The Catholic Church in Norway (Norwegian: Den katolske kirke i Norge) is part of the worldwide Catholic Church. As of May 2014[update], there were over 151,000 registered Catholics in Norway.[1] It is claimed there are many Catholics who are not registered with their personal identification number and who are not reported by the local church; the full number may be as high as 230,000, 70% of whom were born abroad.[2][3] That constitutes about 5% of the population, making Norway the most Catholic country in Nordic Europe.
However, in early 2015, the Bishop of Oslo was charged with fraud for reporting to the government as many as 65,000 names of people claimed as members of the church who had not actually signed up. As the government gives a subsidy to religious organizations according to the number of members, the diocese was ordered to repay the government.[4] The government reports for January 2015 that there were 95,655 registered Catholics, down from the 140,109 reported for January 2014.[5]
Structure
The Catholic Church is the second largest religious community in Norway by number of registered members. The country is divided into three Church districts – the Diocese of Oslo and the prelatures of Trondheim and Tromsø,[6] whose bishops participate in the Nordic Bishops Conference. The country is further divided into 38 parishes and three chapel districts.[7]
Four religious orders have returned to Norway: the Cistercians, Dominicans, the Poor Clares, and the Trappistines. In 2007,[8] monks from the Abbey of Cîteaux dedicated a new monastery at Frol, near Levanger in Nord-Trøndelag, naming it Munkeby Mariakloster. Trappistine nuns, likewise, bought land near the ruins of a pre-Reformation monastery on the island of Tautra in the Trondheimsfjord, moved to the site and built a new cloister, workplace, guesthouse and chapel, calling the new monastery Tautra Mariakloster.[9] In addition to these four, 17 other orders are also working in the country,[10] for instance the Sisters of St. Francis Xavier (Franciskussøstre), which is a unique order as it was founded in Norway in 1901.[11] The Benedictines, who had a monastery on the island of Selja in the Medieval ages, were asked to return to Norway.[12]
There are few Catholic welfare institutions in Norway today. There are no Catholic hospitals or orphanages, but the Catholic Church operates primary and secondary schools in Oslo, Arendal and Bergen, and Bodø.[13] The Sisters of Saint Elizabeth operated St. Elizabeth's home for elderly in Oslo, until it was completely destroyed by fire in December 2014.[14]Fransiskushjelpen (St. Francis Aid), a charity established in 1956 and run by Franciscans, remains active;[15]Caritas Norway is a Catholic international relief and development organisation.
The Catholic Church in Norway is almost as old as the kingdom itself, dating from approximately A.D. 900,[16] with the first Christian monarchs, Haakon I from 934. The country is considered to have officially converted upon the death of the king St. Olav at the Battle of Stiklestad in 1030.[citation needed] The subsequent Christianisation took several hundred years.
Largely the work of Anglo-Saxon missionaries, the Norwegian Church has been considered the only daughter of English Catholicism. Cardinal Nicholas Breakspear, later Pope Adrian IV, established a church province in 1153, the Archdiocese of Nidaros (Trondheim).[16]
The LutheranReformation in Norway lasted from 1526 to 1537. Catholic Church property and the personal property of Catholic priests were confiscated by the Crown. Catholic priests were exiled and imprisoned unless they submitted to conversion to the Danish king's faith. Bishop Jon Arason of Holar, executed in 1550, was the last Catholic bishop of Iceland (until the establishment of the Diocese of Reykjavik in 1923). The Bishop of Hamar from 1513 to 1537, Mogens Lauritssøn, was imprisoned until his death in 1542.[17][18]
Many traditions from the Catholic Middle Ages continued for centuries more. In the late 18th century and into the 19th century, a strict and puritan interpretation of the Lutheran faith, inspired by the preacher Hans Nielsen Hauge, spread through Norway, and popular religious practices turned more purely Lutheran. The Catholic Church per se, however, was not allowed to operate in Norway between 1537 and 1843, and throughout most of this period, Catholic priests faced execution.[citation needed] In 1582, the scattered Catholics in Norway and elsewhere in Northern Europe were placed under the jurisdiction of a papal nuncio in Cologne, however, with threatening punishment Catholic pastoring could not materialise. In the late 16th century, a few incidents of crypto-Catholicism occurred within the Lutheran Church of Norway. However, these were isolated incidents.[citation needed]
