The Kapp Putsch,also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch,was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920. Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz,its goal was to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919,overthrow the Weimar Republic,and establish an autocratic government in its place. It was supported by parts of the Reichswehr,as well as nationalist and monarchist factions.
Franz Joseph Hermann Michael Maria von Papen,Erbsälzer zu Werl und Neuwerk was a German politician,diplomat,Prussian nobleman and General Staff officer. A national conservative,he served as the chancellor of Germany in 1932,and then as the vice-chancellor under Adolf Hitler from 1933 to 1934. Papen is largely remembered for his role in bringing Hitler to power.
IgnácGoldziher,often credited as Ignaz Goldziher,was a Hungarian scholar of Islam. Alongside Joseph Schacht and G.H.A. Juynboll,he is considered one of the pioneers of modern academic hadith studies.
The Panchen Lama is a tulku of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism. The Panchen Lama is one of the most important figures in the Gelug tradition,with its spiritual authority second only to the Dalai Lama. Along with the council of high lamas,he is in charge of seeking out the next Dalai Lama. Panchen is a portmanteau of Pandita and Chenpo,meaning "great scholar".
While the Tibetan plateau has been inhabited since pre-historic times,most of Tibet's history went unrecorded until the creation of Tibetan script in the 7th century. Tibetan texts refer to the kingdom of Zhangzhung as the precursor of later Tibetan kingdoms and the originators of the Bon religion. While mythical accounts of early rulers of the Yarlung dynasty exist,historical accounts begin with the introduction of Tibetan script from the unified Tibetan Empire in the 7th century. Following the dissolution of the empire and a period of fragmentation in the 9th-10th centuries,a Buddhist revival in the 10th–12th centuries saw the development of three of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.
Elyesa Bazna,sometimes known as Ilyaz and Iliaz Bazna,was a secret agent for Nazi Germany during World War II,operating under the code name Cicero.
Paul Ben-Haim was an Israeli composer. Born Paul Frankenburger in Munich,Germany,he studied composition with Friedrich Klose and he was assistant conductor to Bruno Walter and Hans Knappertsbusch from 1920 to 1924. He served as conductor at Augsburg from 1924 to 1931,and afterwards devoted himself to teaching and composition,including teaching at the Shulamit Conservatory in Tel Aviv,Israel.
Bernard Wasserstein is a British and American historian.
The Tibetan independence movement is the political movement advocating for the reversal of the 1950 annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China,and the separation and independence of Greater Tibet from China.
5 Fingers,known also as Five Fingers,is a 1952 American spy film noir directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and produced by Otto Lang. The screenplay written by Michael Wilson was based on the 1950 book Operation Cicero by Ludwig Carl Moyzisch,Nazi commercial attachéat the German embassy in Ankara,Turkey (1943–44).
The 13th Dalai Lama,Thubten Gyatso was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet,enthroned during a turbulent modern era. He presided during the Collapse of the Qing Dynasty,and is referred to as "the Great Thirteenth",responsible for redeclaring Tibet's national independence,and for his national reform and modernization initiatives.
Ignaz Aurelius Fessler,aka Feßler was a Hungarian ecclesiastic,politician,historian,and freemason.
Baron Ignatz von Kolisch,also Baron Ignaz von Kolisch (German) or báróKolisch Ignác (Hungarian),was a merchant,journalist and chess master with Jewish roots.
The Cyprus internment camps were camps maintained in Cyprus by the British government for the internment of Jews who had immigrated or attempted to immigrate to Mandatory Palestine in violation of British policy. There were a total of 12 camps,which operated from August 1946 to January 1949,and in total held 53,510 Jews.
The 2nd Maccabiah,aka the Aliyah Olympics,which was held in April 1935,was the second edition of the Maccabiah Games. The Games were held despite official opposition by the British Mandatory government. A total of 28 countries were represented by 1,350 athletes. Austria placed first,followed by Germany in second,with Eretz Israel placing third.
The 14th Dalai Lama,Tenzin Gyatso,full spiritual name:Jetsun Jamphel Ngawang Lobsang Yeshe Tenzin Gyatso,also known as Tenzin Gyatso;né Lhamo Thondup;is the incumbent Dalai Lama,the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. Before 1959,he served as both the resident spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet,and subsequently established and led the Tibetan government in exile represented by the Central Tibetan Administration in Dharamsala,India. The adherents of Tibetan Buddhism consider the Dalai Lama a living Bodhisattva,specifically an emanation of Avalokiteśvara or Chenrezig,the Bodhisattva of Compassion,a belief central to the Tibetan Buddhist tradition and the institution of the Dalai Lama. The Dalai Lama,whose name means Ocean of Wisdom,is known to Tibetans as Gyalwa Rinpoche,The Precious Jewel-like Buddha-Master,Kundun,The Presence,and Yizhin Norbu,The Wish-Fulfilling Gem. His devotees,as well as much of the Western world,often call him His Holiness the Dalai Lama,the style employed on his website. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school,the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism,formally headed by the Ganden Tripa.
Victor Chan is a physicist and a Hong-Kong-born Canadian writer. Founder of the Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education,Chan has known the 14th Dalai Lama since 1972. Co-author with him of two essays,he also wrote a guide of pilgrimage to Tibet. He lives in Vancouver in British Columbia,Canada.
Tibet–India relations are said to have begun during the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India during the 6th century AD. In 1959,the Dalai Lama fled to India after the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising. Since then,Tibetans-in-exile have been given asylum in India,with the Indian government accommodating them into 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country,creating the Tibetan diaspora. From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011,the number fell to 85,000 in 2018,according to government data. Many Tibetans are now leaving India to go back to Tibet and other countries such as United States or Germany. The Government of India,soon after India's independence in 1947,treated Tibet as a de facto independent country. However,more recently India's policy on Tibet has been mindful of Chinese sensibilities,and has recognized Tibet as a part of China.
Kiryat Arbaya is an ancient settlement mentioned in two letters written by Simon Bar Kokhba,discovered in the Cave of Letters in Nahal Hever. The settlement has been proposed to be identified with the Arab village of Al-Arroub south of Gush Etzion or with Khirbet Arbaya nearby,close to the road between Bethlehem and Hebron. This area is located between Ein Gedi and Betar,where Bar Kokhba's main camp was likely situated. The literal meaning of the name is 'City of the Arabs' or –what might be more plausible in light of the letter's content –'City of the Willows'. Additionally,some have suggested identifying Kiryat Arbaya from Bar Kokhba's letters with the legend of the birth of the Messiah that appears in the Jerusalem Talmud and in Lamentations Rabbah.
Jerusalem District Court is an Israeli District Court located in the Jerusalem District. It was originally established by the Mandatory Palestine government and has continued its operations under the judicial system of the State of Israel since its establishment in 1948.
