Catholic Church in Mexico

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Catholic Church in Mexico
Spanish: Iglesia Católica en México
Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral from southwest.jpg
The Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral.
Type National polity
Classification Catholic
Orientation Roman Catholic
Scripture Bible
Theology Catholic theology
Polity Episcopal
Governance CEM
Pope Francis
President Francisco Robles Ortega
Region Mexico
Language Spanish, Latin
Headquarters Mexico City
Founder Juan de Zumárraga
OriginEarly 16th Century
New Spain, Spanish Empire
Separations Protestantism in Mexico
Members97,864,220 (2020)
Official website CEM

The Mexican Catholic Church, or Catholic Church in Mexico , is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, his Curia in Rome, and the national Mexican Episcopal Conference. According to the Mexican census, Roman Catholicism is the dominant religion in Mexico, practiced by 77.7 percent of the population in 2020. [1] A Statistica survey suggests this number could be a little lower, suggesting Catholics could make up 72 percent of the nation. [2]

Contents

The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico dates from the period of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire (1519–1521) and it has continued as an institution in Mexico into the twenty-first century. In the late 20th century, Eastern Catholic jurisdictions were also established in Mexico.

In many parts of the country, Catholic Christianity is heavily syncretized with folk customs; and Aztec, Mayan, and other pre-Columban religions.

History

La conversion des Indiens (The conversion of the Indians). Felipe Santiago Gutierrez, 1894. Pintura 5 Antigua Basilica de Guadalupe.jpg
La conversion des Indiens (The conversion of the Indians). Felipe Santiago Gutiérrez, 1894.

The history of the Catholic Church in Mexico can be divided into distinct periods, the basic division being between colonial Mexico, known as New Spain and the national period, from Mexican independence in 1821 until the current era.[ citation needed ]

The era of the military conquest in the early sixteenth century saw the Church's huge effort to evangelize the indigenous population of Mexico in what is termed "the spiritual conquest". As the Spanish Empire expanded into new territories, the incorporation of the indigenous population was a priority for the crown. The growth of the Spanish and mixed-race urban population of Mexico prompted the establishment of the episcopal hierarchy, under the patronage of the monarch and the creation of dioceses in Mexico.[ citation needed ]

Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe Basilica-PlazaMariana.jpg
Basilica of Our Lady of Guadalupe

In the national period, following independence in early nineteenth century, Mexico established a legal framework that continued the privileged status of the Catholic Church as official and unique religion. La Reforma of the late 1850s sparked an extended period of violent conflict between the conservative supporters of the old order and liberals who sought to displace and diminish the power of the Church. The Mexican Revolution was won by largely anticlerical Constitutionalists and the Church's role in Mexico was restricted constitutionally. [3]

After a period of violent open conflict over religious matters, Church-state relations returned to a modus vivendi while the anticlerical constitutional framework remained in place. Expansion of Catholic participation in the establishment of religious educational institutions and the creation of a conservative political party, the National Action Party, was an important characteristic of the late twentieth century. A new constitutional framework was created in 1992, which reiterated the separation between the Catholic Church and the state and lifted most but not all restrictions[ which? ] on religious freedom and the activities of the Catholic Church in Mexico. [3]

Organization of the Church in Modern Mexico

Map of the states of Mexico by percentage of Catholics. Mexico - Catholicism.png
Map of the states of Mexico by percentage of Catholics.
Map of diocese and the ecclesiastical provinces of Mexico updated to 2017. Eclesiastical provinces in Mexico.jpg
Map of diocese and the ecclesiastical provinces of Mexico updated to 2017.
San Carlos Borromeo Repartiendo Limosna al Pueblo by Jose Salome Pina. San Carlos Borromeo Repartiendo Limosna al Pueblo by Jose Salome Pina - 1853.jpg
San Carlos Borromeo Repartiendo Limosna al Pueblo by Jose Salome Pina.
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla with Our Lady of Guadalupe Miguel Hidalgo.jpg
Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla with Our Lady of Guadalupe
Enrique Gorostieta Velarde was a Mexican soldier best known for his leadership as a general during the Cristero War. Enrique Gorostieta.jpg
Enrique Gorostieta Velarde was a Mexican soldier best known for his leadership as a general during the Cristero War.
Pope Francis greets the faithful in the Zocalo during his visit to the Palacio Nacional as Head of State of the Holy See. Papa Francisco en el Zocalo.jpg
Pope Francis greets the faithful in the Zócalo during his visit to the Palacio Nacional as Head of State of the Holy See.
Pope Francis in Mexico City. February 13, 2016. S.S. Papa Francisco- Ceremonia de Bienvenida en Palacio Nacional - 24980237596.jpg
Pope Francis in Mexico City. February 13, 2016.
Guadalajara Cathedral Centro historico, Guadalajara.jpg
Guadalajara Cathedral
Puebla Cathedral Catedral y Tarde.jpg
Puebla Cathedral

