New York World

Last updated

New York World
New-York-World-cover.jpeg
New York World cover announcing conquest of Dewey of the Spanish Navy in the Battle of Manila Bay in May 1898
Type Daily newspaper
Format Broadsheet
Owner(s)
Founded1860;164 years ago (1860)
Political alignmentIndependent Democratic/Progressive
Ceased publicationFebruary 27, 1931;93 years ago (1931-02-27)
Headquarters New York World Building
Circulation 313,000 (1931) [1]
OCLC number 32646018

The New York World was a newspaper published in New York City from 1860 to 1931. The paper played a major role in the history of American newspapers as a leading national voice of the Democratic Party. From 1883 to 1911 under publisher Joseph Pulitzer, it was a pioneer in yellow journalism, capturing readers' attention with sensation, sports, sex and scandal and pushing its daily circulation to the one-million mark. It was sold in 1931 and merged into the New York World-Telegram .

Contents

History

Early years

The World was founded in 1860. From 1862 to 1876, it was edited by Manton Marble, who was also its proprietor. During the 1864 United States presidential election, the World was shut down for three days after it published forged documents purportedly from Abraham Lincoln. [2] [3] Marble, disgusted by the defeat of Samuel Tilden in the 1876 presidential election, sold the paper after the election to a group headed by Thomas A. Scott, the president of the Pennsylvania Railroad, who used the paper "as a propaganda vehicle for his stock enterprises." [4] But Scott was unable to meet the newspaper's growing losses, and in 1879 he sold it to financier Jay Gould as part of a deal that also included the Texas & Pacific Railroad. [4] Gould, like Scott, used the paper for his own purposes, employing it to help him take over Western Union. But Gould, like Scott, could not turn the financial state of the newspaper around, and by the 1880s, it was losing $40,000 a year. [4]

Joseph Pulitzer years

Joseph Pulitzer bought the World in 1883 and began an aggressive era of circulation building. Reporter Nellie Bly became one of America's first investigative journalists, often working undercover. As a publicity stunt for the paper, inspired by the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days , she traveled around the planet in 72 days in 1889–1890. In 1890, Pulitzer built the New York World Building, the tallest office building in the world at the time.

In 1889, Julius Chambers was appointed by Pulitzer as managing editor of the New York World; he served until 1891. [5] In 1890, Pulitzer, Chambers, et al. were indicted for posthumous criminal libel against Alexander T. Stewart for accusing him of "a dark and secret crime", as the man who "invited guests to meet his mistresses at his table", and as "a pirate of the dry goods ocean." The charges were dismissed by the court. This sort of criminal action was common at the time and both Pulitzer and Chambers were indicted in a number of cases, in some of which they were acquitted, in others convicted.

Advertising poster for the July 28, 1895, New York Sunday World New York Sunday World 1895-07-28.jpg
Advertising poster for the July 28, 1895, New York Sunday World

In 1896, the World began using a four-color printing press; it was the first newspaper to launch a color supplement, which featured The Yellow Kid cartoon Hogan's Alley. It joined a circulation battle with William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal . In 1899 Pulitzer and Hearst were the cause of the newsboys' strike of 1899, which led to Pulitzer's circulation dropping by 70%.

The World was attacked for being "sensational", and its circulation battles with Hearst's Journal gave rise to the term yellow journalism. The charges of sensationalism were most frequently leveled at the paper by more established publishers, who resented Pulitzer's courting of the immigrant classes.[ citation needed ] And while the World presented its fair share[ clarification needed ] of crime stories, it also published damning exposés of tenement abuses. After a heat wave in 1883 killed a disproportionate number of poor children, the World published stories about it, featuring such headlines as "Lines of Little Hearses". Its coverage spurred action in the city for reform. Hearst reproduced Pulitzer's approach in the San Francisco Examiner and later in the Journal.

Charles Chapin was hired in 1898 as city editor of the Evening World . He was most known for embracing the sensational and showing little empathy in the face of tragedy, only taking a more solemn tone when reporting on the assassination of William McKinley in 1901. He controlled the newsroom with an iron fist, and was commonly despised by the journalists who worked for him. Chapin fired 108 newspaper men during his tenure. [6] However, Stanley Walker still referred to him as "the greatest city editor that ever lived." [7] His time at the World ended when, after falling into financial ruin, he murdered his wife in 1918. He was sentenced to Sing Sing Prison and died there in 1930.[ citation needed ]

Special Christmas 1899 section featuring a story by Mark Twain New York World - Twain.jpg
Special Christmas 1899 section featuring a story by Mark Twain
1904 political cartoon of President Theodore Roosevelt Militarist.JPG
1904 political cartoon of President Theodore Roosevelt

