Dalai Lama is a title given by the Tibetan people to the foremost spiritual leader of the Gelug or "Yellow Hat" school of Tibetan Buddhism,the newest and most dominant of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism. The 14th and incumbent Dalai Lama is Tenzin Gyatso,who lives in exile as a refugee in India. The Dalai Lama is also considered to be the successor in a line of tulkus who are believed to be incarnations of Avalokiteśvara,the Bodhisattva of Compassion.
Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop was a German politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945.
1932 (MCMXXXII) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar,the 1932nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations,the 932nd year of the 2nd millennium,the 32nd year of the 20th century,and the 3rd year of the 1930s decade.
The Kapp Putsch,also known as the Kapp–Lüttwitz Putsch,was an attempted coup against the German national government in Berlin on 13 March 1920. Named after its leaders Wolfgang Kapp and Walther von Lüttwitz,its goal was to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919,overthrow the Weimar Republic,and establish an autocratic government in its place. It was supported by parts of the Reichswehr,as well as nationalist and monarchist factions.
Elyesa Bazna,sometimes known as Ilyaz and Iliaz Bazna,was a secret agent for Nazi Germany during World War II,operating under the code name Cicero.
Bernard Wasserstein is a British and American historian.
The Tibetan independence movement is the political movement advocating for the reversal of the 1950 annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China,and the separation and independence of Greater Tibet from China.
This timeline of events preceding World War II covers the events that affected or led to World War II.
Kundun is a 1997 American epic biographical film written by Melissa Mathison and directed by Martin Scorsese. It is based on the life and writings of Tenzin Gyatso,the 14th Dalai Lama,the exiled political and spiritual leader of Tibet. Tenzin Thuthob Tsarong,a grandnephew of the Dalai Lama,stars as the adult Dalai Lama,while Tencho Gyalpo,a niece of the Dalai Lama,appears as the Dalai Lama's mother.
Ngawang Lobsang Thupten Gyatso Jigdral Chokley Namgyal,abbreviated to Thubten Gyatso was the 13th Dalai Lama of Tibet,enthroned during a turbulent era and the collapse of the Qing Dynasty. Referred to as "the Great Thirteenth",he is also known for redeclaring Tibet's national independence,and for his reform and modernization initiatives.
Sir Hughe Montgomery Knatchbull-Hugessen was a British diplomat,civil servant and author. He is best remembered as the diplomat whose secrets were stolen by his Kosovar Albanian valet and passed on to Nazi Germany.
Seven Years in Tibet is a 1997 American biographical war drama film directed by Jean-Jacques Annaud. It is based on Austrian mountaineer and Schutzstaffel (SS) sergeant Heinrich Harrer's 1952 memoir of the same name,about his experiences in Tibet between 1944 and 1951. Seven Years in Tibet stars Brad Pitt and David Thewlis,and has music composed by John Williams with a feature performance by cellist Yo-Yo Ma.
Noel Barber was a British novelist and journalist. Many of his novels,set in exotic countries,are about his experiences as leading foreign correspondent for the Daily Mail. He was the son of John Barber and his Danish wife,Musse,and had two brothers:Kenneth,a banker,and Anthony Barber,Baron Barber.
The 14th Dalai Lama is,as the incumbent Dalai Lama,the highest spiritual leader and head of Tibetan Buddhism. By the adherents of Tibetan Buddhism,he is considered a living Bodhisattva;specifically,an emanation of Avalokiteśvara in Sanskrit,and Chenrezig in Tibetan. He is also the leader and a monk of the Gelug school,the newest school of Tibetan Buddhism,formally headed by the Ganden Tripa. The central government of Tibet at the time of his selection,the Ganden Phodrang,invested the Dalai Lama with temporal duties until his exile in 1959.
Tibet was a country in East Asia that lasted from the collapse of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in 1912 until its annexation by the People's Republic of China in 1951.
Zeng Xueming,known in Vietnamese as Tăng Tuyết Minh,was a Chinese midwife. She was a Catholic from Guangzhou and it was claimed that she married Nguyễn Ái Quốc in October 1926. They lived together until April 1927,when Hồfled China following an anti-communist coup. Despite several attempts to renew contact by both Zeng and Hồ,the couple never reunited. Zeng and Hồwere never legally divorced,nor was their marriage ever annulled. There is uncertainty of true happenings as some say it was a marriage of convenience to avoid Hồ's political persecution during his time in Kuomintang-ruled China,whilst others say the story was never true to begin with,and was only a hypothesis.
Victor Chan is a physicist and a Hong-Kong-born Canadian writer. Founder of the Dalai Lama Center for Peace and Education,Chan has known the 14th Dalai Lama since 1972. Co-author with him of two essays,he also wrote a guide of pilgrimage to Tibet. He lives in Vancouver in British Columbia,Canada.
Buddhism in Hungary has existed since 1951 when ErnőHetényi founded the Buddhist Mission in Germany,as a member of the Arya Maitreya Mandala Buddhist order. However,the first Buddhist community had been founded in the 1890s in Máramarossziget. József Hollósy took refuge and wrote Buddhista Kátét (1893) —the first Buddhist catechism in Hungarian. According to this,the Dharma has been present in Hungary for more than a century. In 1933 the Hungarian philologist and Orientalist —author of the first Tibetan-English dictionary and grammar book Sándor Kőrösi Csoma —was recognised as a bodhisattva in Japan. In Hungary József Hollósy is regarded as the second bodhisattva.
Wang Tifu was a Chinese diplomat for Manchukuo. He worked for the Legation of Manchukuo in Germany from 1938 to 1944 in Berlin as the secretary of Minister LüYiwen (吕宜文). During his tenure,he used his authority to help the Jewish refugees in Germany. He issued about 12,000 Manchukuo visas to the Jewish people between the spring of 1939 and May 1940 to allow them to cross Manchukuo in order to flee from the Holocaust.
Tibet–India relations are said to have begun during the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India during the 6th century AD. In 1959,the Dalai Lama fled to India after the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising. Since then,Tibetans-in-exile have been given asylum in India,with the Indian government accommodating them into 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country,creating the Tibetan diaspora. From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011,the number fell to 85,000 in 2018,according to government data. Many Tibetans are now leaving India to go back to Tibet and other countries such as United States or Germany. The Government of India,soon after India's independence in 1947,treated Tibet as a de facto independent country. However,more recently India's policy on Tibet has been mindful of Chinese sensibilities,and has recognized Tibet as a part of China.
