↑ cf. REW §3763
  284. ↑ REW §1135; Orel 2003 s.v.
  285. ↑ REW §270; Orel 2003 s.v.
  286. ↑ REW §3997; Orel 2003 s.v.
  287. ↑ REW §478
  288. ↑ REW §4046
  289. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 260.
  290. ↑ REW §7435; Orel 2003 s.v.
  291. ↑ REW §985
  292. ↑ REW §1005; Orel 2003 s.v.
  293. ↑ REW §1215; Orel 2003 s.v.
  294. ↑ REW §4723; Orel 2003 s.v.
  295. ↑ REW §2455; Orel 2003 s.v.
  296. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 191.
  297. ↑ REW §7711a; Orel 2003 s.v.
  298. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 196 - 197.
  299. ↑ REW §7707; Orel 2003 s.v.
  300. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 198.
  301. ↑ REW §7797; Orel 2003 s.v.
  302. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 201.
  303. ↑ REW §8297; Orel 2003 s.v.
  304. ↑ Orel 2003 s.v.; Coromines 1997 s.v.; Online Etymology Dictionary. Web. 31 Oct 2012, s.v. freight
  305. ↑ Cf. REW §4761; Orel 2003 s.v.
  306. ↑ REW §9546
  307. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. p. 219 - 220.
  308. ↑ REW 9545; Coromines 1997 s.v. guindar; Orel 2003 s.v.
  309. ↑ REW §4922
  310. ↑ Cf. REW §5251; CNRTL s.v. maquereau1
  311. ↑ REW §5397; Orel 2003 s.v.
  312. ↑ REW §5957; Orel 2003 s.v.
  313. ↑ REW 9526; Orel 2003 s.v.
  314. ↑ REW §4698
  315. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 252.
  316. ↑ REW §7438
  317. ↑ REW §8424; Orel 2003 s.v.
  318. ↑ REW §8708; Orel 2003 s.v.
  319. ↑ REW §8710; Orel 2003 s.v.
  320. ↑ REW §8861
  321. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 273.
  322. ↑ REW §9477; Orel 2003 s.v.
  323. ↑ Élisabeth Ridel, Les vikings et les mots : l'apport de l'ancien scandinave à la langue française, éditions Errance, paris, 2009, p. 273 - 274.
  324. ↑ REW 9574; Orel 2003 s.v.
  325. ↑ Esquif on CNRTL (read in French)
  326. ↑ Etai on CNRTL (read in French)
  327. ↑ Fourrage on CNRTL

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