Frank Irving Cobb was employed on a trial basis by Pulitzer as the editor of the World in 1904. Cobb was a fiercely independent Kansan who resisted Pulitzer's attempts to "run the office" from his home. The elder man was so invested in the paper that he continually meddled with Cobb's work. The two found common ground in their support of Woodrow Wilson, but they had many other areas of disagreement.[ citation needed ]

When Pulitzer's son Ralph took over administrative responsibility of The World in 1907, his father wrote a precisely worded resignation. Cobb had it printed in every New York paper—except the World. Joseph Pulitzer raged at the insult, but slowly began to respect Cobb's editorials and independent spirit. Exchanges, commentaries, and messages between them increased. The good rapport between the two was based largely on Cobb's flexibility. In May 1908, Cobb and Pulitzer met to outline plans for a consistent editorial policy.[ citation needed ]

Pulitzer's demands for editorials on contemporary news led to overwork by Cobb. The publisher sent his managing editor on a six-week tour of Europe to restore his spirit. Shortly after Cobb's return, Pulitzer died. Cobb then finally published Pulitzer's resignation from 1907. Cobb retained the editorial policies he had shared with Pulitzer until he died of cancer in 1923. [8]

Later years

When Pulitzer died in 1911, he passed control of the World to his sons Ralph, Joseph and Herbert. The World continued to grow under its executive editor Herbert Bayard Swope, who hired writers such as Frank Sullivan and Deems Taylor. Among the World's noted journalists were columnists Franklin Pierce Adams (F.P.A.), who wrote "The Conning Tower"; Heywood Broun, who penned "It Seems to Me" on the editorial page; and future hardboiled fiction writer James M. Cain. C. M. Payne created several comic strips for the newspaper.

The paper published the first crossword puzzle in December 1913. The annual reference book called The World Almanac was founded by the newspaper, and the name World Almanac is directly descended from the newspaper.

The paper ran a twenty-one article series that was an exposé on the inner workings of the Ku Klux Klan, starting September 6, 1921. [9] [10]

In 1931, Pulitzer's heirs went to court to sell the World. A surrogate court judge decided in their favor; Scripps-Howard chain owner Roy W. Howard purchased the paper to eliminate its competition. He closed the World and laid off the staff of 3,000 after the final issue was printed on February 27, 1931, then merely replaced the word "Evening" on his afternoon paper, the Evening Telegram, renaming it the New York World-Telegram .

Comic strips

The New York World was one of the first newspapers to publish comic strips, starting around 1890, and contributed greatly to the development of the American comic strip. Notable strips that originated with the World included Richard F. Outcault's Hogan's Alley (featuring The Yellow Kid ), The Captain and the Kids , Everyday Movies, Fritzi Ritz , Joe Jinks, and Little Mary Mixup . Under the names World Feature Service and New York World Press Publishing the company also syndicated comic strips to other newspapers around the country beginning around 1905. With Scripps' acquisition of the World newspaper and its syndication assets in February 1931, the World's most popular strips were brought over to Scripps' United Feature Syndicate. [11]

Legacy

Janet E. Steele argues that Joseph Pulitzer put a stamp on his age when he brought his brand of journalism from St. Louis to New York in 1883. In his New York World, Pulitzer emphasized illustrations, advertising, and a culture of consumption for working men. He believed they saved money to enjoy life with their families when they could, at Coney Island, for example. [12]

By contrast, the long-established editor Charles A. Dana, of The Sun , held to a traditional view of the working man as one engaged in a struggle to better his working conditions and to improve himself. Dana thought that readers in the 20th century followed fewer faddish illustrations and wished newspapers did not need advertising. Dana resisted buying a Linotype. In time the more sensational approach to news, advertising, and content triumphed. [12]

Revival

On May 16, 2011, the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism announced that it was launching an online publication named The New York World, in honor of the original newspaper published by Joseph Pulitzer, who founded the graduate school. The university said the mission of the publication would be "to provide New York City citizens with accountability journalism about government operations that affect their lives." It was to be staffed mainly by those who have completed master's or doctoral degrees, and other affiliates of the school. [13] [14] The online publication focuses on data journalism and collaborated with a number of local and national news outlets. [15] The World lists contributors and an editor, but has not published new content since 2016.