The Catholic Church is the world's largest Christian church, and its largest religious grouping. The 2020 census reported that Mexico had some 97,864,220 Catholics, which equates to approximately 78% of the total population, [1] making it the second largest Catholic country in the world after Brazil. The country is divided into 18 Ecclesiastical provinces, containing a total of 90 dioceses. There are 15,700 diocesan priests and 46,000 men and women in religious orders.

José Garibi y Rivera was the first Mexican cardinal of the Catholic Church. Javier Lozano Barragán having served 10 years as a cardinal-deacon, was promoted to Cardinal Priest of Santa Dorotea by Pope Francis on 12 June 2014. Pope Francis selected 15 new cardinals for the Church in January 2015, one of whom was for Mexico in the archdiocese of Morelia. Alberto Suárez Inda is Morelia's first cardinal. According to an Associated Press story, he "has helped mediate political conflicts and kidnappings in one of Mexico's most violence-plagued states". [4] On 7 December 2017, Pope Francis named Cardinal Carlos Aguiar Retes Archbishop of Mexico to succeed Norberto Rivera Carrera, "a pastor who had as many detractors as supporters" after 22 years in the post. [5] [6] His installation was scheduled for 5 February 2018. [7] The Tablet said the appointment was not a surprise because Aguiar is "a towering ecclesial figure in Central and Latin America". [8]

Latin Church hierarchy

Mexico's ecclesiastical provinces were organized as follows, on 28 September 2019:

Eastern Catholic jurisdictions

Parroquia de San Miguel Arcangel a prime example of Neo-Gothic architecture. Parroquia de San Miguel Arcangel, San Miguel de Allende.jpg
Parroquia de San Miguel Arcángel a prime example of Neo-Gothic architecture.

There are also separate jurisdictions for specific Eastern particular churches within the Catholic Church in Mexico:

Regular (monastic) Catholic Jurisdictions

Freedom of religion

The constitution declares that Mexico is a secular state and provides for the right to religious freedom. [11]

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom. [12]

In the same year, the country was ranked as the 38th most difficult place in the world to be a Christian. [13]

See also

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References

  1. 1 2 Díaz Domínguez, Alejandro (February 1, 2021). "¿Qué nos dice el Censo 2020 sobre religión en México?". Nexos (in Spanish). Retrieved 2022-06-18.
  2. ↑ "Main religion affiliations in Mexico". Statista. Retrieved 2022-05-19.
  3. 1 2 Roberto Blancarte, “Recent Changes in Church-State Relations in Mexico: An Historical Approach.” Journal of Church & State, Autumn 1993, vol. 35. No. 4.
  4. ↑ Associated Press, "Pope's selection of 15 new cardinals reflects church's diversity, growth." The Washington Post January 5, 2015, p. A7.
  5. ↑ Beltramo Álvarez, Andrés (7 December 2017). "Cardinal Carlos Aguiar Retes is Mexico's new primate". La Stampa. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  6. ↑ Rodríguez, Juan Carlos (8 December 2017). "Aguiar hallará una Arquidiócesis Primada en ruinas". Eje Central (in Spanish). Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  7. ↑ "Confirma El Vaticano a Aguiar; el relevo se realizará el 5 de febrero". Excelsior (in Spanish). 8 December 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  8. ↑ Lamb, Christopher (7 December 2017). "Pope Names New Archbishops of Paris and Mexico City". The Tablet. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  9. 1 2 3 "Papa Francisco aprueba creación de tres nuevas diócesis en México" [Pope Francis approves creation of three new dioceses in Mexico], El Segundero (in Spanish)
  10. ↑ "The Museum of the San Fernando Valley: Claretville Novitiate in Calabasas". museumsanfernandovalley.blogspot.com. 30 September 2009. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  11. ↑ US State Dept 2022 report
  12. ↑ Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08
  13. ↑ Open Doors website, retrieved 2023-08-08

Bibliography

General

Colonial Era (1519–1821)

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  • Cline, Sarah. "Church and State: Bourbon New Spain,” in Encyclopedia of Mexico vol. 1, p. 250-53. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
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Nineteenth Century

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Twentieth Century and Third Millennium

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