In 1688, Norway became part of the Apostolic Vicariate of the Nordic Missions.[citation needed] The Paderborn bishops functioned as administrators of the apostolic vicariate. Christiania (Oslo) had an illegal but tolerated Catholic congregation in the 1790s. In 1834, the Catholic missions in Norway became part of the Apostolic Vicariate of Sweden, seated in the Swedish capital of Stockholm. In 1843, the Norwegian Parliament passed a religious tolerance act providing for limited religious freedom and allowing for legal non-Lutheran public religious services for the first time since the Reformation.[citation needed]
Since legalisation in 1843
The first parish after the Reformation was established in the capital in 1843; a few years later Catholic places of worship were opened in Alta (Finnmark), Tromsø and Bergen.[19] Whereas Norway north of the polar circle became the Apostolic Prefecture of the North Pole in 1855,[20] the rest of Norway stayed with the Swedish vicariate. When a new Norwegian Catholic missionary jurisdiction was established, it was not at any of the ancient episcopal sees but a mission “sui iuris” on 7 August 1868, created out of parts of North Pole prefecture and the Norwegian part of the Swedish vicariate. On 17 August 1869, the mission became the Apostolic Prefecture of Norway. On 11 March 1892, the Apostolic Prefecture of Norway was promoted to Apostolic Vicariate of Norway, with an altered name as the Apostolic Vicariate of Norway and Spitsbergen between 1 June 1913 and 15 December 1925. In 1897, the constitutional ban on religious orders was lifted, which in time led to the establishment of several communities and monasteries.
On 10 April 1931, the Apostolic Vicariate of Norway was divided into three separate Catholic jurisdictions:
Southern Norway: Apostolic Vicariate of Oslo (extant 1931–1953), upgraded to the Diocese of Oslo in 1953
Central Norway: Its jurisdiction (called Missionary District of Central Norway, 1931–1935; Apostolic Prefecture of Central Norway, 1935–1953; Apostolic Vicariate of Central Norway, 1953–1979) became the Prelature of Trondheim in 1979.
Norway north of the polar circle: Its jurisdiction (called Missionary District of Northern Norway, 1931–1944; Apostolic Prefecture of Northern Norway, 1944–1955; Apostolic Vicariate of Northern Norway, 1955–1979) now forms the Prelature of Tromsø.
In November 1924 the well-known Norwegian writer Sigrid Undset was received into the Catholic Church after thorough instruction from the Catholic priest in her local parish. She was 42 years old. She subsequently became a lay Dominican. It was the culmination of a long process whereby Undset – raised as a nominal Lutheran and for many years an agnostic – had experienced a crisis of faith due to the horrors of the First World War combined with the failure of her marriage. At the time of her move towards Catholicism she also wrote two series of historical novels, Kristin Lavransdatter and The Master of Hestviken, which take place in medieval times when Norway had been a Catholic country,[21] as well as having studied Old Norse manuscripts and medieval chronicles and visited and examined medieval churches and monasteries, both at home and abroad. In Norway, Undset's conversion to Catholicism was not only considered sensational; it was scandalous. At the time, there were very few practicing Catholics in Norway, which was an almost exclusively Lutheran country. Anti-Catholicism was widespread not only among the Lutheran clergy, but through large sections of the population. Likewise, there was just as much anti-Catholic scorn among the Norwegian intelligentsia,[citation needed] many of whom were adherents of socialism and communism.[citation needed] The attacks against her faith and character were quite vicious at times, with the result that Undset's literary gifts were aroused in response. For many years, she participated in the public debate, going out of her way to defend the Catholic Church. In response, she was swiftly dubbed "The Mistress of Bjerkebæk" and "The Catholic Lady".