Notable journalists of the World

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">The Yellow Kid</span> American comic strip character

The Yellow Kid is an American comic-strip character that appeared from 1895 to 1898 in Joseph Pulitzer's New York World, and later William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. Created and drawn by Richard F. Outcault in the comic strip Hogan's Alley, the strip was one of the first Sunday supplement comic strips in an American newspaper, although its graphical layout had already been thoroughly established in political and other, purely-for-entertainment cartoons. Outcault's use of word balloons in The Yellow Kid influenced the basic appearance and use of balloons in subsequent newspaper comic strips and comic books.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Randolph Hearst</span> American newspaper publisher (1863–1951)

William Randolph Hearst Sr. was an American newspaper publisher and politician who developed the nation's largest newspaper chain and media company, Hearst Communications. His flamboyant methods of yellow journalism in violation of ethics and standards influenced the nation's popular media by emphasizing sensationalism and human-interest stories. Hearst entered the publishing business in 1887 with Mitchell Trubitt after being given control of The San Francisco Examiner by his wealthy father, Senator George Hearst.

In journalism, yellow journalism and the yellow press are American newspapers that use eye-catching headlines and sensationalized exaggerations for increased sales. The English term is chiefly used in the US. In the United Kingdom, a similar term is tabloid journalism. Other languages, e.g. Russian, sometimes have terms derived from the American term. Yellow journalism emerged in the intense battle for readers by two newspapers in New York City in 1890s. It was not common in other cities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Joseph Pulitzer</span> Hungarian-American newspaper publisher (1847–1911)

Joseph Pulitzer was a Hungarian-American politician and newspaper publisher of the St. Louis Post-Dispatch and the New York World. He became a leading national figure in the Democratic Party and was elected congressman from New York.

<i>Los Angeles Times</i> American daily newspaper covering the Greater Los Angeles area

The Los Angeles Times is a daily newspaper that began publishing in Los Angeles, California, in 1881. Based in the Greater Los Angeles area city of El Segundo since 2018, it is the sixth-largest newspaper in the nation and the largest in the Western United States with a print circulation of 118,760. It has 500,000 online subscribers, the fifth-largest among U.S. newspapers. Owned by Patrick Soon-Shiong and published by California Times, the paper has won over 40 Pulitzer Prizes since its founding.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Edwin Grozier</span> Newspaper editor and publisher (1859-1924)

Edwin Atkins Grozier was an American journalist, publisher and author, who owned The Boston Post from 1891 until his death. He authored the book, "The Wreck of the 'Somerset,'" first published in the New York World, May 1886.

<i>New York Herald Tribune</i> Defunct American newspaper

The New York Herald Tribune was a newspaper published between 1924 and 1966. It was created in 1924 when Ogden Mills Reid of the New York Tribune acquired the New York Herald. It was regarded as a "writer's newspaper" and competed with The New York Times in the daily morning market. The paper won twelve Pulitzer Prizes during its lifetime.

<i>Seattle Post-Intelligencer</i> Newspaper in Seattle, Washington

The Seattle Post-Intelligencer is an online newspaper and former print newspaper based in Seattle, Washington, United States.

<i>St. Paul Pioneer Press</i> Newspaper based in St. Paul, Minnesota

The St. Paul Pioneer Press is a newspaper based in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. It serves the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. Circulation is heaviest in the east metro, including Ramsey, Dakota, and Washington counties, along with western Wisconsin, eastern Minnesota and Anoka County, Minnesota. The paper's main rival is the Star Tribune, based in neighboring Minneapolis. The Pioneer Press is owned by MediaNews Group, controlled by Alden Global Capital. It no longer includes "St. Paul" as part of its name in either its print or online edition, but its owner still lists the paper's name as the St. Paul Pioneer Press and the paper also calls itself the St. Paul Pioneer Press on its Facebook and Twitter pages. Its URL and digital presence is TwinCities.com.

<i>New York Journal-American</i> Newspaper published in New York from 1937 to 1966

The New York Journal-American was a daily newspaper published in New York City from 1937 to 1966. The Journal-American was the product of a merger between two New York newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst: the New York American, a morning paper, and the New York Evening Journal, an afternoon paper. Both were published by Hearst from 1895 to 1937. The American and Evening Journal merged in 1937.

<i>The Des Moines Register</i> Daily newspaper in Des Moines, Iowa, United States

The Des Moines Register is the daily morning newspaper of Des Moines, Iowa, United States.

<i>Omaha World-Herald</i> Daily newspaper published in Omaha, Nebraska

The Omaha World-Herald is a daily newspaper in the midwestern United States, the primary newspaper of the Omaha-Council Bluffs metropolitan area.

<i>Pittsburgh Post-Gazette</i> Newspaper in Pennsylvania, United States

The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, also known simply as the PG, is the largest newspaper serving metropolitan Pittsburgh in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. Descended from the Pittsburgh Gazette, established in 1786 as the first newspaper published west of the Allegheny Mountains, the paper formed under its present title in 1927 from the consolidation of the Pittsburgh Gazette Times and The Pittsburgh Post.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arthur Brisbane</span> American journalist

Arthur Brisbane was one of the best-known American newspaper editors of the 20th century, as well as a real estate investor.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of American newspapers</span>

The history of American newspapers begins in the early 18th century with the publication of the first colonial newspapers. American newspapers began as modest affairs—a sideline for printers. They became a political force in the campaign for American independence. Following independence the first amendment to U.S. Constitution guaranteed freedom of the press. The Postal Service Act of 1792 provided substantial subsidies: Newspapers were delivered up to 100 miles for a penny and beyond for 1.5 cents, when first class postage ranged from six cents to a quarter.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Chapin</span>

Charles E. Chapin was an American editor of Joseph Pulitzer’s Evening World. He was convicted of the murder of his wife and sentenced to a 20-year-to-life term in Sing Sing prison.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of American journalism</span>

Journalism in the United States began humbly and became a political force in the campaign for American independence. Following independence, the first amendment to the U.S. Constitution guaranteed freedom of the press and freedom of speech. The American press grew rapidly following the American Revolution. The press became a key support element to the country's political parties, but also for organized religious institutions.

<i>St. Louis Globe-Democrat</i> Daily newspaper in St. Louis, Missouri, US

The St. Louis Globe-Democrat was a daily print newspaper based in St. Louis, Missouri, from 1852 until 1986. The paper began operations on July 1, 1852, as The Daily Missouri Democrat, changing its name to The Missouri Democrat in 1868, then to The St. Louis Democrat in 1873. It merged with the St. Louis Globe to form the St. Louis Globe-Democrat in 1875.

<i>Public Ledger</i> (Philadelphia) 1836–1942 daily newspaper published in Pennsylvania

The Public Ledger was a daily newspaper in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, published from March 25, 1836, to January 1942. Its motto was "Virtue, Liberty, and Independence". It was Philadelphia's most widely-circulated newspaper for a period, but its circulation began declining in the mid-1930s. The newspaper also operated a syndicate, the Ledger Syndicate, from 1915 until 1946.

Frank Irving Cobb was an American journalist, primarily an editorial writer, from 1896 to his death. In 1904, he succeeded Joseph Pulitzer as editor of the latter's New York World newspaper. He became famous for his editorials in support of the policies of liberal Democrats, especially Woodrow Wilson, during the Progressive Era.

References

  1. Swanberg 1967, p. 417.
  2. "Manton Marble, Publicist, Dead. Editor and Owner of The New York World from 1862 to 1876 Dies in England at 82. Noted Political Writer. His Famous "Letter to Abraham Lincoln" Followed President's Suspension of His Newspaper. His Letter to President Lincoln". New York Times . July 25, 1917. Manton Marble died this morning of old age at the home of his son-in-law, Sir Martin Conway, Allington Castle, near Maidstone. Mr. Marble, who had been living in England quietly for twenty years, began to fail last Christmas.
  3. Guilford, Gwynn (November 28, 2016). "Fake news isn't a new problem in the US—it almost destroyed Abraham Lincoln". Quartz. Quartz (publication). Archived from the original on September 6, 2020. this miscegenation hoax still "damn near sank Lincoln that year"
  4. 1 2 3 Swanberg 1967, p. 67.
  5. Dictionary of American Biography (1936) Charles Scribner's Sons, New York
  6. "Charles Chapin | AMERICAN HERITAGE". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  7. "Hard-Boiled Charlie Chapin — City of Smoke". www.cityofsmoke.com. January 29, 2009. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
  8. Starr, Louis M. (June 1, 1968). "Joseph Pulitzer and his most "indegoddampendent" editor". New York Times . Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
  9. Press Publishing Co. "New York World's Expose of the KKK." New Orleans Times-Picayune 07 Sep 1921 – 26 Mon 1921, Print.
  10. Blow, Charles M. (September 5, 2021). "Opinion | From 'Ku Kluxism' to Trumpism". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved September 6, 2021.
  11. Booker, M. Keith. "United Feature Syndicate," in Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas (ABC-CLIO, 2014), p. 399.
  12. 1 2 Steele, Janet E. (1990). "The 19th Century World Versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man)". Journalism Quarterly . 67 (3): 592–600. doi:10.1177/107769909006700315. S2CID   143893631.
  13. "The New York World (online)" Archived May 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , Press release, Columbia Journalism School
  14. Meares, Joel (May 16, 2011). "Columbia J-School launches The New York World". Columbia Journalism Review.
  15. "About". The New York World.
  16. Cashin, Joan. First Lady of the Confederacy: Varina Davis's Civil War, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 6–7
  17. "Film Beauty Weds Publicity Manager". Los Angeles Evening Express. February 19, 1921. p.2. Retrieved February 15, 2022.

Further reading