Catholic immigrants
The Catholic Church remained very much a minority church of a few thousand people up to the decades following World War II. However, with increased immigration from the 1960s onwards, the Catholic Church grew quickly: from 6,000 in 1966 to 40,000 in 1996 and to over 200,000 in 2013.[22]
At first, the immigrants came from Germany, the Netherlands, and France. Immigration from Chile, the Philippines, and from a wide range of other countries began in the 1970s. Among the largest groups are Vietnamese and Tamils. This development has further increased after 2008 with a high number of economic migrants from Poland and Lithuania.[23]Poles, who number an estimated 120,000 as of 2006,[24] are currently the largest group of Catholics in Norway. As of 2015[update], besides members of the Latin Church, there were Chaldean Catholics with their own priest.[25]
In 2015, it was discovered that the Catholic Diocese of Oslo had stated too high membership numbers in the period 2010 to 2014, and therefore received too many state subsidies. The diocese applied for and received state support on behalf of all the Catholic congregations in Norway, because it kept the centralised membership register for all the country's Catholic congregations. It emerged that employees in the Diocese of Oslo had "used the telephone directory to select names that appear Catholic", for example by appearing to be Polish or Spanish. The diocesan staff searched for the social security numbers of these people, entered them in the membership register and demanded state support for these alleged members.[31] The County Governor of Oslo and later also the Ministry of Culture then demanded that the diocese return the funds that they had been wrongfully paid. The case ended in court, and both the district court on 20 November 2017 and the Court of Appeal on 13 March 2019 upheld the State's decision that the money, almost 40.6 million Norwegian kroner, should be repaid by the Catholic Church in Norway. Additionally, a 2 million kroner fine for gross fraud and just over 300,000 kroner for the state's legal costs for the appeal trial had to be paid by the Diocese of Oslo.[32]
Nidaros, Niðarós or Niðaróss was the medieval name of Trondheim when it was the capital of Norway's first Christian kings. It was named for its position at the mouth of the River Nid.
Saint Sunniva is the patron saint of the Norwegian Church of Norway Diocese of Bjørgvin, as well as all of Western Norway.
The Catholic Church in the Nordic countries was the only Christian church in that region before the Reformation in the 16th century. Since then, Scandinavia has been a mostly non-Catholic (Lutheran) region and the position of Nordic Catholics for many centuries after the Reformation was very difficult due to legislation outlawing Catholicism. However, the Catholic population of the Nordic countries has seen some growth in the region in recent years, particularly in Norway, in large part due to immigration and to a lesser extent conversions among the native population.
The Catholic Church in Denmark is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. The Diocese of Copenhagen covers the whole of the country, as well as the Faroe Islands and Greenland, and as such is one of the geographically largest Catholic dioceses by area in the world.
The Catholic Church in Iceland is part of the Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope. The island is served by a single diocese, the Diocese of Reykjavík, having a total of seven parishes. As of 2015, the ordinary is bishop Dávid Bartimej Tencer. The diocese is directly subject to the Holy See.
Selja is a small island in Stad Municipality in Vestland county, Norway. It was the original Catholic bishopric in Norway which later became the pre-Reformation Ancient Diocese of Bergen (Bjørgvin). It has been formerly known as Sellø or Selø.
The Catholic Church in Laos is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the pope in Rome. The Catholic Church is officially recognized by the government.
The Catholic Church in Nepal is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the pope in Rome. As of 2011 there are over 10,000 Catholics in Nepal, organized into one Catholic jurisdiction known as an apostolic vicariate.
In the canon law of the Catholic Church, a mission sui iuris, also known as an independent mission, can be defined as: "an ecclesial structure erected from a previous territory, with explicit boundaries, under the care of a religious community or other diocese, responding to a missionary exigency and headed by a superior nominated by the Holy See, under the aegis of the Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples."
The Diocese of Stockholm is an exempt Latin Catholic ecclesiastical bishopric in Sweden and the only Catholic diocese established in Sweden since the Protestant Reformation. The diocese belongs to no ecclesiastical province but forms an episcopal conference with its Nordic neighbours. Its territory includes 44 parishes and covers the entire country of Sweden.
The Vicariate Apostolic of Northern Germany, known for most of its existence as the Vicariate Apostolic of the NorthernMissions, was a Catholic missionary jurisdiction established on 28 April 1667. It belonged to a vicar apostolic in predominantly Protestant Northern Europe.
The Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Trondheim Is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Catholic Church, located in Norway. Before March 1979, it was known as the Apostolic Vicariate of Central Norway.
Selja Abbey was a Benedictine monastery located on the island of Selja in the municipality of Stad, Vestland, Norway. The island of Selja, which has been formerly known as Sellø or Selø, is located 15 minutes by boat from Selje's mainland.
The Territorial Prelature of Tromsø is a Catholic territorial prelature located in the city of Tromsø in Norway. The territory is divided into 7 parishes located in the following sites: Tromsø, Bodø, Hammerfest, Harstad, Mosjøen, Narvik and Storfjord.
The Diocese of Oslo is an exempt Latin Church diocese of the Catholic Church located in the city of Oslo in Norway.
Christianity is the largest religion in Norway and it has historically been called a Christian country. A majority of the population are members of the Church of Norway with 64.9% of the population officially belonging to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Norway in 2021. At numerous times in history, Norway sent more missionaries per capita than any other country. This changed considerably from the 1960s. In 2004, only 12% of the population attended church services each month. The Church of Norway receives a fixed sum from the Government not based on membership numbers. Other religious organisations receive approximately the same amount per member.
The Catholic Church in Greenland is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope in Rome. There are very few Catholics in this overwhelmingly Protestant territory. There are 50 registered Catholics and only approximately 4 native Greenlander Catholics out of a population of 57,000. They are part of the only Catholic parish in Greenland, in Nuuk, the island's capital. The whole island is under the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Copenhagen, Denmark.
Bernt Ivar Eidsvig, known 1991-2005 as Markus Bernt Eidsvig, is a Norwegian prelate of the Catholic Church. He has been the Bishop of Oslo since 2005 and the Apostolic Administrator of the Roman Catholic Territorial Prelature of Trondheim from 2009 until 2019.
The Our Lady of the Desert Cathedral is a religious building belonging to the Catholic Church and is located in the Sam Nujoma road of Francistown in the District Northeast in the eastern part of the African country of Botswana, which serves as the seat of the Bishop of the Vicariate apostolic of Francistown was established on June 27, 1998, with the bull "Ad aptius" Pope John Paul II.
References
↑ Tande, Claes (2 June 2014). "Hvor bor katolikkene?"[Where are Catholics?] (in Norwegian). Diocese of Oslo. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
↑ Nordli, Øyvind; Holm, Per Annar; Stoltenberg, Kristin (16 December 2014). "Én omkommet i brann i Oslo"[One killed in fire in Oslo]. Aftenposten (in Norwegian). Oslo. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
↑ Moe, Ingeborg (3 September 2006). "120.000 polakker i Norge"[120,000 Poles in Norway]. Afterposten (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 20 October 2014. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
↑ Tessem, Liv Berti (29 March 2013). "Høytid for sorg, håp og glede"[Holy Days for Sorrow, Hope and Joy]. Afterposten (in Norwegian). Retrieved 24 August 2015.
Kjelstrup, Karl (1943). Norvegia catholica: moderkirkens gjenreisning i Norge: et tilbakeblikk i anledning av 100-årsminnet for opprettelsen av St. Olavs menighet i Oslo, 1843–1943 (in Norwegian). Oslo: Oslo apostolic vicariate. p.418.
Brodersen, Øistein Grieve (1943). Norge-Rom, 1153-1953: Jubileumsskrift, 800 år siden opprettelsen av Den norske kirkeprovins (in Norwegian). Trondheim. p.49.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
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